پژوهش نامه انتقادی متون و برنامه های علوم انسانی
پیاپی 32 (پاییز 1393)

This article is a review of the book “de l’imperfection” of Algirdas- Julien Greimas، translated by Hamid-Reza Shairi into Persian. The book is started by the “note of the translator” which is very influential in both knowing Greimas and understanding whatever he has said in his book. Greimas has provided his ideas in the book in a way that in each case، ultimately، the imperfection of meaning become apparent and known to the reader. From this viewpoint، this book is too important in semio-semantic studies، since the problem of meaning has always been of great concern for the researchers in different fields of knowledge because of the indeterminate and instable nature of meaning. In fact، in “de l’imperfection”، Greimas has left the classical semiotics behind، and by providing examples and texts and picturing specific circumstances and situations for the reader، has paid attention to the aesthetic aspects of the meaning، and in this way، and of course by a kind of poetic language، pave the way for the appearance of the patent and instable aspects of meaning، and in this way، paves the way to know these aspects.

There is a good number of Persian books under titles such as “Persian proverbs”، “Persian proverbs and gems of wisdom”، “Persian idioms”، “A dictionary of colloquial words”، “A dictionary of Persian proverbs”، “The language of the street”، etc. A main problem with these books is that they do not clearly distinguish between various types of phrases they describe. This، it seems، is due to the fact that the science of phraseology as an independent branch of linguistics is hardly known to Iranian linguists. As a result، colloquial phrases are mainly discussed or categorized from the points of view of stylistics، folklore، literature، etc، each of which concentrates on one aspect of each phrase. In this research article، the purpose is to، while criticizing the book “A dictionary of Russian-Persian proverbs and idioms”، (2005، 309 pages، Tehran University Press، written by Safar Ali Farsadmanesh; Людмила Ежова;)، discusses the problems that arise due to lexicographers’ familiarity with phraseology as an independent discipline. This research has been conducted using a library method. The writer has suggested the Persian equivalent elm-e ebarat shenasi for phraseology

The Urdu poets which using irainain masterpiece form and content poetries in Urdu poetry style، create notable and rich examples after mastering. From the beginning lots of these poets were published in ode intoning. Amongst whom Mirza Reza، given the title of Khaghaani of Urdu by Critics، promoted this poetic style by adding praising Prophet Mohammad and eulogy of Emams besides others of this poetry style like Dispraised، Blaming، Panegyric، Spring Serenading and Amorously to the conventional contexts this style has been applied to. In this article with Descriptive and analytical methods review of some praise and eulogy Ode his skills in could be recognized in addressing the various components and Ode such as Opening verse، Serenading، Pseudonym، Renewal opening verse، Closing verse. He is awares of praise and the position of praised sacred and Religious and most of the time it prayed by considering the sanctity. An important feature of Soudas poems is refraction and his humility in his ode in face of these noble spirit and expecting intermediacy and forgiveness instead of seeking personal and material advantages which in fact is conventionally expected from a non-religious object of praise is considered a key feature in Sauda''s poetry.

Humanities can be described as the study of different ways in which people all around the world، in different periods of time، process and document the human experience. The nature of human beings as multidimensional creatures urges the necessity of multidisciplinary concerns in humanities in which linguistics is included. In this article، after discussing the nature of language، linguistics، and humanities a short history of development of this field as a scientific study is presented. Using a descriptive-analytic method، the role of linguistics as a scientific study of language is discussed in relation to other fields of humanities including sociology، anthropology، psychology، history، philosophy، politics and law. This study shows that there is a deep and undeniable relation between linguistics and other fields in humanities which itself sometimes results in developing different interdisciplinary branches in linguistics.

Alessandro Bausani، who is one of the most important European Orientalists، is considered also as the greatest Islamist in Italy. This famous researcher، along with his research works concerning Islam and Iran، has published a translation and a brief commentary on the Quran in Italian. His work، being undoubtedly a remarkable source for the Western Orientalists، is one of the most famous translations of the Quran into European languages. Annotations and commentary of Bausani، containing a kind of recapitulation of the ideas of distinguished commentators، for their brevity and their accuracy are unsurpassed among the works of Islamists in Europe. In this article، we have tried to analyze the translation and commentary of Bausani، citing curious examples of his work. Also، since the translation of the Italian Orientalist is obviously based upon the structure of a Romance language، through philological analysis، we have tried to examine the possible connotations that a European reader might have of the aforementioned opus.

The subject of the book which is going to be reviewed is the origin of the literary genres of French novel from 12th century up to now. However، the references، bibliography، abstracts and so called indirect quotations which forms large parts of the book، indicates that the author has not taken into account the necessary factors for compiling a book. Moreover، numerous errors can be found in the book. This paper aims to reveal a detailed analysis of considerable issues and subsequently depict research methodology and presentations of the materials.

Among the works of Yevgeny Zamyatin، the novel “We” is of significant importance. The novel was authored in 1920، but was not published in the Soviet Union until the year 1988 due to its “anti-revolutionary” content. This article will first touch upon the topics discussed in the works of Zamyatin and will then provide the viewpoints of the author regarding the system of government in the Soviet Union after the October 1917 Revolution. In the novel “We”، Zamyatin provides a futuristic perspective of the Soviet Union thousands of years ahead and portrays the socio-political situation of the union in case the pledges made by the leaders and theoreticians of the Communist system are realized. The novel “We” by Zamyatin is a novel with a critical theme in which the author endeavors to bring to mind the impacts of submersion in materialistic affairs and failing to heed moral and human values. The image Zamyatin provides of the utopia drawn by the theoreticians of the Soviet system is one in which the people live an affluent lifestyle and enjoy equal welfare but are not prosperous in the absence of creativity and religious and human values. They feel confined by the world of materialism.

English، besides other things، is the language of science. In the academic system of the countries in which English is not the mother tongue of people، teaching English for specific purposes (ESP) is very important. Therefore، development and evaluation of effective instructional materials for teaching English and improving their quality is crucially important. On the other hand، evaluation of different instructional materials including books، which are the most frequently used type of materials، requires appropriate models and frameworks. In this paper، the authors have first critically examined some of the well-known textbook evaluation models.

Anna Gurenko better known by her pen name as Akhmatova، an old Tartar name، is the most popular contemporary Russian poetess، who “taught women how to speak”. Together with Nikolai Gumilev and four other poets، she founded the School of Akmeism in Russia. Akhmatova’s poems contain various issues including love. Among her romantic poems، love of the homeland is the most prominent theme. Political affairs of Russia (Soviet) led her to be known as a national epic elegist poet. She expressed her religious-philosophical ideas about life and its meaning through her poems. Her heroes all have the concern of saving and protecting their homeland. Akhmatova، who called herself “Oriental Girl”، has poems with oriental traits. She found wisdom and knowledge among oriental people، and believed that oriental nature was wonderful. Akhmatova’s poems are illuminated with the “pearls” of Saady’s words. The sound of oriental rivers and singing of oriental birds echo in her oriental poems، and they smell of Iranian Jasmine. In this article، we have tried to introduce Akhmatova and describe some of the features of her poems. We also studied some of her oriental-Iranian poems and the reasons for saying such poems in order to learn about her idea regarding oriental nature، culture and wisdom، and find out what did the orient mean to Akhmatova.