نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 43 (پائیز1381)

One of the fastest ways to collect geographic data is satellite imaging. Based on technical specifications and capabilities of an imaging system on a space platform (satellite), it is possible to collect geographic data with different geometric precision and resolution. The first satellite imagery with cartographic application was prepared by a metric camera, followed by Kosmos (Russia), Landsat (USA) and Spot (France) series of satellites which, equipped with imaging systems adapted to mapping conditions (incl. stereo coverage, metric or central system, high feature-resolution, etc.), have gained a solid place in geomatic sciences and technology regarding geometric collection of geographic data and extraction of accurate and correct information. Today IRS satellites have gained a strong position by an orderly program of providing cartographic images. The author has, from time to time through various investigations and implementation of research and practical projects, presented to the students in the field discussions on principles of remote sensing, applications of remote sensing in urban constructions, remote sensing and geographic information systems, platforms and imaging sensors (optical and scanner systems) in the form of papers in this journal or books. It seems proper to open a new series of discussions on satellite imaging systems of India and to provide a brief overview of Indian space programs and images with diverse applications in science and technology.

Political geography is one of the branches of geographical sciences that examines all natural, cultural (human) and environmental effects on policies, military plans and combative / supportive operations at global, regional and local levels. Political geography is a science that expresses the effects of geographic factors of a country or area on military movements. Political geography is a part of military sciences that concerns environmental characteristics of the area of operation. Political geography includes application of geographic analysis method. It is worth noting that various definitions have been presented for political geography, but two major points are necessary to be considered in order to reach a comprehensive definition. A. Scale and application of military geography The application of military geography for political leaders, national security planners, commanders and military hierarchies that play major roles in formulation of military strategies, which has specific definition and a certain scope. B-The military geography has its own value against internal and external threats and various geopolitical conditions of any region. In fact, military geography faces threats by presenting their direction and exploitation of geographic factors against these threats. Military geography is an effective guide in national and macro planning in a country including land preparation and allocation, so that appropriate locating of development plans and constructive measures of the country such as infrastructure and industrial establishments take defense-security considerations into account in all circumstances.

Ardestan County lies between the east longitude of 52 degrees and 22 minutes and north latitude of 33 degrees and 22 degrees. It is limited on the north to salt pan, on the south to Isfahan, on the east to the city of Na’ine and on the west to the cities of Natanz and Kashan. It is 1209 meters above sea level, its highest point is 3200 meters and it is approximately 17643 kilometers. Its population is 45150 people, and it consists of 3 cities called Ardestan, Zavareh and Mahabad, 2 central districts and 7 rural districts. In terms of the geographical location of the city, it has a good position among the cities of the country because it is located on the main strategic route connecting the north to the south. This is the reason why the city continues its life in spite of difficult environmental conditions. The Tehran – Kerman railroad crosses the city (between Zavareh and Ardestan), a special privilege enjoyed only by a few cities. There is a certain kind of relationship between the city and the surrounding countryside which need to be carefully reviewed.

Aerial photos contain details of land features. A photo interpreter systematically reviews photos and regularly utilizes other auxiliary materials, such as maps and field observation reports. According to this study, interpretation is carried out according to physical nature of features and phenomena on the photos. Interpretation may be implemented at different levels of complexity: from simple recognition of phenomena on the earth to extraction of detailed information, considering the complexity of the interactions between surface and subterranean features.

The dominant solution of GIS in the early 1990s was a solution whose program could run on an independent workstation or personal computer. In this paper the investigation of previous solutions in which a database was kept on a large host computer and end users worked on data at ambiguous network terminals has been removed. In this paper, the author attempts to present general lines of the influence and impact of the GIS technology on the level of local and global networks. Owing to the widespread advancements that have emerged over the years in hardware and software, today the network architecture of the GIS technology from a central data bank with a GIS server which is capable of maintaining, managing and efficient delivery of data, has been realized. Therefore, networking, communications and the ability to work in various environments are among central issues. For successful use of the GIS technology on the Internet, web users need to know and understand its principal characteristics.

Geography in its scientific and modern sense is the science of space whose subjects are the natural and human phenomena that create the world and its various places. Accordingly, geography on the one hand describes, examines and analyzes the various phenomena of natural environment in various water, soil, climate and human environment areas as geographical basis, as well as dispersion of social organizations, economic activities and consequences of the interaction of human societies with the environment, and on the other hand it attempts to play an active role in reducing or eliminating spatial inconsistencies and in creation of cultural perspectives through the scientific knowledge that it gains concerning natural rules and social developments.

The region of Dena is located in the north of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province and partly in south of Isfahan province. Its delightful nature and pleasant weather, diverse flowers and overturned tulips, clear springs and colorful vegetation, the water sound and beautiful and magical nature fascinate the imagination, and attract every beauty-seeking soul to this area. There are charming sceneries at the waterfall of Yasuj and apple and grape gardens of Sisakht, each of which is an ode to the beautiful court of creation; this area is one of the regions that can be attractive to tourists who want to visit nature (ecotourism).

The planet Venus is named after the goddess of beauty in ancient myths, though it has been named among various peoples differently. Ancient Greeks called it Aphrodite, the goddess of fertility. For Babylonians this planet was the mistress of gods and the goddess of love, fertility and war. The Chinese also considered it a beautiful white spot. With these interpretations, we conclude that Venus has been a symbol of love and beauty since the beginning of civilization. The Greeks living on the island of Cythera, who worshiped Aphrodite, often used the term Cytherean, meaning “related to Aphrodite” for referring to planets. This is an adjective that is used instead of the phrase “related to Venus”.

The position of Iranian plateau in the southern half of the northern temperate region requires absence of cold weather in this area. However, the average elevation of 1200 meters causes a very cold winter weather as an important feature of this vast plateau. Seasonal variations in temperature which result from a regular change in the angle and duration of the sun's radiation in combination with other climatic factors, give rise to a general need for the sun’s radiation on the surface of passages and depths of houses in many parts of our country during the winter. Determining the relationship between the angle of the sun's radiation and the directions of public passage network, the height of dwellings and the horizontal distance between the buildings facing each other in terms of the "length" and "direction" of shadow in different occasions of the day play important roles in architectural and urban planning. Attention to this climatic factor in design of new cities and renovation of old neighborhoods of historic cities helps us to take a step towards a comprehensive view of different natural, economic, social and physical dimensions in solving problems of human societies as the " organization of residential spatial system".

A look at the history of architecture in the world shows that building designers have been consistently making efforts to respond to climatic conditions and its impacts on residential environments. Consideration of climatic conditions is the only reliable guarantee to increase the useful life-span of the building, improve the quality of comfort and hygienic facilities and indoor spaces, as well as to save energy in order to adjust and control the comfort conditions. Geographical position and topographic conditions of Iran have shaped different climates over this land. As a result, our ancestors used suitable forms and methods to adapt to climatic conditions and create suitable indoor spaces, and, gradually and in the light of experience and knowledge, they learned the use of environmental potentials in the best way, so the traditional buildings around the country show this amazing harmony and consistency.

Basically, it should first be noted that regional planning takes place in the light of regional development theories, and since these theories originate from the concepts of development in general and regional development in particular, it is necessary before addressing regional planning to examine the concepts of development and its role in the formation of regional planning.
 

The spatial activities of India began in 1962 at the Atomic Energy Department of Indian Committees for Space Research at the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS). The first rocket was sent to space from TERLS in November 1963. Subsequently, the Indian Space Science Center was founded in 1965 as ISRO in Thumba, and then the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) under the supervision of the Indian Department of Energy in 1969 and the DOS under the Prime Ministry's supervision in 1972. As late as 1967 the remote sensing experiments were carried out using airplanes, and after that this organization implemented experiments on the production and launching of missiles and telecommunication - television satellites and land remote sensing observations. At present, the Antrix company is in charge of coordination operation and implementation of all spatial operational stages, including production, launching, guidance, tracking, utilization and ....