International Journal of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Science
Volume:8 Issue: 3, Summer 2019

The previous studies on the field of competitive advantages of businesses were reviewed. Competitive advantage refers to a set of factors or capabilities that enable the company to demonstrate better performance comparing to the competitors. Totally 59 articles in eight different fields, including strategic management, strategic management of marketing, marketing management, information technology, knowledge management, resources-based theory, entrepreneurship, and human resource management, were reviewed. The results showed that among several available methods, a majority of businesses employ Porter’s triple strategies, namely differentiation, centralization, and cost leadership, to gain competitive advantages. Among the triple strategies, the strategy of differentiation has drawn the highest attention and simultaneous utilization of the three strategies is a rare case.

Marginalization as a challenge underhand of urban development areas, turns regions and its surrounding into problematic and vulnerable areas. This phenomenon is dramatically increasing in Qorveh. Considering the importance of Qorveh in terms of economic, cultural, social and strategic positions in Kurdistan, marginalized quarters around this city and their consequences have created some problems. This research seeks to explore the relevant factors with formation of marginalization in Sheikh Jafar Quarter of Qorveh city. This survey study was carried out among the population of marginalized residents of Sheikh Jafar quarter in Qorveh in 2013. Out of about 97 households, a sample containing 78 households was determined using Cochran formula by simple random sampling. Visiting the head of the household, we collected all the required information through a researcher-made questionnaire. This questionnaire categorizes the marginalization into three dimensions: 1) economic factors, 2) social factors, and 3) cultural factors. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by the experts. As for its reliability, its reliability coefficient for was 772/0, 732/0 and 748/0 for the economic factors, social factors and cultural factors, respectively.  The collected data were analyzed using indexes of descriptive statistics, one- sample t-test and Friedman test. The results of one-sample t-test showed that according to the respondents, the economic and cultural factors had a role in the marginalization whereas the social factors had no role in this process. Moreover, the Friedman test showed prioritization of the factors in the marginalization was respectively the economic, cultural and social factors. It is accordingly concluded that any planning and organization of the marginalized areas should be done based on the aforesaid factors.

Nowadays, the lack of happiness in organizational environments is one of the main problems for these organizations. In these organizations, organizational structures and management strategies should be looking for some tools and methods to perform the duties of the employee more effectively and increase the productivity through increasing monetary satisfaction, meeting vital needs and individually staff development in their organizations. Considering the issue, one of the newest and most efficient techniques is the creation of a happy organization with relaxation and satisfaction for staff by organizational management. The present study has been conducted to examine the effects of organizational happiness on the working life quality among Isfahan university staff. To do so, a sample of 200 employees was selected randomly. The data was collected through questionnaires. Data analysis was done by SPSS 18 and Amos 20. The results indicated that among university employees the quality of work life was highly affected by organizational happiness.

In the field of politics, a variety of trends are presented for studying policy so that research activities are not done based on theory, per se. Until a few decades ago, politics and economics were considered to be two separate issues in the analyses. It is said that liberalism was the underlying reason for the predominance which rejected the relationship between politics and economics. Liberals considered production-distribution-consumption-based economy which follows natural law, while in a political system where there is the power and decision making, the desirable coordination does not exist. This was the dominant view before political economy trend was developed in 1970s. According to the trend, it was no longer possible to take policy and economy as separate phenomena. Economy is related to challenge and power relationships and policy is about decisions determining who grants the advantages and who receives them. No doubt, governments are influenced by both political and economic considerations. In a considerable part of government policies, it is possible to observe the interaction and closeness of economy and policy. The current study aimed at studying the concept of rantier government discussed in the political economy trend as an approach regarding government in terms of its internal and external aspects and the basis of the approach, i.e. rejecting the idea that government is an impartial and neutral object.

One of the main and essential issues in the developing countries is vast financial resources. Having vast financial resources with an efficient management in the economy ultimately leads to the development of the economy. Therefore, most companies are looking for certain activities which result in directing investment flow. In this regard, one of the most significant factors which plays an effective role in investment attractiveness is Tax policy although economists do not agree with this idea. Whereas some of them pay specific attention to tax incomes from firms, others believe in obtaining career and capital tax. Likewise, many people believe that applying taxes is against the principles of business and it could disturb the relations of the market. Many countries have gained good experiences in the field of achieving economic growth through particular financial policies. In this article an analytical-descriptive research method has been used to propose ways to contribute to developing the economy of the country. Additionally, the backgrounds of the relevant research studies, role of the tax and its effect on the economy will be studied and tax scenario of India which is essential for economic development of this country will be evaluated.

Administrative corruption is a complicated, multidimensional phenomenon created by many reasons resulting in many effects, which is exhibited in a variety of roles and aspects. Considering the importance of this subject in different countries, extensive studies have been carried out in recent years to identify and ascertain the causes of this dilemma. It should be asserted that economic factors are fundamental in any social structure driving people to wrong actions including bribery, embezzlement, and financial corruption. Administrative corruption is a social phenomenon facing all countries of the world. On this basis, various nations with different perception of corruption as an inevitable issue have decided to found their political and institutional structures in a way that least degrees of corruption are observed. International experience suggests that corruption is complex, hidden and diversified. Thus, combating it needs a continuous, lengthy, and difficult process. Corruption is rooted in various backgrounds, which can result in creation and expansion of administrative corruption in potential and actual forms. Using these factors, we can find more effective ways in reducing and eliminating administrative corruption. With regard to the importance of administrative corruption, this paper aimed at exploring how and why administrative corruption exists.

The religious democracy pertains to a type of government in which its spirit and management are based on human’s characteristics and realities while it is aimed at enhancing both physical and spiritual dimensions toward perfection and achieving a rational life. According to right and fact, which have been received from Divine Revelation and people might not intervene in issuance of constitution and governmental principles in religious democracy, people’s freedom and activity are stipulated within the law with limits that have been interpreted by the religion so that legitimacy of this government has been verified with divine- public dimension. Given that God’ will and command is the basis for legitimacy in this system, not people’s wish, it seems unlikely that religious systems lack the competence of democracies. Thus, with respect to importance and sensitivity of the subject of legitimacy in religious democracy and its pivotal position, this study delved into this topic by means of descriptive- analytical method and from thinkers’ views in religious democracy.

Today with more competiveness of industries, markets, and working atmosphere in productive and service organizations, what is very important for maintaining clients present, for attracting new clients and as a result increasing growth of success in organizations is having a suitable relation with clients. Banks are among organizations which are not an exception. Nowadays, due to   increasing rate of banks` privatization, it can be argued that significance of attracting clients for banks is more than every time. This  study  tried to investigate the effect of CRM on marketing performance in banking industry. The research method was applied and survey and descriptive. The sample were 5 branches from Mellat Banks across Khoram-abad County and their clients. There are 45 personnel in this branch and according to Morgan Table, the sample size was 40 people. Clients 1 example was considered to gather information. One questionnaire was designed for bank organization and another one was prepared for banks` clients whose reliability and validity were approved. The results of the study indicates that CRM is ineffective on marketing performance.