مجله روانشناسی ورزش
سال یکم شماره 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1388)

The purpose of the present research was to examine the effect of practice arrangement on retention and acquisition of generalized motor program of throwing skills in decathlon (shot-put, discus and javelin throwing).

40 right-hand and novice male student (age: 19-23 years) voluntarily selected and randomly assigned in two groups of random and blocked practice. Subjects, after performing one block in the pre-test, exercised two blocks for nine sessions in acquisition phase, performed one block in acquisition test, and after 72 hours performed one block with randomize blocks, for retention test. Each block included 9 trials.

The analysis of mixed ANOVA with repeated measures for factor of sessions of practice in acquisition phase showed that two groups progressed during acquisition phase and blocked group was better then random group in all of practice sessions. Also, independent t-test showed that blocked group is significantly better than random group in acquisition test, but random group significantly better than blocked group in retention test (p<0.05).

These results show that contextual interference has positive effect on skills controlled with different generalized motor program. Therefore, findings of this research support from Magill and Hall (1990) hypothesis and action plan reconstruction hypothesis of Lee and Magill (1985).

Motivation is one of the psychological traits that affects on the athlete’s performance in sport competitions and has considerable role on identifying and developing talented players. However, there are limited studies about the effects of internal and external factors on competitive motivation in professional soccer players. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of age and the playing positions on the competition-specific motivation in male professional soccer players.

59 soccer players of youth U-19, U-23 and senior national teams, who were selected purposively, completed the Willis’ sports attitude inventory. The data were analyzed by 3 (age) × 4 (position) MANOVA.

The statistical analyses indicated a significant main effect for age (p<0.01), but not for playing position and interaction between age and position (p>0.01). According to the results of post hoc tests, players of senior national team were more motivated to avoid failure than youth U-19 national team players (p<0.01).

These results may serve as a criterion for identifying talents and planning psychological interventions.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between achievement goal orientation and perceived motivational climate in sprint and endurance runners.

38 College athletes including 20 distance runners (M=27.5, SD= 6.97) and 18 Sprint Runners (M=27.5, SD= 6.97) were voluntarily selected. Data was collected using Achievement Goal Orientation Questionnaire (AGOQ) and Perceived Motivational Climate Questionnaire (PMCQ).

Examination of relationship among subscales of achievement goal orientation and perceived motivational climate showed significant and positive relationship between ego orientation and performance climate perceptions in distance runners (r=0.476, P<0.05). Also, significant relationships were observed between ego and task orientations (r=0.721, P 0.05), and ego orientation and performance climate perceptions (r=0.48, P<0.05) in sprint runners. The results of independent-t test showed, there were not significant differences between distance and sprint runners in ego and task orientations, mastery and performance climate perceptions. According to the results of dependent-t test, there were significant differences between mastery and performance climate perceptions in distance runners and ego- and task-orientation in distance and sprint runners. But there was no significant difference between mastery and performance climate perceptions in sprint runners.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of contextual interference andfeedback type (self control and yoked) on performance and learning of parameter in pursuit tasks.

90 volunteer, novice and hand right student boys with mean age of 21/8±2 years were randomly divided in 6 equally groups included blocked, serial and random of self-control and yoked groups. The task was to pursuit of light target on the rotary pursuit system with stable motor program (quadrangle) and variable parameter (speeds of 20, 30 and 40 cycle in minute) with different practice and feedback types. Time on target (TOT) was recorded by computer as performance score of subjects. Firstly, all subjects participated in the pre-test (one block of 9 trials), then, exercised for eight sessions (each session included two blocks of 9 trials). Finally, they participated in the acquisition, retention and transfer (after 72 hour) tests. Data were analyzed using one way analysis of variance, mixed factorial analysis of variance, mixed factorial analysis of variance with Repeated Measures and Bonferroni Post Hoc test (P<0.05).

Results showed that the performances of blocked groups of self-control and yoked in acquisition stage were significantly better than other groups. However, there were no significant differences in the performances of groups in the retention and transfer tests. On the other hand, the performances of self-control feedback groups were better than yoked feedback groups.

Generally, the results of this study support useful effect of self-control feedback on learning of parameter and support Magill & Hall hypothesis.

B diabetes is one of the most incident diseases in today's world. This is an exploration research in the scientific world. It was designed and done in diabetes clinics of PANJOM AZAR in Gorgan city (Iran). The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of combined psychophysiological therapy on Blood Sugar in B diabetic patients.

20 patients who suffer from B diabetes and were willing for cooperate in this research were selected, used available sampling, and randomly assigned in experimental (n=10) and placebo (n=10) groups. The design of this research was one of Quasi-experimental design known as ’Non-Equivalent Control Group’. Therapy sessions were done in 10 successive days and the time of each session was 60 to 90 min. Also, it was prescribed 2 capsules for each member of placebo group (one for night & one for morning). Pre-test, post-test and follow-up test have made in the medical laboratory where was recognized by Ministry of health and medical education of Iran.

results showed that mean of B.S in post-test and follow-up test in experimental group significantly reduced, in comparing with pre-test. But this didn’t happen in placebo group.

Results of the research indicate that the combined therapy has meaningful effect on blood sugar in B diabetic patients.

This study was conducted to compare the amount of immediate and delayed bilateral transfer in throwing skills of children and adults. It covers three main elements of age range, time scale and the type of hand.

Forty female children (7-8 years) and adults (18-19 years) were participated in an over head throwing skills similar to basketball hook shot. The experiment included: the preparation phase, pre-test, exercise phase, and post-test consisting of one immediate transfer test -10 minutes after the exercise phase- and one delayed transfer test -24 hours after the exercise phase. The findings of the research were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean & standard deviation) and mixed analysis of covariance with repeated measures, two-way analysis of variance, one-way analysis of variance and dependant t-test.

The results indicated no significant differences in the amount of immediate and delayed bilateral transfer between children and adults (P>0.05). Also, in two age groups, the transfer from non-preferred hand to the preferred hand was greater (P<0.05). No specific difference in immediate and delayed bilateral transfer was observed. Therefore, time didnt show changes in the amount of transfer.

These results have been discussed according to the existing literature and researches.

The purpose of this research was to study the effectiveness of two competitive and noncompetitive training conditions on the learning of a perceptual-motor task (basketball free throw) in non competitive persons.

Subjects were 30 male students of University of Esfahan (age19.8±1.5 years old) who were selected with cluster sampling and Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ) in some steps. The subjects, who were novitiate in the criterion task (basketball free throw), were divided into two same groups according to their pretest scores and then, they organized into two groups of exercise in competitive and non-competitive conditions. Martenz s competitive model was used for generation of competition. Both groups exercised in competitive and non competitive conditions for 10 sessions per week (15 trials in each session). The basketball free throw and SOQ were used as research tools. To analysis of data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, independent and paired ttest were used witha =0.05. Post-test was taken following the last session of acquisition phase and retention test, 10 days after post-test.

Results showed that non-competitive condition group was better than competitive condition group on the post-test but this advantage was not stable in retention test. Non-competitive persons performed better in the non-competitive training condition in post-test.

This results support zone of optimal functional hypnosis (ZOF) andinteractional approach.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of general self-esteem, bodyesteem components and body mass index and eating disorders among athletes and non-athletes junior girls.

Research method was correlational design. 152 people (61 gymnasts, 42 swimmers and 49 non-athletes) participated in this study. In order to collect data, the self-esteem scale, the body-esteem scale, the eating attitudes test, and the body mass index were used. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation, t test and multiple regression.

regression analysis indicated that, in swimmers, body weight and physical attractiveness subscales, in gymnasts, physical attractiveness’s subscale and in non-athletes, body weight subscale were significantly predicted eating disorders among girls. No significant relationship was found between appearance subscale and eating disorders.

Regarding to the results, body esteem (especially, subscales of body weight and body attractiveness) has significant contribution in eating disorders among girls. Results show interesting aspects of the relationship between eating disorders and psychological variables.