نشریه زمین شناسی کاربردی پیشرفته
سال سیزدهم شماره 49 (پاییز 1402)

The Garijgan area is located 25 km south of Khousf in South Khorasan province, between two strike-slip faults, and is actually a small classic non-parallel shear zone. The eastern border of this zone is a dextral strike-slip fault with a reverse component with an average dip of 65 degrees towards the northeast, and its western border is a dextral strike-slip fault with a reverse component with an average dip of 71 degrees towards the southwest. The paleostress analysis in the study area shows that the first action of the stress regime occurred during the Eocene in the form of strike-slip with a maximum axis of σ1= 058.04, and the second stage of stress in the Quaternary period took place in the form of strike-slip and transpression with a maximum axis of σ1=003.05. Therefore, the axis of maximum stress (σ1) from Eocene to Quaternary has rotated about 55 degrees counter-clockwise. By examining satellite images and preparing the map of the distribution of fractures and drawing a rose diagram and a histogram of fractures, they can be placed in three categories in the direction of NW-SE, NE-SW and E-W. The faults of the first group are more abundant and they have mineralization, but the other two groups have no mineralization. The main faults of the shear zone (Y) and the conjugate faults that have a lower angle with respect to the shear zone (R, P) have provided suitable conduits for the rise of silica-rich mineralized hydrothermal fluids.

Jahrum Formation has deposited Paleocene to Eocene in Zagros Basin (mainly Fars area). At the first time, the type section of this formation was introduced in the Tang-e-Ab at the northern limb of Jahrum Mount by James and Wynd (1965). In the type section, Jahrum Formation is located on the Sachun Formation with a conformable contact and has discontinuous contact with the Asmari Formation at the top (Motiei.1372). The carbonate Asmari Formation Oligocene to Miocene age, is the most important reservoirs rock of Basin Zagros. Richardson (1924) measured the type section of this formation in Asmari Mount (Tang-e-Goltorsh). Asmari Formation has different characteristics lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy at the different parts of Zagros Basin. The studied sections have not been investigated biostratigraphy formations, So far. In this research, an attempt has been made to study biostratigraphy, presentation suitable biozones, and determinate age’s deposits of Asmari and Jahrum formations, in Isa Abad and Imamzadeh Gahroo sections in Central Zagros.

Garnet amphibolite and garnet micaschists of the Faryab complex, located in the southeast of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone, are exposed immediately under the peridotites and sometimes a few meters away from the peridotites of this region with fault boundaries. Some garnet amphibolites mainly include poikiloblasts of garnet and amphibole, plagioclase, quartz, secondary minerals of epidote, biotite, chlorite, as well as oxide minerals of, magnetite, ilmenite, titanite and apatite mineral. Garnet micaschists include the main minerals garnet, amphibole, muscovite, epidote, plagioclase, quartz, and secondary minerals biotite, chlorite, rutile, apatite, titanite, and ilmenite. Considering the chemistry of garnet poikiloblasts and the chemistry of amphiboles, temperatures of 505 to 708°C and average pressures of 6.7 to 8.6 kbar (upper amphibolite facies) for garnet amphibolites and temperatures 450 to 650°C and average pressures of 6.7 to 7.2 kbar (lower amphibolite facies) have been determined for garnet micaschists. Accordingly, garnet amphibolites show the highest metamorphic degree, while garnet micaschists show a lower metamorphic degree. Such a situation indicates a type of geothermal gradient. Geochemically, garnet amphibolites can be classified in two groups. Group I, which together with garnet micaschists have the geochemical characteristics of sedimentary rocks, while garnet amphibolites of group II show the typical characteristics of basalts. The Faryab metamorphic complex next to the ophiolitic remnants of the region may indicate the evolution of this ophiolitic complex in a Neotethys accretion-subduction position during the Upper Cretaceous.

Exploration of radioactive materials has been mainly performed by either airborne- or ground-based monitoring at the earlier steps. As the airborne monitoring using a helicopter (or airplanes) suffers from low spatial resolution, a radiation worker then surveys potential anomalies with a hand-held monitor to extract the radiological map. Due to possible rough terrain, ground-based monitoring faces some difficulties and is expensive or time-consuming. Drones fill a gap between airborne- and ground-based monitoring in the exploration of nuclear materials and facilities and complement the exploration process. Furthermore, the utilization of drones leads to a reduction in the time spent by a radiation worker in a radiological environment. In this study, a radiation detector-equipped unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been utilized to explore nuclear materials. The UAV consisted of a hexacopter, a scintillation detector, a photomultiplier tube, a positioning system, a mini-computer, and a data-link system for radiation data. The results show the effect of the height of flight on the exploration is more considerable than the speed and thus low altitudes are preferred. It can be concluded that the developed radiological-monitored UAV can be utilized for the exploration of natural radioactive materials.

The United Nations has proposed in the MCR2030 project that it is necessary to make the world's cities resilient against natural crises by 2030. Therefore, the resilience capacity of the citizens of Yazd was measured in the event of a possible earthquake caused by the Taft fault, as large as 6.2 on the Richter scale, in the NHMS and the GIS. Part1, resilience zoning map was prepared using analytical geotechnical information in five homogeneous neighborhoods of Yazd city (A-E). Estimation of earthquake damages and losses in Yazd city during three stages including; Calculation of the maximum acceleration of the earth, estimation of earthquake damage to buildings and vital arteries and estimation of earthquake losses were done. The classification of the resilience of the neighborhoods with the five-point classification of the Likert spectrum showed that the highest resilience belongs to categories E, A, D, C and B, respectively. Part2, measuring the resilience of the citizens of Yazd was done by preparing and distributing a questionnaire and analyzing it with the help of Spss software. The results of the analysis showed that only category E was lower than the average resilience. The neighborhoods of this category are the outskirts of the city in the northwest and northeast of Yazd city. In the final, the classification of the resilience of the neighborhoods, from the highest to the lowest, was related to the category: E, A, C, D and B. The resilience of E, A and C was higher than the average (3).

Band-e-Cherk prospect is located in the north of Isfahan province, on the western boundary of the Central Iran zone. The rock outcrops in this area are mainly comprised of Anarak Palaeozoic-Mesozoic metamorphic complex, Lower Cretaceous sedimentary sequence, Paleocene conglomerate, and Eocene volcanic rocks. The host sequence involves two units, from bottom to top: 1) Palaeozoic-Mesozoic metamorphic complex, and 2) Lower Cretaceous succession. Mineralization is occurred as vein/veinlet, replacement, banded, breccia, banded, spotted, and microbial remains (botryoidal, radial, and needle). The main ore minerals are hematite, goethite, pyrolusite, braunite, psilomelane, and minor todorokite, cryptomelan, and manganite associated with pyrite, galena, and chalcopyrite. Gangue minerals mostly are dolomite, quartz, calcite, barite, and amorphous silica. Magnetic survey reveals a high-positive magnetic anomaly (up to 2900 nT) which coincides with the location of a magnetite-enriched metagabbroic body, east of the study area. Interpretation of the magnetometry results using geological evidence points to an asymmetric anticline, and occurrences of hematiteare found on its limbs. the ore samples have higher Ba, Pb, Si, and Sr contents, and lower Co, Ni, P, and Ti concentrations .Our results indicated that the mineralization form during the three metamorphic, hydrothermal, and supergene processes, respectively. Based on mineralogy, textures, and chemical variations, Band-e-Cherk mineralization is similar to those typical of hydrothermal deposits where the circulation of fluids into the fractured Anarak metamorphic complex has provided the conditions for the formation of iron and manganese mineralization.

Nowadays, groundwater pollution, especially the pollutants realized from petroleum refineries and petrochemical complexes, in which the pollution potential of leakage is more possible is one of the main concerns of humanity. In the present research, the northern parts of Shazand plain, Arak province, an area with concentrated industrial units, have been selected as a case study to investigate the oil contaminant caused by the leakage of gasoline at the upstream of well No. 7 in Shazand plain. After stopping the pollution leakage, in order to determine the pollution status, a number of points were selected to drill monitoring wells along the flow direction and two rounds of sampling in August and March 2019 were conducted. The results of analyzed samples revealed that the pollution is gasoline type. Also, the absence of pollution in some of the monitoring wells indicated that the pollution did not spread so much in the monitoring wells MW5, MW6, PB3, and MW4 with concentrations of 7121.5, 3820.7,1046, 257 µg/l and in well No. 7 (260.8 µg/l) as well. In fact, during the period of leakage, the plume progressed downstream of the plain, in about 10 hectares, but the development of a depression cone due to the over-extraction of this well has prevented its further spread of it. Given the aquifer storage coefficient and the depth of groundwater, it has been estimated that about 365000 cubic meters of the aquifer are polluted by the oil contamination.

Physicochemical and isotopic parameters of springs are one of the important parameters in hydrogeological studies, because they represent the primary characteristics of precipitation and the history that groundwater flow in the karst. In order to investigate the flow system in the karst of Jahrom-Asmari formation in the area of Sangvil anticline in Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari provience, discharge, hydrochemical and environmental isotope data of springs, boreholes, precipitation and river were studied and it was determined that the karst flow type of the range is mainly dependent on the joint and fracture and the flow type in the range is diffuse-conduit and diffuse. Since the use of isotope studies in completing hydrogeological studies and detection the type of flow is useful, along with other parameters, Based on the studies carried out in this research, the Meteoric water line in the Sangvil anticline was obtained as the relationship = 6.3 δ18O + 14.8 δD with a correlation of 96%.The average amount of oxygen 18 in meteoric water and water resources is equal to -4.56 and -7.06 permil, respectively, and the average amount of deuterium in meteoric water and water resources is equal to -13.82 and -32.06 permil, respectively. in the present study, the study of environmental isotopes showed that the anticline aquifer has negative values compared to the local meteoric water line, and high volume precipitation and recharge snow determines the isotopic composition of the anticline aquifer. In this way, precipitations with low volume and high isotope composition penetrate less into the aquifer.

Limited outcrops of the Cambrian deposited are present in the north of Kerman Province. Parts of these strata contain trilobite fossils. One of the suitable areas for paleontological studies is the Silo section. This section is located about 17 Km south of Kerman. These deposites have 257 m thickness with fossil invertebrates of trilobites, brachiopods, gastropods, and stromatolites. In this study, 12 genera and 11 species of trilobites were identified and described that include Afghanocera lategenatum, Anomocarella chinensis, Anomocarella sp., Blountia blountia, Cheliedonocephalus farsia, Iranoleesia pisiformis, Kermanella lata lata, Kermanella lata minuta, Kermanella sp., Kobayashiella sp., Latouchella? huckriedea, Paragralous? dahuensis, Redlichia cf. chinensis Redlichia noetlingi, Redlichia sp., Stoecklinaspinosa, Syspachelius sp. Based on trilobite assemblages, the silo section is divided into four biozones: Redlichia noetlingi Biozone, Kermanella kuhbananensis Biozone, Iranoleesia pisiformis Biozone, Cheliedonocephalus farsia Biozone. The age of this section, based on trilobite biozones, is Stage4- Guzhangian (late Early Cambrian to early Late Cambrian).

In this study the hydrocarbon generation potential and depositional environments of the Pabdeh Formation in the Siah-Makan Oilfield is investigated. For this purpose, a total of 21 cutting samples were collected from well#4 of the studied oil field from the Pabdeh Formation and were analyzed by Rock-Eval 6 pyrolysis method to evaluate the hydrocarbon potential. The HI versus Tmax diagram indicates type II/III kerogen for the studied formation with thermal maturity corresponding to the early stages of the oil generation window. Microscopic observations of selected samples indicates that samples with higher TOC readings contain fossil chambers filled with bituminite. In addition, these samples are characterized by a light-colored carbonate matrix which was deposited under oxic conditions. These observations suggest that the Pabdeh Formation has negligible hydrocarbon potential in the Siah-Makan Oilfield and was deposited under oxic conditions. A Combination of Rock-Eval pyrolysis and organic petrographic methods can be useful for accurate geochemical evaluation of the Pabdeh Formation in future studies.

Issues related to air and aerosols have been one of the major environmental problems for the people of the world and the region in recent years. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating suspended particles on the surface and vegetation of Khuzestanprovince in the period from 2000to2020.In this regard, in order to achieve the goal of the research, three aerosol optical depth products AOD,vegetation index product NDVI and land surface temperature product LSTwere used and the relationship between these parameters was investigated.The results obtained for the time period of the research show an almost similar general trend for all four periods.The results show that in the very low class, low AOD values ​​are associated with high vegetation values. For the low class, the area of ​​the AOD index has increased, but still the vegetation has a larger area percentage.
In the medium class, with the increase in the area of ​​the AOD index, the area value of the vegetation index has decreased greatly, and the area value of the average temperature class shows a slight increase. For the high class, the area value of the surface temperature index is higher than the AOD and vegetation indices. Finally, in the very high class,

The carbonate-dominated Taleh Zang Formation is one of the exclusive formations of the Lurestan area, which was deposited in a shallow carbonate platform in the Amiran foreland basin during the Late Thanetian-Middle Cuisian and is rich in swarms of the Early Paleogene larger benthic foraminifera. Despite of short distance between the examined sections in the Rit and Daryagirveh anticlines, there are major differences in thickness, the Paleogene LBF assemblages and their ages as well as the platform evolution settings. From the Rit anticline toward the Daryageriveh anticline, thickness increases significantly and the sedimentary processes being younger.The identified SBZs and comparing the detected platform evulotion stages with the global scale, revealed that, Taleh Zang Formation can be attributed to SBZ4 and SBZ10-SBZ11, in the Rit and Daryagirveh anticlines, respectively. According this data, the Taleh Zang Formation platform evolution settings can be defined as follow; the Rit section is similar to the platform evolution stage II or coral-agal and the first larger foraminiferal platform and the Daryagirveh section resembles the platform evolution stage III or larger foraminiferal platform of the Early Paleogene low paleolatitude platforms of the Tethys. In the studied area, the reasons for the obvious age difference, microfossil assemblages, microfacies, and platform evolution settings in Taleh Zang Formation can be attributed not only to the depositional processes but also to the tectonic activities. The processes which caused obvious thickness and facies variations and record the diachronicity of the lithostratigraphic units across the basin.

The rivers in the north of Tehran that are permanent, from east to west include Darabad, Darband, Derkeh, Chin-Kalagh, Farahzad and Kan rivers. In this study the hydrochemical properties of the northern rivers of Tehran to the point of entry into the city and the impact of natural factors such as geological formations and human factors on water quality characteristics has been evaluated. In order to determine the possible source and processes affecting river water quality, mineral saturation index, ion ratios and dispersion diagrams were used. Hence, the water quality of rivers in the north of Tehran upstream is mostly controlled by dissolution and weathering processes and at the outlet is affected by urban activities. The rate of microbial contamination in all rivers is lower in winter than in other seasons. Finally, the diagrams show that the water quality of the north of Tehran rivers upstream are mainly influenced by natural factors and geological formations, and at downstream parts the water quality is mostly controlled by human activities and urban pollution. These rivers mostly are of good quality before reaching recreation centers of north of Tehran city.

The studied area is located in Zaviyeh 1:100000 sheet and included parts of Tehran, Qom, and Markazi provinces. There are geological units related to the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras in this area, the volcanic igneous rocks of the Eocene and younger volcanic rocks are alternating of acidic rocks with a composition of dacite to rhyolite and medium to basic rocks of andesite to andesite-basalt. In the Zavieh area, the existing igneous rocks are part of the magmatic belt of Urmia Dokhtar, which is a suitable host for porphyry copper deposits. Since alteration are a good exploratory guide for the identification of porphyries, in this study using aster and sentinel sensor images, various hydrothermal alterations in the region (such as argillic, propolytic, silicic, carbonate and iron oxide alterations) have been investigated by band ratio and colour composite analysis. The processing results of the images obtained from the aster and sentinel sensors are highly reliable for detection of different types of clay minerals and iron oxides, respectively. On the other hand, today, geographic information system (GIS) and fuzzy logic in data integration and modeling have found a very important role in the exploration and estimation of mineral reserves to introduce promising mineral areas. In this research, after the integration of remote sensing and geological information, using fuzzy logic and Index overlay method; prone areas to mineralization were identified. Based on field observations, copper mineralization was observed in the form of malachite stains in some prosperous area.

The investigated area is located in the south of Qom. In this study, quantitative morphometric and qualitative components of structural geology have been investigated in the evaluation of the active tectonics of the region. Among the quantitative indicators used in this research, we can mention the hydrometric integral, basin asymmetry, reverse topographic symmetry, dip-length of the river, sinuosity of the mountain front, longitudinal profile of the river, dip of the basin and shape of the basin, and for the components Qualitative, geometrical analysis of Bidhand fault system has been used. In this research, the drainage basin area of the region was divided into 4 sub-basins based on the separation of sub-basins based on 1:50,000 topographic maps, Landsat 30 and 15 meters satellite images, IRS (5.5m), SRTM (90m) and geological maps of Qom and kahak is on a scale of 1:100,000. the level of relative tectonic activity (Iat) of the studied area was divided into three categories of relative tectonic activity. With the qualitative assessment of lithology and geological structures affected by the Bidhand fault in each basin, it was determined that there is a significant relationship between the results of geometrical investigations of structural elements as qualitative components and morphometric measurements as quantitative components, which is due to This alignment of the level of relative tectonic activity of the region in the sub-basins of Kermejegan, Fordo and Kahak was evaluated as very active and in the sub-basin of Sarm were also evaluated as active.

The study area is part of the Troud geological quadrilateral, which is located in the central Iran zone from the perspective of structural geology of Iran. The two main faults of Troud in the south and Anjilo in the north, with their vertical movements and the extension of their left slip, play an important role in structural events and the movement of mineral fluids and mineral deposits. The study area is composed mostly of volcanic rocks and less volcanic-sedimentary rocks with a combination of intermediate to basic and Upper Middle Eocene.
Gazkhizan region has a mineralization zone 350 meters long and 50-70 meters wide with an almost "east-west" trend. The fracture geometry in this region was determined using Win Tensor and Georeient software.
There is also a northeast-southwest shear zone with copper veins. Fracture analysis in this area shows that most vein fractures are consistent with T-type fractures due to the function of a left lateral shear area. These vein fractures are located north, northeast-south, southwest.