نشریه گردشگری و توسعه
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 36، پاییز 1402)

Since employee-customer relationship guarantees success in tourism (a service industry), it is all the more important to hire and retain skilled and experienced employees. This study aimed to determine the components and dimensions of employee competency architecture in Tehran-based travel agencies using meta-synthesis. This is a qualitative method based on systematic library research to gain a deep insight into the phenomenon in several coding stages. When searching and selecting suitable texts, the statistical population was defined and refined based on the initial input criteria. Next, the Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) with 10 quality criteria was used for qualitative evaluation of studies, which were scored on a 1-5 scale. Studies with a total score of 21 and above were qualitatively approved while the rest were excluded. Based on their semantic similarity, the 53 subcategories were identified and categorized into 8 core categories, including management competency, cognitive competency, individual and personality competency, knowledge competency, business insight competency, communicative competency, executive competency, and professional competency.

The tourism industry is one of the sectors affecting the GDP of many countries and has a direct impact on economic development. However, traditional city tours have faced challenges due to time constraints, different levels of tourist interest, and communication issues. Meanwhile, Augmented Reality (AR) technology has been able to provide real-time multimedia content tailored to the characteristics and preferences of tourists and should not be overlooked in the tourism industry. This research presents findings from a systematic review of research on the use of augmented reality technology in tourism. A systematic search was performed using Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. First, 574 articles were obtained. Then, based on research criteria reduced to 66 articles. Strauss and Corbin three-step coding was used for data analysis. The effects of AR in tourism were classified into seven dimensions, which include: visiting experience, tourism culture, tourist interaction, aesthetic dimension of tourism, tourist educational value, marketing models of tourism and museums, quality of tourism for visitors with disabilities. Also, in response to the second question, the results showed that the image-based augmented reality system was the most used. These findings can be used as a guide for future researchers and developers of AR software in the field of tourism.

The present study was developed with the aim of entrepreneurially examining the governance of tourism destinations, as an alternative approach that brings increased participation of all stakeholders, competitiveness and the realization of tourism governance. This research is of a descriptive-analytical type, and in terms of methodology, it is in the category of qualitative research based on interviews using thematic analysis method. The participants in this research are 20 managers and officials of tourism organizations, tourism practitioners and activists, academic faculty members of universities. In this regard, the findings were analyzed using thematic analysis method and 111 open codes, 77 central codes and 10 selective codes were identified, which were categorized into 3 main dimensions. To determine the reliability of the done coding, the P-Scott coefficient was used, and the correlation of the data of these two evaluators was 0.82, which indicates high reliability between the two coders. In order to measure the validity of the done codings, the done codings were given to 6 professors and subject experts, and the opinions of the experts and evaluators were applied and the network of themes was finalized. In this way, the components of integrated management, the macro-infrastructural approach to tourism and tourism management in terms of structural-institutional factors; The components of tourism development obstacles, tourism business environment, tourism culture, entrepreneurship in tourism in the dimension of tourism ecosystem; And the components of governance indicators, governance levels and destination management organization were placed in the dimension of governance in tourism.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of the customer's sensory, emotional, behavioral and mental experience on the intentions of customers who shop online, taking into account the mediating role of customer interactions in the tourism industry in Tehran. The research method is practical in terms of purpose and survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population is internet customers who use the sites that provide tourism services in Tehran. The statistical sample is 384 people who use internet sites to purchase tickets or online travel services. The non-probability sampling method is available and the data collection tool is a standard questionnaire. Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS3 and SPSS software have been used for data analysis. The findings of the research showed that customers' experiences have a positive and significant effect on customers' behavioral intentions in the tourism industry, and they will use those services in the future and recommend them to others. Also, customers' experiences have a positive effect on customers' cognitive interactions. It has meaning. The obtained results show that expanding the sensory, emotional, behavioral and cognitive aspects of tourism brands leads to a better customer understanding of the brand, which in turn affects their future behavior.

Upstream documents are used as a guide and guide for future policy actions. The Strategic Document for Iran's Tourism Development, which was drafted in September 2016 in line with the law of the Sixth Development Plan, is one of the most important measures for the development of the country's tourism industry. This qualitatively applied study uses snowball sampling and theoretical saturation to answer the question of how much this document is compatible with the upstream documents and what is its quality in terms of content. The study showed that more than forty percent of the goals defined in the upstream documents in this document have also been considered. However, the document has not been able to play a cohesive and convergent role. Therefore, the uncertainty of the axes and priorities of tourism development, the incorrect arrangement of stakeholders and aimlessness towards domestic tourism and outflows remain strong. The goals and ideals defined in the document show that there are always correct and desirable statements of the tourism industry in this document and the contexts and needs of Iran's tourism are not considered. Although the present document has taken positive steps towards justice-oriented by emphasizing the private sector, paying attention to the values ​​and culture of the society and paying attention to the youth and women, but it has not provided a reliable and coherent whole for the tourism reality of Iran. "Desirable tourism of the Islamic Republic of Iran" is a concept that has not been considered so far ...

The tourism industry is one of the main pillars of the economy of developed countries, which has played an important role in achieving higher economic growth and creating more employment. On the other hand, increasing the happiness of the people of the host country and strengthening the entrepreneurial spirit in them can help to better understand business opportunities and the proper reception of international tourists and create a memorable trip for them and the attractiveness of that country as Increase the tourist destination for international tourists. In this regard, the present study examines the effect of the nine indicators of happiness of the Legatum Institute on the international tourism industry in selected countries of the Mena region (North Africa and the Middle East) that often suffer from a single product economy and the development of tourism between The international community can help them get out of this situation and achieve balanced economic development. For this purpose, the research model was estimated using the panel data approach and the generalized method of moments (GMM) for the period 2007-2018, which showed that all indicators of happiness, including entrepreneurship and opportunity, economy, governance, education, Health, safety and security, personal freedom, social capital and environment with different coefficients and at different levels of confidence have a positive and significant effect on the development of international tourism in selected countries of the Mena region. Of course, the estimated coefficient of safety and security index was higher than other indicators and the estimated coefficient of education was smaller than other indicators

This study aims to present the optimal model of the Tourism Value Chain in Yazd Destination, which enables improvement of the current status of tourism development in YD. The literature review identified 67 key factors affecting the TVC. These factors were studied using the Fuzzy Delphi Method. This research is descriptive regarding the purpose and practical regarding the results. The experts’ opinions, who are familiar with the research field, have been used to collect data. The method of sampling was purposeful. According to the results of this research, 54 factors were confirmed by the experts. As well, "positive and negative economic, socio-cultural and environmental effects" and "destination management organization" were added and confirmed. According to the results of the research, it is suggested that the tourism destination management organization of Yazd Province should be formed regarding the role-playing of all the stakeholders of the tourism development of the province, achieving the desired outputs, maximizing the satisfaction of tourists and positive economic, social-cultural and environmental effects and minimizing negative effects. Also, the offered optimal model should be used as a framework and a method for analyzing and synthesizing the formation processes of the tourism experience and identifying opportunities to increase value through positive actions or removing obstacles or limitations.

Nowadays, food has found a special place in the tourism industry and most restaurants, hotels, and residences promote their food culture. Furthermore, Food is one of the main motivations for tourism, and Iran is considered one of the main schools of food with its variety of food, drink, and bread. Therefore, the need to deal with food tourism is very important in the development of tourism. Therefore, the aim of this study is to measure the effect of native foods on the development of food tourism in traditional restaurants in Tehran, which is practical and descriptive-analytical research. For this purpose, a researcher-made questionnaire with four indicators of restaurants' spatial distribution, interior space, native food, and tourist attraction was used. Questionnaires were completed by 350 domestic and foreign tourists and 250 managers of traditional restaurants in Tehran in the year 1400 and the sampling was done randomly. The questionnaire's validity and reliability were confirmed with Cronbach's alpha value of 0.859, respectively. The data analysis was done through one-sample t-test, LSD, and structural equation modeling. The results showed that in the index of spatial distribution, the factor of the proximity of traditional restaurants to historical attractions with a value or factor load of 0.56 and respect for the spatial distribution of traditional restaurants with a factor of 0.3 had the highest and lowest effects, respectively. In terms of the local food index, the attractiveness of food variable had the highest effect with a factor of 0.67, and the use of Tehran local foods in traditional restaurants has the lowest effect with a factor of 0.18. In terms of the indoor space, inducing a sense of relaxation with a factor of 0.57 had the highest effect, and tourists' knowledge of local foods had the lowest effect with a factor of 0.1. In terms of the tourist attraction, diversity in preparing and serving local foods with a factor of 0.67 has the greatest effect, and sharing the experience of serving local food with others had less importance with a factor of 0.44. As a result, it can be stated that the presence of native foods in traditional restaurants of Tehran can be very effective in the development of gastronomy tourism industry

The purpose of this study is to investigate the antecedents and consequences of value co-creation behavior in food tourism. This research in terms of practical purpose and based on method is a descriptive-casual research. The statistical population of this study includes food tourists who have traveled to different cities of Iran and have had food experience in those areas. The data collection tool in this study was library resources and a standard questionnaire related to research variables whose validity and reliability confirmed by content and construct validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Using stratified sampling, 399 participants answered the questionnaire. The data extracted from the questionnaire were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical methods using structural equation approach and SPSS and Smart PLS software. The results showed that corporate social responsibility has a significant effect on tourist engagement, preoccupation and perceived value, which in turn affect value creation. Finally, value creation has a significant effect on perceived respect and mental well-being.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of tourist experiences on the intention to buy and share experiences through tourist satisfaction. The present study is in the category of descriptive-survey studies according to the purpose of applied research and in terms of research method. The statistical population included domestic tourists in the city of Mashhad who use online ticket booking applications or websites and tourism services, and according to the rule 5 to 10 times the number of questionnaire items (22 * 10), 220 people as a sample size Was taken. The questionnaire used in this study as a data collection tool for all variables was adapted from Song (2021) research on a five-point Likert scale. For instrument validity, face validity and professors' approval and structural validity were used, and for reliability, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used, which finally confirmed both validity and reliability. Finally, the data were analyzed at both descriptive and inferential levels using structural equation modeling in SPSS and PLS software. The results of this study showed that tourists' experiences affect their intention to buy and share their experiences through their satisfaction.

Psychological ownership has emerged as an important predictor of people's attitudes and behaviors and has received much attention in consumer research. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to analyze the consequences of the psychological ownership of tourists towards the urban tourism destination. The research method is Meta Synthesis. The statistical population of this research includes valid and available foreign articles to the researcher in the databases of Emerald, Science Direct and Google Scholar, A total of 41 articles were selected as samples that were related to the research topic. The purposive sampling method has been used and the data collection method is a systematic study. The validity of the research was evaluated using CASP analysis and its reliability was confirmed using the kappa coefficient. The research findings showed that the consequences of tourists' psychological ownership towards urban tourism destination include participation, citizenship behavior, fulfilling the basic psychological needs, satisfaction, promotion, loyalty, purchase intention, attitude and tourism development

The purpose of this research is to design a model of information technology commercialization in online businesses with an emphasis on the tourism industry. This research is mixed in terms of practical purpose, exploratory in nature, and in terms of data collection method. In the qualitative part of the research, 12 experts were selected in the fields of information technology and tourism. In this research, semi-structured interviews were used by non-random sampling method. The statistical population in the quantitative section was estimated to include 384 online businesses and companies providing tourism services. In the qualitative part, the theme analysis method was used to analyze the data collected. In the model test, research hypotheses were first prepared and then analyzed by structural equation modeling method and using Lisrel software. The results of the quantitative stage showed that the commercialization of information technology in online businesses was explained by 10 components including Economic factors, legal issues, Infrastructure, factors related to marketing, managerial factors, factors affecting business, political issues, cultural prerequisites, business environment, and technology management. The highest priority is related to the factor of legal issues, and political issues, structure, factors affecting business, cultural prerequisites, managerial factors, technology management, economic factors, factors related to marketing and business environment are in the next priorities respectively

Nowadays, art tourism is one of the markets with special interests, the prosperity of which can play an important role in the development of Iran's tourism. Among the applied arts of Iran, handmade carpet has a historical background and a high reputation in the world. East Azarbaijan Province, as one of the historical centers of Iran's handmade carpet production, has been selected as a case study of this research. The current research pursues two main goals, which are: introducing the potential of East Azerbaijan province for the development of cultural tourism with an emphasis on handmade carpets and identifying key factors for the development of cultural tourism with an emphasis on carpets in East Azerbaijan. In this research, the qualitative method (thematic analysis) and the structural analysis research method with the help of MicMac software as a future research studies have been used.The results of the thematic analysis illustrated that East Azarbaijan province has a great potential for the development of cultural tourism with an emphasis on handmade carpet with four main themes of human resources, historical importance of Tabriz carpet, attractions and social culture. Additionally, the MicMac software output demonstrated that the variables of organizing educational programs and empowering carpet traders and producers for carpet tours, organizing educational programs and empowering tourist guides for carpet tours and creating financial incentives for them, and targeted and digital advertisements are the most effective variables.

Nowadays, destination marketing strategies are used in cities in order to attract more tourists. One of the most important of these strategies can be mentioned branding using prominent signs and symbols of a city. The aim of present research is investigating importance of branding in development of urban tourism, this research has identified effective criteria and indicators for transformation of an urban symbol into a tourism brand with a descriptive-analytical method. Based on theoretical foundations and literature review, main influential indicators in branding tangible attractions of Tabriz city were identified and extracted. Then, using the fuzzy Delphi method, identified factors were screened. In next step, pairwise comparisons were made and sent to 15 experts and experts in field of tourism to answer. After receiving the experts' answers, 250 available tourists were interviewed and their questionnaires were evaluated using AHP method and weights of criteria were determined. Then options were ranked by TOPSIS method and appropriate element was selected to be introduced as tourism brand of Tabriz. Results of research indicate that according to multiple criteria considered by the experts, Blue Masque is the first place, Arg-e-Alishah is the second place, Maqbar al-Shoara is the third place, Municipal Building is the fourth place, El-goli Building is the Fifth and finally, Yanqin Tower is the last rank with the lowest score.

The tourism industry has become one of the main economic and service pillars of the world. As many development experts refer to this industry as the axis of sustainable development. This article with the approach that creating a proper image of the tourist area in the mind of the tourist increases the possibility of his re-visiting that area and can help the managers of this industry in achieving their economic goals in attracting tourists. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitive and emotional imagery on loyalty with respect to the mediating role of satisfaction of all hotel tourists in Sari. The questionnaire was administered to 374 people who had come to hotels in Sari and sampling was done by available sampling method. The collected data were analyzed using structural equation modeling technique and SPSS and LISREL software. The results indicate that there is a positive and significant effect between the cognitive image and the emotional image and the satisfaction and loyalty of tourists. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention and invest in factors that can play an important role in creating appropriate images of tourist areas in the mind of the tourist.