Journal of Crop Nutrition Science
Volume:8 Issue: 3, Summer 2022

salicylic acid and gibberellic acid plays a pivotal role in regulating various physiological processes such as growth, plant development, ion absorption, photosynthesis and germination depending on the desired concentration, plant species, growth period and environmental conditions. This study was investigated the effect of duration and combination of seed priming on the germination indices and yield of wheat cultivar (Mehregan). Current research was conducted in two field and laboratory experiments in Khorramshahr in 2019-20. The first experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized block design with two factors and three replications and the second experiment was carried out as a factorial based on completely randomized design with 3 replications in the laboratory of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz branch. Experimental factors included seed priming duration at three levels (including 2, 4 and 6 hours) and priming types at 4 levels including Hydropriming (distilled water), salicylic acid hormone priming at 50 ppm, gibberellic acid hormonal priming at 100 ppm, and urban tap water (control)) were performed. The results showed that the effect of seed priming duration and composition on germination percentage and rate, root length, grain yield, number of spikes per m2 and number of grains per spike influenced these traits. The highest percentage and rate of seed germination was related to hormonal compounds from 6 hours of seed priming and priming. Interaction duration and seed priming composition had a significant effect on germination rate, seed yield and spike number per m2. The highest grain yield in soaking the seeds for 6 hours in hormonal substances (average 445.02 gr per m2) and the lowest yield (with an average 322.41 gr per m2) to soaking the seeds for 2 hours in tap water allocation Found. In general, in vitro and field priming of wheat seed with hormonal compounds (gibberellic and salicylic acid) for 6 hours can be effective in increasing germination indices and grain yield and the plant responds better than to other treatments applied.

Imbalanced mineral nutrition and scant information about nitrogen (N) in plants may result in reduction in barley morpho-physiological activities. However, farmers use higher or lower fertilizer doses regarding barley growth and yield. Barley is characterized by a rich genetic diversity, making it an important for studies of Azospirillum response with high potential for crop improvement. Moreover, biological fertilizers severely affect barley growth and development, leading to improve yield loss.
Plants of an Azospirillum exposed to 0, 2, and 4 h per 100 kg seed were compared with urea fertilizer levels (75 and 100%) to identify growth pathways to barley’s response.
Current research was done according split plot experiment based on randomized block design with four replications which urea fertilizer (75% and 100%) was in main plot and Azospirillum trends belonged to sub plots.
Regulation of crop growth was severely impacted in leaves, highlighting the complexity of Azospirillum response mechanisms in this tissue. Functional analyses in tissues indicated that response to Azospirillum trends is mainly achieved through sensing and signaling pathways, strong effects to urea amounts and growth, kernel yield and yield components. Azospirillum trends especially lipoferum involved in growth signaling pathways, as well as 100 kg.ha-1 urea, were identified. This study provides valuable information on early Azospirillum-responsive in growth indices of barley and identifies several important players in response to chemical fertilizers.
Finally based on result of current research apply Azospirillum lipoferum with 100% urea fertilizer led to produce highest seed yield and it can be advised to producers at studied region.

Climate change and various abiotic stresses, especially, drought, salinity and heat stress on the one hand, and the issue of providing adequate quality food for the growing population of the world on the other hand, have made it necessary to revise the methods of crop production. In these conditions, the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the agroecosystems is useful and profitable due to the efficiency of these organisms in regulating plant growth and strengthening the plant's natural defense system.  In this paper, considering the importance of modulating the negative effects of abiotic stresses using an environmentally friendly approach to achieve a healthy and sustainable crop system, the mechanisms of modulating abiotic stresses by growth-promoting rhizobacteria have been reviewed and the results of several studies have been presented. Growth promoting rhizobacteria through modification of plant hormone levels, restricting ethylene production, maintaining ion balance, osmolytes accumulation during stress, induction of antioxidant enzymes synthesis and removal of reactive oxygen species, production of extracellular polymeric substances, and improving the uptake of mineral elements and water, moderate the adverse effects of abiotic stresses on plant growth. By identifying useful and native rhizobacteria to each region and investigating the ability of these bacteria in producing the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase, balancing the plant hormones levels, producing siderophores, and enhancing solubility of mineral, the field will be provided for the successful use of these microorganisms.

Balanced and efficient use of applied N is of paramount importance in the overall nutrient management system than any other plant nutrient in order to reduce its negative impact on the environment. For economic production keep equilibrium between fertilizer and biofertilizer is necessary in sustainable agriculture. This research was done to assess effect of fertilizer and biofertilizer on crop production and protein content of wheat varieties under warm and dry climate condition. Current study was consisted according split-plot experiment based on Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The main plot included the combination of chemical and biological fertilizers (F1: 150 kg.ha-1 urea fertilizer, F2: 150 kg.ha-1 urea fertilizer with 5 t.ha-1 vermicompost, F3: 5 t.ha-1 vermicompost) at three level. The sub plot consisted three varieties of wheat (V1: Rashid, V2: Bahous 99, V3: Aba 99). The results showed that the effect of combination treatment of chemical and biological fertilizers and verities on plant height, seed yield, yield components, biological yield, and harvest index and seed protein percentage was significant. Also, the interaction of the combination of chemical and biological fertilizers and verities on the number of spikes per unit area, the number of seeds per spike, the 1000 seed weight, seed yield and biological yield was significant. The highest seed yield belonged to the combined treatment of nitrogen chemical fertilizer and vermicompost and Bahous 99 Varity with an average of 468.11 gr.m-2, and lowest seed yield belonged to application of vermicompost fertilizer and the Rashid Varity with an average of 394.2 g.m-2. In general, it can be said that in order to achieve the maximum quantitative and qualitative yield of wheat, it is suggested to cultivate the Varity of Bahous 99 with the combined application of nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost in Amara region in southern Iraq.

Presence of sufficient amounts of nutrients in plant organs results in better grain filling and increased grain weight.
This study was conducted to evaluation effect of different levels of irrigation and iron and zinc chelates on correlation between quantitative and qualitative traits of corn crop under warm and dry climate condition.
This research was carried out via Split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2018-19 year. The treatments included water stress (60, 90 and 120 mm evaporation from class a evaporation pan) as a main plot and iron and zinc chelates (non-spraying, foliar spray of 2 per thousand and 5 per thousand) belonged to subplot.
Result of analysis of variance revealed effect of different level of irrigation regimes and spraying zinc and iron on all studied traits was significant at 1% probability level (instead Seed protein content, was significant at 5% probability level). Also interaction effect of treatment on all studied traits was significant at 1% probability level (instead 1000-seed weight, Seed protein content, Seed zinc content and Seed iron content was not significant). Simple correlation coefficients between traits these coefficients were estimated according to Pearson coefficient. Result showed the most positive and significant correlation between biologic yield (r=0.98**), 1000-seed weight (r=0.83**), number of seed per row (r=0.70**) and seed yield was observed. Also the traits of number of seed per ear (r= 0.59*), seed protein percent (r=-0.52*) had significant correlation with the seed yield at 5 percent probability level.
Generally traits such as of biologic yield, 1000-seed weight, number of seed per row had the most positive-direct effects on Corn seed yield can be proposal to plant breeder to more studied process such as stepwise regression and path analysis.

Application of bio-fertilizers, especially the plant growth promoting bacteria, is most important strategy for the integrated management of the plant nutrition in the sustainable agriculture system with sufficient input.
This study is aimed to examine the changes of plant production and Economic value of basil in response to apply different level of fertilizer and cultivar.
This research was carried out via combined split plot in time experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2017-2018 year in greenhouse condition. Main factor included five fertilizer and bio fertilizer combinations [F1: Humic acid (4 kg.ha-1) + Complete fertilizer (N-P-K: 100-180-250), F2: Phosphorus bio fertilizer (500 gr.ha-1) + Complete fertilizer (N-P-K: 100-180-250), F3: Humic acid (4 kg.ha-1) + Phosphorus bio fertilizer (500 gr.ha-1) + Complete fertilizer (N-P-K: 100-180-250), F4: Humic acid (4 kg.ha-1) + Phosphorus bio fertilizer (500 gr.ha-1), F5: Control (None use of Humic acid and Phosphorus bio fertilizer) contain Complete fertilizer (N-P-K: 100-180-250)]. The sub-factor was the basil variety, including green (C1) and purple basil (C2).
According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of fertilizer and cultivar on studied traits was significant at 1% probability level. Interaction effect of treatments (instead fertilizer × cultivar) was not significant. Mean comparison of different level of fertilizer revealed F4 had the highest amount of measured traits. Also C1 cultivar was superior to C2 cultivar. Compare interaction effect of treatment showed C1 × Phosphorus bio fertilizer × Humic acid with nonuse complete fertilizer had the highest amount of studied traits.
Generally based on result of current research F4 treatment [Humic acid (4 kg.ha-1) + Phosphorus bio fertilizer (500 gr.ha-1)] by achieve 26.8 t.ha-1 wet yield, 2.1 t.ha-1 dry yield, 92.5 kg.m-3 and 48.5 Million Toman was the best treatment and can be advised to producers in studied region.