نشریه نقد، تحلیل و زیبایی شناسی متون
پیاپی 21 (زمستان 1402)

Iraj Mirza, born in 1253 is one of the most successful satirical poets of the constitutional period, and he was given the title of "Saadi No". One of the most important reasons for the success of his satires is the use of a wide range of methods and mechanisms for creating humor in the structure of his poems. Iraj Mirza's poems are mostly taken from social realities, in which he reflects on social issues with a critical and sharp point of view. The current research aims to study and analyze the methods of satire in this poet's poems by using the library study method and in a descriptive-analytical way. The results of the studies show that Iraj Mirza uses various methods and methods to express his humor and make it more effective on the audience, and the secret of the success of his humor lies in the use of these methods. Among the most important of these tricks, we can mention miniaturization, likening to animals, cursing, destroying symbols, criticizing oneself, debating, breaking religious taboos, irony and humorous lines. As a result, the humor techniques used by Iraj Mirza have a significant effect in presenting the intended concepts.

Qaboosnameh is a rich treasure of ethic-educational knowledge and experiences. Onsorolma?ali paid attention to all individual and social aspects of human beings in addition to his needs. So he has benefited from various Islamic sources, especially Qur'an, and Hadith. He has explained them in coherent and simple language with a high scientific and literary proficiency in his educational book. The intrusion of holy Mohammad’s ethic-educational linguistic and intellectual elements in different ways within Qaboosnameh indicates their indisputable intertextual relationships. This paper has studied the textual and content representations of the Prophet (PBUH)’s wise speeches in Qaboosnameh by descriptive-analytical method and based on Gerard Genette's theory. It concluded that the ethic-educational teachings of Islam’s prophet which have been presented implicitly, explicitly, and covertly in Qaboosnameh, play a fundamental role in the intellectual and educational framework of the book. In terms of the subject matter, these teachings include a wide range of individual, social, religious, and economic issues. The high frequency of the Prophet's (PBUH) social teachings in Qaboosnameh is in accordance with the social nature of Islam and the Prophet's (PBUH) emphasis on Muslim unity. The macro relationship between Qaboosnameh and Prophetic Hadith in an intertextuality approach is the continuation and attraction of these teachings in order to complete the ethical, educational, and literary dimensions of the book.

One of the common social and intellectual approaches in history is mysticism and Sufism,which has been accompanied by changes since its formation until its peak and perfection.approach, despite the effect on components, has also been affected by various factors.Despite the impact on other components, approach has also been influenced by various factors, and at the same time,these interactions have created platform that caused the spread or stagnation of the school of Sufism.This article has analyzed the reasons for the emergence of Sufism and Sufism based on Gramsci's theory hegemony with the analytical-descriptive method and the use of reliable library sources.Hegemony means power and dominance.Gramsci's belief, hegemony takes place without coercion by relying on persuasion and public consent.result of the research shows in the early centuries,which considered as the foundation and budding period of Sufism,cultural,political and religious issues and especially social and ideological issues played a role in gaining the strength of Sufism.which include:the importance of religion and the nature of God-knowing of man, the emergence of the Islamic religion,attention to the interior of the Sharia, the social situation of the society,the emergence of some personalities,the presentation of the true issues of Sufism, the emergence of some sects,the lifestyle of the Prophet Helping Sufis to oppressed people, writing books, introspection of ascetics, tendency to asceticism, belief in the mortality of the world, belief in avoiding self-worship,belief in reward and punishment,belief in taking care of deeds,approach of kings to Sufism and Sufis which has caused Sufism and Sufism to be among the hegemon group and guide the public mind towards persuasion and satisfaction not by force but by consent and political leadership

It is obvious that the lyrical verses of Persian poetry represent the most cultural patterns and signs of civilization. Examining these stories from the perspective of cultural anthropology (whose main foundations are popular culture) is a new approach to them and introduces researchers to two options: one is to investigate people's culture in the content of the stories and Another cultural influence is the narrator according to the culture in which he was raised, and this applies to all the stories that have different narrators.In this research, the various literary and cultural knowledge hidden in the Kurdish popular literature "Beit" will be compared and analyzed with the classical Persian literature systems, especially where the structure and content of these works are related to the principles of storytelling. If it matches, it can be a valuable work in the field of cultural anthropology studies. This research describes and analyzes the cultural components from an anthropological point of view in the poem "Bahram and Gulendam" in Persian classical literature and Kurdish folk literature narrated by Mam Ahmed Lotfi. To achieve this goal, descriptive-analytical method has been used. The findings indicate that most of the anthropological components have appeared in this system, and the amount of similarities is greater than the differences, and this indicates the intertextuality between the Persian and Kurdish systems.Another is that the Kurdish narrations of the story, although in terms of generality, theme and concept, are in accordance with the Persian narrations of the same name, but both in form and content, especially the changes and transformations of mystical, epic and lyrical culture. It is in different periods.

Memories have been written for centuries in Iran and the world, but in oral memories, a knowledgeable interviewer plays a role in its production and review and puts the narrator's unsaid in front of the audience with his questions. For this reason, most of the oral memories are more important than writing the memories in the traditional way, but the inclusion of the interviewer and the writer in the narration may also cause harm. One of these damages is the interference of the author in the text, in such a way that some memoirs, at least in parts, enter the scope of literary prose, or historical sources are used instead of narrative data. In this article, the authors seek to answer the question whether the originality of the narrative has been damaged in the book Ask the Mountains. Also, with narrative illustrations, does the reader establish a better relationship with the text or not? In addition, the challenges of narrating the book "Ask the Mountains" including narrating without meter and criteria and referring to unreliable sources, not referring the text to documents and data and other narratives and not completing the interview are shown in order to determine how much the author Has the size been successful in illustrating the text, and has the amount of the author's intervention damaged the originality of the narrator's narration or not? The research method in this research is the historical method in a descriptive-analytical way.

Description is one of the important tools of an author in organizing a story and it can be formed in a direct way or through dialogue or story action. Detailed descriptions draw the reader more into the text and keep him with the flow of the story. In narrative texts such as novels, where the prominent figures of the story are the adults and the children are on the sidelines of the stories, the description of the children's circumstances and actions has a place to pause and examine. These descriptions can be presented in special ways. One of the Iranian novels in the 30s is the novel “Shauhar e Ahokhanum” by Ali Mohammad Afghani, which was published under special circumstances and gave a new impetus to the Iranian story writing atmosphere. This research paper is descriptive-analytical in a library style that tries to investigate the types of description of children in the novel "Husband of Deer and Lady". The author has used these descriptions in three ways,consist of Naration & Action & Dialect through Direct and Indhrect method which direct description from the narrator's language is more frequent.