International Journal of Psychology
Volume:2 Issue: 2, Winter 2008

The purpose of this study was investigating the relationship of transformational leadership to employee''s empowerment. As a part of an integrative model of leadership, transformational leadership style of superiors is proposed to be related to the strength of subordinate empowerment. A total of 275 employees from an industrial organization in Ahvaz city (Iran) rated their superiors'' transformational leadership behaviors and also how much they felt empowered. Findings suggest that transformational leadership style contributes to the prediction of subordinates'' self-reported empowerment.

The main purpose of this study was to compare the positive and negative expectancies of permanent male members of NA and other addicted and nonaddicted males. For this purpose, 50 permanent members of NA, along with 50 addicted males (from the self-referred addicts who referred to Outpatient Cessation Center of Addiction in Esfshan) and 50 nonaddicted males selected using convenience sampling (For Na members and non addicted males) and simple random sampling (For self-reffered addicts), respectively. The instrument used in this research was the Golparvar (2005) Opiate Expectancy Questionnaire (OEQ). OEQ has four subscales: Global Negative Expectancies (GNE), Positive–Anticipatory Effects on Self and Others (PAESO), Psychological and Motivational Positive–Anticipatory Effects (PMPE) and Anticipatory Effects on Blood Lipid and Glucose (AEBLG). The total OEQ items are 54. The MANOVA results showed that there was a significant difference between permanent members of NA, with addicted and nonaddicted males in three of the OEQ subscales and total scale. Results of scheffe post–hoc test showed that addicted males have a higher mean in global negative expectancies than no addicted males and NA members. Also, results showed that positive–anticipatory effects on self and others of NA members were higher than addicted and nonaddicted males. In psychological and motivational positive–anticipatory effects and in total scale, NA members have higher means than addicted and nonaddicted males, also addicted males have a higher mean than nonaddicted males. In other cases, there were not any significant differences.

The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive effect of emotional intelligence and its components on anger and aggressiveness in soccer players. The subjects included 95 soccer players from the second division of the soccer teams of Tehran. The data was collected by using two instruments including Shrink Emotional Intelligence Standardized Questionnaire and Competitive Aggressiveness and Anger Scale (CAAS). Statistical analysis included Pearson’s correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis at the significant level of p≥0.05. The results of the analysis indicated that there is a negative and significant relationship between emotional intelligence and aggression in soccer players (r=-0.431, p<0.01). Emotional intelligence also significantly predicted aggressiveness (Adjusted R2=0.35). The findings of the study suggest that a significant relationship exists between emotional intelligence and aggression; therefore, using proper training programs to improve emotional intelligence may lead to the improvement of social and interpersonal relationships and as a result control the aggression of competitive athletes such as soccer players.

To investigate children false recall and false recognition under arousal, 100 elementary school students were presented lists of semantically associated words. All words in each list were associated with a non presented word or critical lure. The participants in arousal condition watched an emotionally exciting video clip and had exercise for some time. The results indicated that both groups had a relatively high false recall and false recognition. Also, the aroused participants had a higher rate of false memory than the control group. These findings are consistent with results of other researchers who showed that, false memories are significantly more frequent under conditions of high arousal.

The aim of this research was to determine the effectiveness of mental imagery and relaxation on the rate of anxiety, depression and hopefulness in women suffering from breast cancer in Ahvaz Golestan Hospital. The subjects were 40 women suffering from breast cancer. The patients were selected through random sampling and were divided into two groups of 20 persons. One group was taken as the experimental and the other as the control group. The measurement instruments were Cattel Anxiety Questionnaire (CAQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Miller Hopefulness scale (MHS), and a pretest was administered to both groups. Then, the experimental group underwent training ways and techniques of mental imagery and relaxation for one month (4 weeks), and 4 sessions per week for 45 minutes in the moarings and afternoons. After applying intervention, the two groups were tested again. For the analysis of the data the indices of mean, standard deviation and the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used. The results indicated that mental imagery and relaxation were effective mitigators of anxiety and depression, and enhancers of hopefulness in women suffering from breast cancer.

The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) was designed to measure the core symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress and has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties across studies mostly conducted in Western societies. However, the psychometric properties of this measure remained untested amongst non-clinical Iranian population. This paper presents the results of a preliminary study which examined the factor structure, reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity of the DASS-21 Persian version amongst a non-clinical sample (n=378) of the Iranian population. All participants completed DASS-21, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Four Systems Anxiety Questionnaire. A 3-factor model for the 21-item DASS was supported by the data. Results also supported reliability and validity (convergent validity and discriminant validity) of the three scales of the DASS-21. These findings suggest that the Persian version of the DASS-21 has satisfactory psychometric properties and can be used amongst the Iranian adult population.

This study examined the relationship between the predictive variables of Machiavellianism and perfectionism, and the criterion variable of life satisfaction through a sample of 472 university students (230 men and 242 women). Three instruments were used: Machiavellianism Scale, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale and The Satisfaction with Life Scale. According to the results, Both Machiavellianism and Perfectionism were negatively correlated with life satisfaction. Furthermore, the multiple regression analyses showed that for students the socially prescribed perfectionism, Machiavellianism and other–oriented perfectionism were the best predictors of life satisfaction. The results of this study support previous findings suggesting that Machiavellianism and perfectionism are associated with life satisfaction. In addition, it is specified that Machiavellianism and perfectionism are the factors that significantly predict reported levels of life satisfaction.