فصلنامه راهبرد فرهنگ
پیاپی 61 (بهار 1402)

Sociology is a science that explains social phenomena. But the nature of causal explanation in the social sciences has always been controversial. One of the main disputes in the causal explanation of social phenomena is about the relationship between knowledge and value, whether it is necessary and possible for the social scientist to avoid the entry of cultural values or whether values are the logical elements of causal analysis. In this case, how can a value-laden causal analysis be objective and valid for others? The response of the classics and contemporaries of sociology and social theory to the possibility of "objectivity of value-based analysis" can be formulated in the form of two competing theses. Positive thesis; Causal analysis is Value-Neutrality and objective. From post-positive; Causal analysis is value-laden but objective. The present paper argues through the analysis of Weber's post-positivist theory that, first; Causal analysis is value-laden. Second; value-laden causal explanation is not only detrimental to objectivity but also a condition for achieving objectivity in the social sciences.

Commodification in education is amongst those policies which have been highly promoted globally based on various grounds and by different means and justifications in recent years and Iran is not an exception. This research, by using content analysis method, studies the documents, regulations and measurements taken by the Iranian government in this regard to represent the current condition of the commodification of public Education in contemporary Iran along with a critical analysis of this policy in regard to its theoretical foundations and also its moral, educational, social and economic consequences. Based on the findings of the research, commodification of public education in Iran is expanding through phenomena and processes such as (apparent and hidden) privatization, buying and selling educational services and plans of monetization of schools. This is despite the fact that, commodification is based on neoliberalism and therefore, contradictive to the Islamic foundations and values about the nature of knowledge, the ideal education and the responsibility of government in public education as a public right. Also, on the other hand and based on global and local experiences, implementing this policy will prepare the ground for undesired outcomes such as the decline of moral and social values, reduction in the quality of state-run education, inequality and injustice and decrease of the economic, scientific and technological efficiency and growth.

 The education symbolic order has been a field for various semantic conflicts to articulate different policy actions to bring about change. In this article, we used discourse analysis, which in addition to having a theoretical aspect, is also a research method, to investigate these semantic conflicts in the policy texts produced during the presidency of Hashemi Rafsanjani or so called the “Construction periodˮ. Economic development, construction and rebuilding of the devastations of the imposed war, provided a space for new semantic conflicts in the field of education system, which was in order to realize gradual changes in goals, content, structure and programs of education and sought to confirm meaning of change and evolution signs in education, intertextuality with signs of development plans. These signs found semantic stability through policy texts and policy actions such as the first and second development plans, generalities of the new secondary education system and related regulations such as the new secondary school curriculum regulations, exam regulations, guiding principles in middle school, "parvareshi" regulations and etc. Credibility and availability of the above signs also linked with the emphasis on the need to stabilize the signs of construction and development, and became a metaphor in the field of policy texts.

Balancing family and social roles is a serious issue for religiously educated mothers that transcends theoretical challenges, complexities, and practical difficulties .The aim of this study is to discover practical answers on how to balance family roles and social activities. Recent emphasis on the risk of population aging and the need for more children among these groups adds to the need for this research .Thus by taking a qualitative approach , twenty-six women born in the sixties who had significant social activism in addition to motherhood and marital roles were interviewed And content analysis method was used to analyze the data. In the findings section , role-regulating factors in the four themed networks discovered include individual role-regulating factors, contextual strategies situational strategies and organized support strategies. Finally a conceptual role model was developed, the most important advantage of which is adaptability to the coordinates of people's lives and its fluidity.

Our aim in this study is to investigate the effect of life narratives, specifically a narrative entitled "self- redemption ", on generativity and thus on well-being in Iranians.Self-redemption is an example of a life story in which the theme of redemption is at the heart of the story. In this type of story, negative scenes turn into positive situations that occur later. The aim of this study was to investigate how the self-redemption experience and its function in Iranian adults. In this narrative study, 57 Iranian adults in the age range of 20-60 years were selected by convenience sampling method. After completing the consent form to participate in the research, they were asked to complete a productivity test and a life story questionnaire. Individuals' responses to life story questionnaire questions were analyzed using McAdams coding method and generativity questionnaire data were scored using Likert scale and Pearson correlation method. The results of Pearson correlation showed that in the Iranian adult population, there is a significant relationship between self-salvation scores and productivity (P <0.05). The Iranian adult population does not define their stories in the theme of salvation, and they also score low on the productivity test.

The aim of this research is to investigate the status of innovation in governance and leadership of Iran's top level universities. In this qualitative research, a conceptual model in 17 dimensions was designed by reviewing documents and articles by combining the model of Burton Clark Innovative University and the Guiding Framework of European Innovative Universities. Then, data from universities Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, Sharif, Tarbiat Modares, Amirkabir, Allameh Tabatabai, Science and Technology of Iran, Khajeh Nasir al-Din Toosi, has been collected. Based on real data, it is shown that Iranian universities and top level universities, despite some issues, shortcomings and dysfunctions are full of positive developments and small, medium, large, gradual and fundamental innovations. The innovation of level one universities in the field of governance and leadership is evaluated in the framework of the research guide and conceptual model and in the descriptive area of "moderate". Also, among the dimensions and elements of innovation in governance and leadership, the dimension of "governing of the Board of Trustees" has the lowest score in the descriptive area of "very weak situation" and the dimension of "structure and organization" and the dimension of "planning and monitoring" has the highest score in the descriptive area. "Excellent condition" has been assessed.

 The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the functions of the higher education system with a regional management approach. In order to achieve this goal, a qualitative approach and case study method were used. The statistical population of the study was the director general and senior experts of the educational and research departments of the Ministry of Education and the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution. Based on the theoretical saturation of the data, 11 of them were studied. In-depth interview method was used to collect data and inductive content analysis method was used to analyze them. The research findings showed that the functions that can be transferred to the higher education system include research functions, educational functions, student cultural functions, and staff functions. The results also showed that among the reliable research functions, prioritizing functions by organizing research facilities and creating and developing research units and technology centers, and among educational functions, prioritizing functions by creating, merging and deleting disciplines, and monitoring the quality of presentation. Courses, monitoring the outcomes of the disciplines and among the functions of the transferable staff, prioritizing the functions with the functions of student welfare, special case commissions at the district level, dealing with administrative violations, planning and holding festivals Student and among the transferable administrative and financial functions, welfare planning should be completely entrusted to the regions. According to the research results, in order to delegate functions to the regions,