دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1391)

The development of international law has obliged the states to observe the principles and customs of International law in their intenational relations.Economic Sanction is the one of them. It is used as a political tool but discussed as an legal issue among the international law issue. There are three approcch on this issue (economic sanction) first strict legality approach second relative legality and the third is non-legality approach.Although the security council has tried to develop the relative legality approach but the intenational economic law and righ of developmet intenational law prefer to support the non-legality approach.

Generally speaking, tax is deemed as a manifestation of the government's authority and plays a key role in procuring public revenues, as the most critical factor. Indeed, we might say, that continuity of the governmental activities depend on receiving taxes. Thus, taxes occupy a high rank of importance in most of the countries, especially Iran and England. Therefore, lots of powers and privileges have been granted to the tax system, in order to assure assessing and receiving taxes. These powers and privileges that emanates from state sovereignty, are called “Privileges of Public Power “in public law; and is named “Taxation Power“in financial and tax law. In attention to variation of these privileges, in the current research we decided to explain and describe two prominent taxation powers in assessment and compliance levels that always persuade taxpayer to pay tax; these powers are Ex officio assessment and Enforcement of tax.

In thelight of historical and economic circumstances of 1960s, dominant paradigm in international development law was essentially relayed on economic development. But gradually by international efforts and issuing Brountland report, the conception of sustainable development came up in context of international law; The conception that by avoiding of mere consideration of economic development and reaction among three aspects of sustainable development(economic development, social development and environmental conservation) lead international development law to international sustainable development law. In spite of some progress on sustainable development in international law,from one hand, due to introduction of the conception in soft law and on the other hand because of failures of policies of sustainable development for priority of economic aspect on two other aspects, there is considerable gap between theoretical and practical approach to international development law. Hence it can be said that nowadays international sustainable development law is lexfrandanotlexlata.

After the Iran- Iraq war (1980-1988), the priority of Iran’s policies was modernization of economy and the reconstruction of destructions caused by the war. Reconstruction coincided with the change of economic policies and a tendency towards capitalist economy. This changing of policies occurred despite the fact that the majority of the members of the cabinet and the Islamic Consultive Assembly (Majlis) were in favour of an interventionist state economy. This article studies the changing of economic policies in 1989-1993 and the role of governmental institutions and Majlis in it. Analyzing the data gathered shows the cabinet and Majlis in this transition have had a subordinate and conforming role, whereas a coalition of pragmatist clergies and technocrats played an effective role.

Land use is a legal - economic term for how land operation. Land use in urban regions have been identified in urban master plan or design hadi (guide plan) and outside the legal boundaries of cities and towns as well as protect the land use or possible changes in land is under the Ministry of Agriculture.In some cases Legal experts have different opinions about the land use. One of them is the nature of the subject land use. This paper explores the idea of the view studies origins conceptual. Another of them is limited by law to real estate land use that will form the subject matter of this article. The main question is whether specify the real estate land use is not inconsistent with right of full use of individual? Some groups believe special attention legislator of the owner ship rights is basic and important. They are strongly opposed by violating and delimit this rights in any form, land use or other things. Even with the acquisition of proprietary rights, harm to others, they also allow. In contrast batch with a restrictive proprietary rights, legitimate actions, such as changes if land use in harm to others or breaking social commitments have denied.The methodology of this research, is interdisciplinary and combines the knowledge of jurisprudence, law and economics, which is based on analytical methods.

Concept of “economic man” is one of the principal assumptions of economic approach to law. Based on this assumption, economic approach, a modern and leading school of thought in legal philosophy, seeks to explain and predict individual behavior in legal framework and make recommendations and prescriptions so as to improve the effects of laws and regulations on legal actors. In this paper, in addition to definition of economic man, two claims suggest: First, there isn’t a unique version of economic man and at least, we face four versions of this concept. Second, although in economics and economic analysis, economic man is the prevailing and current paradigm, in order to give a more accurate explanation of human conduct and make a more exact prediction of it, it’s better to combine this theory with other theories and findings of other social sciences such as psychology and sociology