فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 183 (پاییز 1402)

The purpose of this study is to identify the harms caused by the corona crisis on ecotourism business in Mazandaran province and strategies to increase resilience against it. This research has been done with a qualitative approach and with interview tool. The statistical population includes all owners of ecotourism resorts in Mazandaran province. With 13 interviews theoretical saturation was performed. In relation to the consequences and solutions, in general 81 basic concepts were obtained. These concepts were included 2 main categories of causal conditions, 4 main categories of underlying conditions, 5 main categories (economic damages), 2 categories Main (social damages), 3 main categories (psychological damages) were included. Also, the strategies were divided into four main categories: economic and professional strategies, social strategies, individual strategies and cultural strategies. Reduction of income was the most important economic damage and reduction of indicators of guarantee and reliability of tourism services and the reputation and image of the residence were the most important occupational damages. The most important strategies were social and executive strategies.

In this study, we examined the effect of natural ventilation on internal climate conditions with regard to the hygrothermal performance of the building envelopes during critical thermal conditions in Golestan province’s mountainous areas. Such research has not been conducted in the mountainous areas of Golestan, particularly in recently constructed buildings and this research demonstrates the ineffectiveness of new buildings providing acceptable thermal conditions for its residents. The thermal comfort conditions of the residents were evaluated using a questionnaire to assess the comfort zone and the sources of their discomfort throughout the warm months of the year. According to the questionnaire findings, one of the reasons for the residents' concern and discomfort was the high humidity of the space, which ranged between 58.8% and 65%. Then, utilizing environmental data collected at the research location, we simulated the hygrothermal performance of the building envelopes using WUFI software to evaluate their effect on indoor climate conditions when natural ventilation was used. The hypothesis of this study is that natural ventilation is incapable of improving the climate conditions inside the building during critical situations. According to the findings, the present building's envelopes have little effect on reducing the relative humidity of the area, and even when natural ventilation is used, the relative humidity fluctuates based on the conditions in the exterior space, and comfort conditions are still not provided. It should be highlighted that the simulation findings reveal that using natural ventilation in critical thermal circumstances raises the temperature of the indoor air. Finally, the study's findings demonstrate that present construction methods and the lack of usage of vernacular architectural features, cause a lack of thermal comfort in the interior of the building during occurance of critical thermal conditions, even when natural ventilation is used.

Natural ventilation is one of the most important factors in creating thermal comfort, and Wind-catcher, which are considered important and historical elements of Iranian architecture and are known as a static cooling system, provide air conditioning by means of renewable wind energy. Nowadays, due to the increase in environmental pollution and the importance of non-renewable energy, the role of natural ventilation in the building is important in terms of the compatibility of the building with the environment. The wind-catcher of Kerman city are an example of energy saving by buildings in a hot and dry climate, therefore, a detailed, quantitative and numerical study and understanding of the functioning and behavior pattern of wind-catcher can be an effective step in achieving climate-compatible design solutions. to help Assuming that in the spaces where natural ventilation is done by means of wind-catcher, a significant relationship can be found between the proportions and the shape of the space on the speed and performance of the wind flow, the present study investigates and compares the performance of the wind-catcher in the selected samples which in terms of The form, dimensions and proportions are different, so that the optimal form can be used in natural ventilation in contemporary architecture. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical, which was firstly done by means of library sources and taking pictures, then taking pictures of the studied buildings and finally by means of CFD analysis by Design Builder software. The results of the analyzes show the difference in the speed and performance of the wind flow in the studied samples that are different in terms of form and proportions, and after performing the calculations, the most optimal form in terms of performance and behavior of the wind has been determined.

Soil erosion in Iran is one of the major threats to rural settlements. Trench erosion has a significant role in land degradation, especially in semi-arid areas and loose soils with low adhesion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of watershed management structures on quality of life and prevent the migration of villagers and their satisfaction with the implementation of watershed management structures as well as the performance of mechanical structures in controlling moat erosion and reducing vulnerability through library surveys. Geology, geomorphology and field observations of ditches and mechanical watershed management structures have been performed to study the physical and environmental effects of the implementation of structures and finally by completing a questionnaire of the effects of watershed management structures on the quality of life of villagers in social aspects. Economic, physical and environmental have been studied. The study village is located in the mountainous region of East Golestan province and in Shourdareh sub-basin of Qarnaveh catchment area of ​​Gorganrood river in geographical coordinates of 55.67 east longitude and 37.71 north latitude. According to the studies, the effects of watershed management projects in social, economic, physical and environmental aspects have a significant impact on the quality of life of villagers and in addition to providing full satisfaction with the implementation of watershed management structures, increase livestock production, agriculture and garden construction. And has formed a reverse migration to the village. Considering the implementation of watershed management structures in this village, which has been held by holding orientation-educational classes for residents and exploiters and has increased the efficiency of structures, improved quality of life and increased residents' satisfaction, it is recommended in rural settlements Involved in the risk of moat erosion, study, implementation and operation of watershed management projects through the participation of residents.

Bathhouse (public Bath)  as one of the well-known models of traditional Iranian buildings is important in the architectural literature, which is due to the heat exchange feature and energy storage in the body of this type of building. From this point of view, the fact that the whole design and pattern of these public baths are similar to each other needs to be investigated. In fact, traditional baths are not only an example of historical value but also this building has a special and valuable function in terms of energy storage and prevention of heat exchange. This study focuses on their thermal behavior because the main parts of the traditional baths are two dry and wet spaces in the spatial-functional hierarchy of this building, namely the tepidarium (garmkhaneh) and the apodyterium (sarbineh). In this study, the thermal crust of hot and dry climates in Iran will be investigated due to the limitations of the research only in terms of surfaces and geometric area, which is one of the three main components in heat exchange through the crust. This study tries to identify the body of these spaces in terms of measures to reduce the area to volume ratio by examining the walling of the tepidarium (garmkhaneh) and the apodyterium (sarbineh) as spaces sensitive to heat exchange through the envelope in traditional baths. This research has a quantitative post-positivist paradigm and a combined strategy of modeling and mathematical reasoning that for the meaningfulness of the responses, the relationship between heat loss through the envelope, and the effectiveness of reducing the power of the heating system based on the quantity of the area is understood by simulating traditional bathroom spaces and adapting design solutions. What is induced based on the study of proportions and comparison of surfaces and volumes of selected samples, is that the general design of apodyterium and tepidarium spaces, by increasing the floor area of walls and walls connected to spaces with lower temperature difference and also reducing the area to volume ratio in Outdoor-related building-envelopes has led to a reduction in temperature losses through the envelope.

The prosperity plan and progress of rural systems, in order to develop sustainable rural settlements through the spatial regulation of rural systems in the form of local and regional networks and with an emphasis on rural-urban relations and links, encouraging local governance through popular participation and also strengthening efficient socio-economic relationships of residential units of the system are compiled. With the focus of activating the production cycle in rural areas and creating employment and entrepreneurship, this plan can make the way out of the rural development crisis smoother. The present article, with a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to analyze the factors influencing the implementation of the prosperity plan and progress of the rural system in the system of the central and Dotepe District of Khodabande County. Data collection was done with library and field studies. The statistical population includes 93,939 residents of Dutpe and Central districts. Due to the specialization of the subject, a statistical population of 30 experts was used with the snowball method. To analyze the data, TODIM model and least square method were used in the form of DPSIR model with the help of Excel and SmartPLS software. The findings of the research showed that the driving force with a score of 0.637 had more impact on the implementation of the prosperity plan and progress of the rural system in the central part and Dotepe district in Khodabande County. In addition, in order to more effectively implement the sustainable development plan of the rural system, structures P1. Organization of jobs related to the function and capacity of villages and cities (0.809); D2. Support of the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation (0.782); S1. Paying attention to the economic and productive capacities of clusters in system zoning (0.778); and P3. The possibility of following up violations and underperformance through decision-making bodies (provincial and governorate) (0.778) are the most effective.

The native architecture of the villages of Iran is a symbol of the biological evolution of man in interaction with nature in order to meet his needs and has always been in its most beautiful form and was created by anonymous people and architects. All this beauty of efficiency is being destroyed today with the industrialization and expansion of urban life. Buildings unrelated to nature and the way of life of rural people have replaced beautiful and relaxing houses that are reminiscent of real life. Today's human extravagance, neglecting the patterns of the construction background, brings with it formic and heterogeneous buildings, which, in addition to the lack of continuity of the past architectural ideas, also deteriorates rhythm within the context (which were created as a result of years of human experience in a sustainable way with respect to climate and culture). Therefore, documenting the existing patterns first and then designing new patterns and contemporizing the past patterns is very necessary and important. In this research, Horaman architecture is examined as a text, based on physical and climatic regulations. Then, with the qualitative research method and logical reasoning strategy, the architectural and construction patterns in the Oramanat region of Kurdistan were analyzed using the climate analysis website "World Weather Online" and also typified and documented using the "Depthmap" software. The research seeks to provide prominent architectural features (in terms of layout and plan for the design of new rural housing development) for the Oramanat area, which is in accordance with the lifestyle and modern needs in terms of the optimal construction pattern. The achievement of this research presents the patterns of construction and arrangement from the perspective of comparative typology, which shows the triple geographical typology of the Oramat region (plain, mountainous, plain-mountainous) following the east-west and north-south orientation (depending on the shape of the earth and the prevailing cold and in accordance with the climatic conditions), has answered various aspects of living needs in the organization of spaces.

Landslides after floods and earthquakes are one of the most important natural hazards in the world, which cause many human and financial losses every year. Swadkoh region in the northern slopes of Alborz has been prone to landslides due to climatic, geomorphological, geological, hydrological and human-biological factors. The purpose of this research is to analyze the risk of landslides to identify the physical development limits of rural settlements in Swadkoh area of Mazandaran. In this regard, first, based on field observations and using satellite images, more than 319 old and new landslides were verified and identified. Then the factors affecting landslides including slope, direction of slope, lithology, land use, distance from road, distance from river, distance from fault, rainfall and earthquake were analyzed and determined by matching the date of occurrence of landslides with the time of rainfall. that rainfall has played a key role in the occurrence of more than 180 landslides in the region. In this research, the MARCOS model was used to prepare a landslide risk zoning map, which is one of the new multi-criteria decision-making methods, which uses GIS software to map the landslide risk of the region in five classes: very low, low, medium, A lot, a lot was prepared. The output of the model shows that more than 63% of the region is located in areas with moderate to high landslide risk, which are mainly at an altitude of less than 2000 meters, lands with a slope of 20 to 30 degrees, in the bed of rocks rich in clay minerals (Shemshak Formation, Seri Continental Formation, Same width as Qom Formation and Quaternary alluvial sediments) are 100 meters away from roads and rivers. Also, more than 146 villages are located in areas with moderate to high landslide risk, and the occurrence of 38 landslides in the context of villages and 137 landslides at a distance of 300 meters from the legal boundary of the villages indicates the high accuracy of the mentioned model; Validation of the model using the density ratio method showed that the accuracy of the Marcus model is 89.1%, which indicates the very good accuracy of the mentioned method, that the occurrence of 283 landslides in areas with medium to high risk shows a relatively good agreement between the results of this study and the experiences obtained from field observations. and geotechnical and geophysical studies conducted in the region. The results can be used in the preparation of city master plans, sustainable development plans of rural systems and rural leader plans to identify  rural habitations exposed to landslides or to identify the limits of physical development of  rural habitations.

Historic urban fabrics are always considered a main challenge in the urban management system; for example, in the discussion of improving resilience, these areas are either subjected to large-scale interventions or are not planned in development plans because securing them with the usual solutions destroys their originality. This research seeks to determine the limit of resilience of this historical area. Through documentary study and qualitative analysis, the physical resilience of the historical area of Hasan Abad Bazaar of Isfahan was evaluated. It became clear that this historical area, in terms of "occupancy level of the building," "building density," and "urban open space," has the most vulnerability. In dimensions such as "type and age of the buildings," it is acceptable. It was found that the contemporary principles of resilience cannot be applied directly to historical contexts because they will damage originality and morphology. Nevertheless, relative safety can be achieved by considering changes such as the quality of materials and the stability of the building and updating principles such as designing several small urban open spaces instead of one big space while preserving maximum originality. Finally, to promote the physical resilience of the historical fabric along with preserving the maximum originality of suggestions in three areas, "urban restoration," "architectural restoration," and "urban management" were presented.