مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بابل
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 70، زمستان 1391)

Anatomy or dissection is separation of dead body and its parts، as a common way for training medical students or diagnosing the disease and identifying damages. Although dissection is an issue that، led to the development of medical science، but the debate was not a serious topic for scholars of past Jurists. This study is based on Islamic perspectives regarding new issues called as dynamic Islamic Ijtihad، and it analysis discussion on dissection. In a review، the majority of contemporary Shia jurisprudence`s Fatwa regarding dissection or anatomy was analyzed. Interpretative sources were used as the motif to infer the subject. Using narrations with connection to rush of a body، hurrying to equip the dead body، and the sanctity of dead body of Muslim and pagan is pointed out and were subject to careful discussions. Juristic Fatwa usually forbidden dissection and they don’t permit it unless there happen a contradiction. If the dissection is performed with good will and charitable intention it wouldn’t be considered a case of disrespecting therefore the sanctity of dissection، and paying redemption is rejected. Dissection with the aim of preserving Muslim lives، education، medicine، diagnosis and treatment، is not equal to mutilation. Dissection dose not conflict with the principle of burring the dead body and it could be washed، being prayed and finally be buried. The supreme religious leader could bid for dissection. Dissection is allowed in case of encountering a critical conditions with، intellectual and charitable motives، saving for the Muslim''s life، using in education، medicine، diagnosis and treatment of disease.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate، from Quranic perspective and Hadith in order to reveal how the hope toward the future could be reinforced.

This research was conducted among the population composed of 513 high school students. The statistical sample was according to Krejcie and Morgan Table، and the author-built questionnaire with closed ended questions concerning the effective factors on reinforcement of feeling optimistic about the future، was presented to them. Simple random sampling was employed as sampling method. Reliability of measurement tool with use Cronbach''s alpha was 0. 93. The research method used in this study was descriptive and of survey type. In inferential statistics، t- test was used to put the hypothesis of the study into test، and statistical calculation of the study was performed using SPSS software.

The results of the study indicate that 76% of the students maintain that families have great and very great impact on reinforcement of feeling optimistic about the future among students. 72. 8% of the students maintain that personal beliefs have great and very great impact on reinforcement of feeling optimistic about the future among students and 58. 2% of the students maintain that schools have great and very great impact on reinforcement of feeling optimistic about the future and 51. 5% of the students maintain that social factors have great and very great impact on reinforcement of feeling optimistic about the future among students.

The conclusion reached by this research was that there are many significant factors on reinforcement of feeling optimistic about the future. What is obtained as the result is a necessary recourse for institutions and organizations، dealing with youths and adolescents، and might be a giant step towards removing restrictions and social conflicts

Breastfeeding is considered as ideal nourishment because it provides more immunity for neonates. As Prophet Mohammad said: there is no milk better than mother`s milk for infants. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of breast milk from Islam’s point of view. In this study، library method was used to gather information from valid resources such as religious books، tradition، Holy Quran and the other jurisprudence resources for collecting Islamic provisions and stories related to the importance of breast milk and now is updated. The Holy Quran has emphasized to start breastfeeding and continue it for 24 months in Surah Al-Baqarah، Verse 233; Surah Al-Ahqaf، Verse 15; Surah Al-Luqman، Verse 14; Surah An-Nisa، Verse 23; Surah At-Talaq، Verse 2; Surah Al-Hajj، Verse 2; Surah Al-Qasas، Verse 7 and Surah Al-Qasas، Verse 12. The results indicate that 1400 years ago، Islam emphasized on breastfeeding as the best source of nutrition.

The study of medical science on the basis of Quranic teachings is considerable. For Qur`an as the great divine miracle present some aspect of modern science 14 century ago that it is discovered only on the basis of developed technological equipment. This aspect t of Quran display that Quran is divine revelation as it is beyond the ability of mankind to present such knowledge without any technological equipment. This study deals with the creation of human being and the growth and development of embryo on the basis of interpretive sources، Nahjolbalageh، narrations and biological sources as well. Almighty Lord stated the creation and development of the embryo in Al-Room، Al-Momenoon، Al-Ghafer Surahs; that God has certainly created man of an extract of clay، then we made him a small seed in a firm resting-place، then we made the seed a clot، then we made the clot a lump of flesh، then we made (in) the lump of flesh bones، then we clothed the bones with flesh، then we caused it to grow into another creation and he is who created you from dust، then from a small life germ، then from a clot، then he brings you forth as a child، then that you may attain your maturity. The conclusion reached by this study is that all process of the creation of embryo and its growth is a divine miracle and it demonstrates for us the majesty and the endless power of God. If we، human being contemplate on our origin then it could serve him/her in purifying his/her heart and increasing the honesty of human being.

Vitiligo is an auto immune disease in which immune system with unknown reasons attacks self melanocytes which are pigment producing cells determining the color of the skin. In patient with Vitiligo، due to the absent of melonocytes the skin has a white color in some part of the body. In this article we try to point out to some important research and treatment hints that could be inferred from holy Quran. In this review article by referring to verse 49 of Surah Al Omran and verse 101 of Surah Al Maidah from the Holy Quran and also by bringing up some experimental evidence، the problems in the field of autoimmunity are discussed. Moreover، some new research hints (in this field) are suggested. These hints include: 1-Vitiligo is a prevalent and well popularly known disease at least from 2000 years earlier. 2-Research and treatment of autoimmune diseases should be a tough achievement so that God considered it as a miracle equal to giving life and curing the congenitally blindness in holy Quran. Furthermore despite the outstanding progresses in science and technology، human were not able to cure successfully autoimmune diseases in general and Vitiligo specifically. 3-The risk factors for this disease should be existed since long time and not just originated from the industrial life style and climate or environmental changes which happened in human modern life. Our research activity should be focused on the ubiquitous and evolutionary conserved factors such as heat shock proteins that accompany human being for a long time of his history. The treatment and research in the field of autoimmunity are tough area but accessible if we insist and patients are inspired by hope to God helps as also mentioned by the verse 269 of Bagharat Surah to achieve indications of Verse 18 of Al-Omran Surah in which God، angels and scientists are introduced as proofs of uniqueness of God.

Islam as a perfect religion pays specific attention to all the aspects of human''s life. Whatever is essential for man''s spiritual and bodily growth is presented in Quranic teachings and Islam paves the way for the actualization of human talents. Nutrition is one of those important issues that The Holy Quran has touched it with particular attention. Thus، in this study spiritual consequences of nutrition on perspective of verses and hadith surveyed. This review study conducted by the use of library method on religious texts، books and tradition according to major subjects. Resources such as: The Holy Quran، Nahjolbalaghe، Tafsire Jame، Tafsir Al-Mizan etc. are considered as a document in any jurisprudential debate. From the prospect of The Holy Quran، food and nutrition are the impressive factors in evolution and configuration of human being and the behavioral and spiritual aspect of him. In this study we narrate the effect of food on these topics: 1. A tool for trial، 2. thought، logic، worship، gratitude، 3. baseline for sanction and cure، 4. Enuciation and dread، 5. Human being''s munificence in achieving the Halal aliment، 6. Sin and righteous accomplishment، 7. Descent and fall، 8. Here after torture. This research concludes that according to the Holy Quran، food and nutrition، more than physical effect، have spiritual and conscious effect on human''s life which the image and aspects of them had reflected in prophets and Masum''s life.

Choice of Suicide or euthanasia is among the new issues that with respect to descriptive judgments and deontological judgment require an exclusive research. Human suffering and pain and utilization of drugs، enabling more patients to keep alive long term. The use of organs for transplant patients with brain death، causing more attention than it has been found to be.

In a retrospective study، the laws of different countries and leading jurists، the view contemporary Shia scholars and their Fatwa on man killing or euthanasia in humans were discussed. The opinions and views on euthanasia in some countries that had supported the law were evaluated. Some countries do not consider issues not believe in euthanasia. Hadiths and verses from the Quran، it is manslaughter. In these verses، hadith and jurists fatwa has been used to achieve results.

According to Quranic perspective and divine command، manslaughter، or killing others is considered a significant sin. As Quran teaches us، killing an individual is equivalent to killing all humans. Treatment to avoid death، according to common view and reason، is not considered a suicide. The avoidance of a physician for treating a patient is not regarded murder therefore it does not conclude to any redemption or compensation، but he still is considered a sinful person due to his failure to save Muslim `life. Euthanasia to a patient in a caring and comfortable، and do not prevent the murder of truth is religiously impermissible and unlawful. And patient satisfaction is with the permission of the murder، retribution and blood money is not flowing. The killing of brain death، the opinion of some jurists، the patient is considered dead. Some also mentioned the reason they do not know enough.

The research done in this paper reveal that euthanasia or merciful killing or avoiding treating، a patient without noticing him/her or even with his/her demand، or reluctantly and even threatened him as well، would not be permitted.

Euthanasia is a phenomenon that is considered as principal problem of bioethics encountering a society. Surveying some contemporary scholars` view display that when an individual kills a person who is suffering for a long term from incurable disease، then he is not committed to any crime or non ethical practice. Of course it is dependent on good will and motive based on pityingly acts، consequently insolvent person (with severe pain) dies and does not suffer more. In this situation، not only killer has not committed inhumanity، but also his/her act is like as humanitarian. Because، by this act he/she cause not to suffer insolvent person more and helped him/her to separate his/her soul from his body without double pain and suffer. The present research after dealing with semantics of «graceful killing» tries to survey this act from Islamic Jurisprudence''s point of view. Inquiry in religious Islamic scholars'' and jurists'' texts، books and traditions as well as opinions، judgments and speeches، working methods of jurisprudence and legal basis was in the phenomenon of euthanasia. From all Islamic Jurisprudence''s view imposable statement «Pityingly killing» is sanctity according to evidence of sanctity of manslaughter. But، Jurisconsults have different ideas about its situational judgment. Some know slain''s satisfaction to decline lextalionis and atonement from killer and somebody infer not to decline lextalionis and atonement From all Islamic Jurisprudence''s view imposable statement «Pityingly kill» is sanctity according to evidence of sanctity of manslauter، by surveying evidence of two statements، vote of plenipotentiary، it is to decline lextalionis and atonement from killer.

Anthropological beliefs are one of the basic issues in contemporary thoughts، and mercyful killing (euthanasia) is a basic issue in bioethics. After defining ‘euthanasia’، the present research tries to investigate this theory in Quran’s view. The study of some contemporary scholars’ opinions indicates that it is allowed to help a patient consciously end their painful life and the patient is right to decide on their death consciously. They have also allowed such patients ‘the right to death’ according to human ethical principles and it has even been a legal practice in some countries. This review study conducted by the use of library method on religious texts، books and tradition according to major subjects. Resources such as: The Holy Quran، Nahjolbalaghe، Tafsire Jame، Tafsir Al-Mizan etc. are considered as a document in any jurisprudential debate. Since the Noble Quran، as an everlasting and vital document، considers human beings to have innate worthiness and values the right to life so highly that nobody can take it away from themselves or others unrightfully. It is also so important that it considers saving a human’s life as important as saving the lives of all humans and considers killing one person like killing all people. This research tries to clarify Quran’s view in the wrongfulness of the theory of ‘Euthanasia’ and the following proofs are mentioned in this regard: A human’s right to worthiness، the right to life، the right to freedom، God’s exclusive right about life and death، the wisdom of pain and suffering in a human growth and perfection and possibility of wrong diagnosis. The result of this study displays that euthanasia is considered as a kind of killing and the patient or doctor’s motives as well as the severity or slightness of a patient’s pain has no influence on its wrongfulness and sanctity.

The right religious beliefs are effective on psychological health. Psychological health is very significant for faculty members. The aim in this research is to deal with the role played by for psychological health. With regard to importance of the Quran in Islam and Iranian culture، we decided to assess the effect of the Quran intimacy on mental health of faculty member in Sari Azad University.

In this descriptive cross sectional study، all scientific boards in Sari Azad University were recruited in this research. Three questionnaires including A. intimacy with the Quran، B. General health questionnaire (GHQ) were prepared and completed by the participants. Moreover، demographic characteristics such as sex، marital status، quality of employment and academic degree and course of study were recorded in a researcher designed questionnaire.

114 faculty members were engaged in this research. With respect to Quranic intimacy، 35% of participants were in upper bond، 16 % were in middle band and 39. 5% of them were in lower band respectively. About 20. 2% of them were suspected to mental disorders. There were positive correlation between intimacy with the Quran and attitude to the Quran. There were no significant relationship between intimacy and attitude to the Quran and mental health.

The conclusion reached by this research displays that the rate of intimacy with Quran is to some extent high.

Quran as The Miracle of God has innovative and useful materials in different time and presents divinely information a conclusive aspect and offers examples in every field of social، economic، cultural and scientific of human life. The purpose of this study is comparison of Quran verses with the latest scientific findings in the field of compost production technology. This study is a comparative study and its contents includes Quranic verses، resources and scientific books and opinions of Grand religious scientists in area of compost organic fertilizer production technologies as one of the appropriate methods of waste disposal. In verse 21 of Zomar says: «Did not see that Allah sent down water from the sky and made it flowing springs in the ground. Then created by the different plants and colorful. Then they all started to grow، dry and yellow». Looking at the depth of this verse can be observed preparation of composting process. Water present as moisture in the various agricultural and colorful materials and the decomposition of organic matters into organic and inorganic nutrients and useful materials is the miracle of this verse. Our study in this research displays that the Quranic verses and environmental experts، accept the process of organic matters in nature and refer as well to the compost production as the most important method of solid wastes disposal.

The differences in worldviews among different communities، lead to the differences in sciences of the human community. In this study، the foundation of worldview in Current Western Medicine is stated and it is compared with what is the foundation of Islamic Medicine’ worldview. Then we matched practical orientations of these two medical cultures with their worldviews. The sciences that originated in monotheistic intellectual atmosphere differ from the sciences that originated in the humanistic atmosphere. The western medicine، supported by the non-monotheistic، humanistic concepts، seeks and tries to replace God with man. Therefore، all existing qualities expressed in monotheistic worldview for God are sought for man. Efforts are made to perpetuate man، introduce him as the absolute all-knowing aware of all the existence. Creation from the naught in the world، are among the instances of this ideology. From the viewpoint of the Islamic medicine، originating from the monotheistic ideology، not only the material causes of treatment are acceptable، but the whole world، including pain and treatment origin only from God. Physician is considered as the tool and representative for God’s Remedial attribution. The result of this research shows that the science produced on the basis of theistic world view is different from the sciences produced on the basis atheistic world view.

Citation analysis is a suitable approach to evaluate and assess the usability of scientific resources. Theses are valid documents about scientific researches of any academic professionals. The aim of this study is to determine the condition of Quran and other religious resources use among the medical and dental graduates’ theses references using citation analysis approach. This cross-sectional study was conducted among all the medical and dental graduates’ theses at Babol University of Medical Sciences (from spring 2006 to summer 2011) using citation analysis. The data were collected by means of a tailor-made data collection sheet and analyzed using descriptive statistical indexes. The outcome extracted of 511 theses and 20776 citations showed that there were only 19 religious cited references over the six years، and the books were the most frequent format (74%). The mean age of references was 11. 79±10. 3 years. The conclusion reached by this research is that religious resources were used in composing medical thesis and dental thesis. But the rate of such usage is limited.

Maintaining physical and mental health is one of the main missions of life. Islam، as a religion aims to lead humans towards perfection، emphasizes bringing up children who are mentally healthy. This study aims at analyzing the role of prayers in providing conditions leading to the treatment of depression. It uses descriptive library research methods and is based on Koranic verses، hadiths، psychology، analysis of documents، and other reliable sources. The results of the study suggest that religious factors such as religious beliefs in general، belief in God، worship، and prayers can be effectively used in the prevention and treatment of mental problems. Concerning bringing up perfect human beings and saving them from depression and stress، Islam presents its teachings within prayers، worships، and Koranic verses with a particular perspective towards human beings. Islam considers remembrance of God as a factor for the peace of mind and soul. It is worth mentioning that the Koranic verse، «Indeed remembering Allah pacifies hearts» confirms this conclusion.