Journal of Crop Nutrition Science
Volume:4 Issue: 4, Autumn 2018

Drought stress and climate changes cause damage led to reduction in agricultural production.
Evaluation the impact of different levels of super absorbent polymer (SAP) on reducing the effects of drought stress on some physiological traits and activity of some antioxidant enzymes in wheat crop.
Current research was conducted with using a split-plot arrangement based randomized complete block design with three replications in research field of Islamic Azad University of Kaleybar, Iran in crop year 2017. Main plots included different irrigation regime at three level (D1: after 60mm, D2: 90mm and D3: 120mm evaporation pan class A) and different amounts of super absorbent polymer (S1Zero or control:, 75 kg.ha-1: S2 and 150 kg.ha-1: S3 super absorbent polymer; SAP) belonged to sub plots.
Analysis of variance showed the effects of super absorbent polymer, drought stress and interaction between super absorbent and drought stress in the probability levels of 1 and 5 percent were significant for most traits. The results also showed by exerting drought stress, the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased and the levels of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and relative water content decreased. Nevertheless, although using super absorbent significantly increased physiological traits but it decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The irrigation level of 210 mm evaporation had the greatest impact on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and osmotic regulators.
The highest increase in most examined traits obtained when 75 kg.ha-1 of super absorbent was used. According to the results, super absorbent polymer resulted in mitigating the adverse effects of drought stress on wheat plants.

Barley is one of the main important crops in the world, mainly used for animal feed and malt. This study was conducted to evaluate the comparisons of seed yield and its components, phenological and physiological traits of different barley cultivars under Lorestan environmental condition. Current research was carried out according Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in Lorestan environmental condition, Iran during 2017-2018. Treatment included eight barley cultivars (EDCI-7, Nimruz, Armaghan, Jolge, Bahman, Waxima, Vilma, Nosrat and Goharan). According results of analysis of variance the effect of cultivar treatment on day to tillering, day to stem elongation, day to flowering, day to physiological maturity, day to harvesting, plant height, spike length, awn length, number of tiller per plant, number of plant per m2, number of spike per plant, number of spike per m2, number of awn per spike, number of seed per spike, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield and harvest index was significant. The mean comparison result revealed that highest phenological periods were related to Bahman cultivar (223 and 250 days to physiological maturity and harvesting respectively). Also the higher yield components were related to Armaghan and Bahman cultivars. Maximum seed yield and biological yield was recorded for Armaghan cultivar (3660 kg.ha-1 seed yield) and Bahman cultivar (11741 kg.ha-1 biological yield). But the minimum amount of seed yield and biological yield were recorded in Goharan and EDCI-7 cultivars. Finally based on result of current research between all studied barley cultivars, the Armaghan had the highest seed yield and can proposed to producers for cultivation in Lorestan environmental condition.

Selenium is now recognized as essential trace element for ruminants.
Studying the effect of different levels of selcote ultra fertilizer and farm yard manure on the concentration of selenium in alfalfa in order to achieve optimum concentration of selenium in this plant.
The experiment was factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental factors consisted of Se levels (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 g ha-1) and farm yard manure (zero and 100 tons per hectare). Plant was harvested at the height of 20 cm in three turns and after preparation the plant samples, their selenium concentration was measured.
The result of means comparison showed that the concentration of selenium during three harvests was affected by different levels of selenium fertilizer and farm yard manure. With increasing selenium rates, selenium concentration in the plant aerial parts in all three harvests raised significantly (p<0.05). Selenium concentration for the cattle in all treatments except for the control treatment in all three harvests was in the optimal range.
The treatment of 5 g ha-1 selenium could be used as a suitable treatment for providing cattle and human demands with selenium, because its application is more economical in comparison to treatments of 10, 20, and 40 g.ha-1.

Nutrient management plays an important role for obtaining satisfactory yields and to increase crop productivity. Also keep soil moisture under drought stress is an important factor to produce economical production, so super absorbent polymer has great role to achieve mentioned goal.
Present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different level of super absorbent polymer and Nitroxin biological fertilizer on the productivity of maize and growth Indices.
Current research was carried out according factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications during 2015-2016. The first factor included different level of Super Absorbent Polymer (S1= nonuse of super absorbent polymer or control, S2= 100 kg.ha-1 and S3= 150 kg.ha-1 super absorbent polymer) and second factor included three level of Nitroxin (N1= nonuse of Nitroxin or control, N2= 1 L.ha-1 and N3= 3 L.ha-1 Nitroxin).
Result analysis of variance revealed effect of super absorbent polymer and Nitroxin on seed yield and biologic yield was significant but interaction effect of treatments was not significant. According result of mean comparison of different level of super absorbent that maximum seed yield (8455 kg.ha-1) biologic yield (13266 kg.ha-1), Leaf area index (3.5), Leaf area ratio (0.0035 m2.gr), Relative growth rate (0.09 gr.gr-1.day-1), crop growth rate (35 gr.m-2.day-1) was noted for use 150 kg.ha-1 super absorbent and minimum amount of mentioned traits was belonged to control treatment. Also between different level of Nitroxin the highest amount of measured characteristics observed for 1 L.ha-1 treatment.
Finally according result of current research consume of 150 kg.ha-1 Super Absorbent Polymer and 1 L.ha-1 Nitroxin led to produce highest corn yield and growth indices and it can be advised to farmers in studied region.

Management of nutrients, especially nitrogen, in order to have economic production, maintain sustainable agriculture and provide food security, is considered to have an important priority.
Current study was conducted to evaluate effect of different level of nitrogen fertilizer and vermicompost on quantitative and qualitative traits of wheat.
This research was carried out via factorial experiment based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications along 2013-2014 agronomic years. The Main plot included nitrogen fertilizer at four levels (nonuse of fertilizer or control, 50, 100 and 150 kg.ha-1) and vermicompost at four level (nonuse of vermicompost or control, 2.5, 5 and 10 t.ha-1) belonged to sub plot.
According result of analysis of variance effect of different level of nitrogen, vermicompost and interaction effect of treatments on all measured traits was significant. Assessment result of mean comparison of different level of nitrogen revealed maximum amount of seed yield (5800 kg.ha-1), biologic yield (17210 kg.ha-1), harvest index (35.8%), straw yield (11410 kg.ha-1), number of spike per m2 (534), number of seed per spike (31), 1000-seed weight (36 gr), number of seed per m2 (15900), number of seed per spikelet (2.4), spike length (17 cm), plant height (91.5 cm), protein (18.4%) was obtained for 150 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and minimum amount of mentioned traits were for control treatment. Also mean comparison result of different level of vermicompost indicated the maximum amounts of all measured traits were noted for 10 kg.ha-1 and minimum of those belonged to control treatment. Assessment mean comparison result of interaction effect of treatments indicated the maximum amount of all measured traits belonged to 150 kg.ha-1 nitrogen and 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost and the lowest amounts were for control treatment.
According result of current research consume 150 kg.ha-1 nitrogen fertilizer and 10 t.ha-1 vermicompost led to achieve highest amount of seed yield, its components, plant height, spike length and protein concentration and it can be advised to farmers in studied region.

Alternative furrow irrigation method is an effective procedure to reduce the amount of irrigation water in arid areas for economic production. Assessment seed yield, its components and morphological characteristics of corn affected different level of irrigation regime and super absorbent polymer (SAP) under warm and dry climate condition. This research was conducted according split plot experiment based on randomized complete blocks design during 2016 with three replications. The main factor included three irrigation regimes (I1: Conventional irrigation or control, I2: Alternate furrow irrigation from 4 leaves stage until silk emergence and after conventional, I3: Normal irrigation until silk emergence and after alternate furrow irrigation), also three level of super absorbent polymer (S1: non use of SAP or control, S2: 25 kg.ha-1, S3: 50 kg.ha-1) belonged to the sub factor. The results of analysis of variance revealed the effect of different irrigation regimes on all measured traits (instead number of row per ear) was significant, also effect of different level of SAP on all measured traits (instead number of row per ear) (instead Ear diameter, stem diameter and number of row per ear) was significant, but interaction effect of treatment on all measured traits (instead number of seeds per ear and seed yield) was not significant. Evaluation mean comparison result of different irrigation regimes indicated maximum amount of plant height, ear length, ear diameter, stem diameter, number of row per ear, number of seed per row, number of seed per ear, 1000-Seed weight and seed yield was noted for I1 and minimum of mentioned traits belonged to I2 treatment. Also compare different level of SAP showed that the maximum and the minimum amount of measured traits belonged to S3 and S1 treatments. Generally according result of current research I3 treatment had lowest decrease in seed yield, its components and morphological traits so in water resource limitation I3 treatment with use 50 kg.ha-1 SAP it can be advice to producers.