آرتیمس قاسمی دهنوی

Rivers in case of entry Urban, industrial and agricultural wastewater can be among the most vulnerable water sources. One method of investigating the quality of surface water is the quality and pollution indices, as a single number without dimension, and each number is an interpretation of characteristics of water quality. The basin of the Kashkan River in Lorestan province is the main source of the Karkheh River. In this research, samplin was done three times (wet seasons and dry season) to assess the quality of Kashkan River pollution. Physical parameters including fecal coliform (total and fecal) and chemical parameters (EC, BOD, COD, PO4, NO3, P, pH and NTU) were tested in the laboratory. The results were analyzed by NSFWQI, IRWQI and statistical methods. The results of the NSF index show that in the three sampling periods, the majority of the stations are in the middle category (with a number between 50-70). Also, the results of the IRWQI index indicate that the sampling stations are in the range of relatively good with relatively bad class (with a number between 30 and 70) and are often in good and moderate class. The results of this research show that the water of Kashkan River is suitable for agriculture, and in some stations, it is in unsuitable conditions in terms of phosphate level. The factors determined by the factor analysis indicate the presence of earth (natural) and man-made pollution in the region, and it is important to take necessary solutions to better control the river water quality.

This research was conducted in order to evaluate the level of heavy metal contamination of the soils in the vicinity of the Yellow Flower lead and zinc mine. For this purpose, heavy metals of 33 surface soil samples of the mining area were analyzed with AAS flame atomic absorption spectrometer. The indices of origin and determination of the degree of pollution including enrichment index (Ef), accumulation index (Igeo) and pollution index (Cf) were calculated to evaluate soil contamination with heavy metals. According to the results, the average concentration of heavy metals including scandium, arsenic, yttrium, cadmium, copper, nickel, vanadium, chromium, lead, barium, manganese and zinc are 20.93, 28.19, 35.84, 56.2, and 90 respectively. 63/69, 71/69, 141/39, 176/39, 197/22, 404/87, 475/55, 492/27 mg/kg, where zinc is the highest and scandium is the lowest. Also, the results showed that the studied area has no general pollution with heavy metals. The concentration of some heavy metals such as lead, zinc and cadmium is very high in some places, which has caused the soil pollution to increase. This issue is due to the type of minerals in the mining area, including sphalerite and galena

The salty running water from Gachsaran Formation in Robat Namaki region, north of Khorramabad city, has caused salt weathering of some rocks in the region. Salt weathering due to the salty running waters of the region is one of the reasons for changing the geomechanical properties of rocks, and as a result reducing their durability. In current research, the effect of salty running waters on the geomechanical properties of outcropping rocks in Robat Namki region has been studied by conducting salt weathering tests. For this purpose, two samples of limestone and sandstone have been prepared and salt weathering tests have been performed on them for 30 cycles in salty running water, spring water and saturated salt solution. After every 5 cycles, the point load index and porosity of the samples were determined. Fitting curves between salt weathering test cycles with point load index and porosity were developed for all three test solutions, and parameters of decay constant and half-life were obtained from them. The effect of the three test solutions on the samples has been evaluated using these parameters, as well as the percentage of changes of the point load index and porosity. The results show that saturated salt solution, spring water and salty running water had the greatest to least effect on the changes of point load index and porosity of the samples, respectively. Also, data analyses shows that sandstone is more affected by salt weathering due to its higher porosity and layered than limestone.

Some researchers defined environment pollution as any change in properties of the environment members in a way that makes not only natural performance and biological balance disordered but also jeopardizes the benefits and the life of living creatures directly and indirectly. For centuries, different heavy metals, whether anthropogenic or earth-made, have been releasing into water and soil resources through different natural processes and industrial activities. In fact, studying water pollution to heavy metals can provide a good way to improve the quality of water, decrease disease, and increase safety and health. One of the natural water polluting activities is the weathering and oxidation processes on ophiolite rocks of special regions. Controlling chemistry processes and water composition, like weathering and dissolution, ion exchange, and absorption-desorption processes, can have high importance.

After field study and making related maps, the samples from the region’s wells and springs were gathered through a field operation. Since the concentration-aqueous concentration of the elements is affected more by evaporation during the dry season, the samples were gathered at the end of September, the time before precipitation when dry summer is finished. Plastic containers with half-liter capacity were used for the samples. Before gathering, the containers were filled and emptied 3 times. After that, 10cc nitric acid was added to the samples for each liter; and then they were sent to Zar Azma Mineral Company for analysis of their heavy elements. Concentration total of 28 light and heavy elements were measured in the water samples by ICP-MS analysis.

Dendrogram diagram and Pearson correlation were applied to classify the samples based on intergroup similarities, to find the probable source of the elements, and to study the correlation among the elements. It can be seen that Cr has a rather high positive correlation (0.54) with Si indicating the fact that they both have the same source, from Si minerals. This table reveals that there is a high correlation between Ca, S, and Sr on one hand, and a high correlation between Cr and Si and somewhat with Mg, on the other hand. Moreover, there is a rather high positive correlation between Ni and P and somewhat between Ni and Mg. These correlations can prove the fact that the elements have the same source. According to ArcGIS maps, the most concentration of calcium, Sr, and S is recorded for zone 1 including Hezarkhani and Yadabad. Moreover, the lowest concentration of these three elements is recorded for Aliabad and Ch-pavleh. These elements are expected to be originated mostly from conglomerate and limestone deposits. It turns out that the second controlling factor of groundwater chemistry includes the weathering and dissolution of source rock of Cr, Mg, and Si. The same-value maps of sampling points have been classified based on the concentration of Cr, Si, and Mg, revealing that the points of highest and lowest concentration of these elements are geographically the same. This fact proves a high correlation and a similar source of these elements. Therefore it can be seen that the highest concentration of these elements is recorded for Ch-pavleh, while the lowest concentration for Aliabad and Gashour. Since chromium has a high positive correlation with Si, it can be concluded that chromium has a silicate source. Based on the geological map of the region, the important silicate source is peridotite. In fact, peridotites, as a representative of the ophiolite collection of the region, can be considered as the source of Cr entrance to the regional waters. Moreover, as these peridotites include ferromagnesian minerals, they are also regarded as the source of Mg entrance to regional waters. Therefore, peridotites are considered as the common source of Si, Cr, and somewhat Mg entrance to regional waters. The existence of Cr- spinel in the geochemistry of peridotite rocks in Ch-pavleh can also prove silicate and peridotite sources of Cr in the region water.

Pearson correlation among elements was calculated to recognize the elements with the most correlation. According to that, the elements with higher correlation are suggested to have the same source. Factor analysis revealed that controlling factors of water chemistry have the highest correlation with the elements which have the highest correlation. Dissolution and weathering of these elements’ source rock are considered the important factors. Besides, focusing on water-rock interaction, the most essential minerals participating in the actions with water were recognized. Same-value maps were applied to determine the source of the elements. Moreover, according to these maps, it is revealed that the elements with the highest correlation come from the same geographical setting.   Based on these stages, the important controlling factors of water chemistry were recognized as the following: weathering and dissolution of conglomerate deposits to the dissolution of gypsum as the common source of calcium, strontium, and sulfide, weathering and dissolution of peridotites, especially ferromagnesian ( as the common source of magnesium and nickel) and chrome-bearing spinel (a common source of chromium, cilice, and magnesium), dissolution of chalcedony, barite, and calcite as three minerals with the highest saturation index.

Soils are discontinuous cover at the surface that may be composed of rocks and sediments in situ or by material transport. Heavy metals are one of the most important soil pollutants that can have a major impact on the health of living things and, above all, humans. Heavy metals, which enter the human body, can accumulate in the tissues and affect the nervous system and circulation. These metals also impair the normal functioning of the internal organs or may be auxiliary to other diseases. Elements such as mercury, lead, cadmium, chromium, nickel, zinc, selenium and the like are elements that are highly resident in the soil and have low mobility, so they may remain in the soil for many years. Such contaminants in the soil are caused by the addition of sludge, phosphate fertilizers, atmospheric sinks, color wastes and smoke from natural fuels, coal and other sources. Numerous studies have been carried out on the distribution of heavy metals in various soils such as urban, industrial, etc. Considering the importance of heavy metal contamination in soil and its effect on the health of living organisms, especially humans, this study was conducted to evaluate the concentration and contamination of heavy metals in soils north of Fereydoon Shahr (Isfahan province) using environmental indices; Geoaccumulation index, pollution load index, enrichment factor and pollution index were performed. The spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations in the study area is also investigated.

The pollution of heavy metals not only affects directly the physical and chemical features of soil and reduces biological activities and access to nutrition materials in soil, but also is considered a danger for human health. The finding from geo-accumulation index of serpentine soil samples shows that the intensity of serpentine soil is classified in the range of no pollution to average regarding chromium and nickel. In addition, the pollution bar index of chromium and nickel is more than 1 proving the inappropriate soil quality and soil pollution of the region. However, nickel has the most considerable value. The average value of EF proving the region shows enrichment for the chromium and nickel elements. According to the Pearson correlation coefficient, there is a high correlation between cobalt, chromium, and nickel that indicating the equal source or similar geochemical behavior of the elements toward each other. According to the geostatistics values such as geo accumulation, enrichment factor, and pollution bar in the studying area, is pollution in nickel and chromium elements. Pearson correlation coefficient reveals that there is a high correlation among cobalt, chromium, and nickel proving the same origin. Making a zoning map of heavy metal density in the region soil demonstrates that the high density of the elements in some stations is related to geological factors. Cluster analysis shows the division of the elements into 7 clusters. Besides, the elements with the structural relationship are related in the next subcategories. Clusters 6 and 7 together indicate the same origin for these elements.

This study was conducted to investigate the heavy metal contamination and their origin in eastern Azna city in Lorestan province. For this purpose, heavy metals of surface soil samples 113 (5-15 m) were analyzed in the eastern Azna city by AAS flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Origin indices and degree of contamination including enrichment factor (Ef) and its percentage, Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf) were calculated to evaluate soil contamination. Based on the results, the mean concentrations of heavy metals including Zn, Y, V, Sn, Sr, Sc, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd, B, Br were 86.9, 51, 161, 14.5, 160, 26, 32.6, 65.4, 34, 22.9, 0.7, 102, 393 mg/kg, respectively, which Br has the highest and Cd the least. Maximum and minimum enrichment factors are also Cd and Br, respectively. The results showed that the studied area is not heavily contaminated with heavy metals but the concentration of some metals is very high in some places and in the case of a natural source of contamination (rock and soil), these sites can be used as potential mining and resource sources.

Application of Spot 5 Satellite image to Oil-contaminated soils Identification and statistical analyzes in Marun Oilfield – Khuzestan
In recent years, using remote sensing technology and variety of satellite images as one of the main sources of information have evaluated to monitor the optimal utilization of resources, soil pollution, water pollution and land. Remote sensing application technology (satellite image data) in different domains has led to its application in areas such as oil and gas. The soil pollution is a form of pollution due to human activity in which huge amount of crude oil is leak aged or released into the field and soil. The recovery and cleaning process is very difficult and take more times. Some oil spills may take even years to clean up. This process depends upon various factors such as the type of oil spilled, soil and environmental factors. Several oil spills occurred at oil platforms in Marun oil field, Ahvaz. The oil spills were subsequently imaged by different types of satellite sensors, The object of paper is identify oil pollution in soil using satellite imagery for identify oil pollution in soils and find source of pollution in the Marun oil filed Khuzastan, south of Iran.

The study area is an oil field, located in the Khuzestan province of Iran and is the second-largest oil field in Iran. Marun oil field is situated in the southwest of Iran in the south of North Dezful Embayment between Kupal, Aghajari, Ramin, Shadegan and Ramshir oil fields. This field consists of Asmari and Bangestan reservoirs producing oil and Khami reservoir comprising mainly gas. This field is an asymmetric anticline with NW-SE trend. The dimensions of Marun oil field at the Asmari oil reservoir horizon are 67 and 7 kilometers in length and width, respectively. The GPS data were collected in the WGS-84 (World Geodatic Systems-84) datum in the latitude/longitude system and were subsequently transformed into the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) Zone 39-North system. The GCP coordinates within the UTM projection were then integrated with the satellite images using the software for georeferencing. The satellite images were enhanced using an image processing software package (Envi 5.0) to facilitate the pre-processing and processing of the study area. High precision, were used to capture data at several identifiable points on the images to be used as ground control points (GCPs).
This paper aims to identify oil pollution in soil using SPOT5 satellite imagery. In this study, SPOT5 satellite images are used with supervised classification methods that created two color threshold, Low to High of petroleum products in the study area. In the study area the high threshold have the most pollution. Grounds point control are used for accuracy and validation of results, five point with certain color threshold, for identification polluted soils. In the study area, results of statistical analysis show that metal concentrations Ni and Co elements compared with World Shale Standard are contaminated with high amount and average concentrations of all three metals Ni, Co and V compared with non-contaminated soil standard are also polluted with high range. Soil salinity factor in the study area is plotted at saline range according of saline soils classification. According to statistical results, high correlation between pH, Oil / Grease, V and EC are showed that Vanadium is characteristic of oil pollution ,also the salinity and pollution oil / grease in soil due to crude oil been created. The correlation between Ni and Co elements, indicates that the source of them are same and due to the geological factors. Principal component analysis show that first factor is most effective factor in the contamination of soil which has a high correlation with pH, Oil / Grease, V and the EC which can dominated the same source of these parameters with crude oil. The second factor is shown high correlation between Co and Ni have same source that due to material of soil in the study area.

Surface water quality is largely influenced by physical processes, chemical and biological processes such as weathering of minerals, rocks, climate and precipitation amount. Human activities (domestic and industrial wastewater, atmospheric sediment, irrigation return flow, etc.) also can reduce the quality of surface water and disrupt using it for drinking, industrial and agricultural consumption. The investigation of saturation index changes is useful to determine the different stages of the evolution of hydro chemical and chemical reactions to control the water chemistry. The control processes of water chemistry including physical, chemical and biological processes, structural, geological and mineralogical composition of the host rocks, and human activities such as household and industrial wastes, excessive use of chemicals and pollution emissions of wastewater tanks can effectively affect the surface water chemistry. Hierarchical clustering methods are appropriate methods for data analysis of water samples which are applied to assess the water quality data and the possibility of sample hydrochemical grouping having the highest importance of the statistical viewpoint in hydrology, hydrogeology and geology. In this study, Azna river water quality has been investigated based on the major elements and heavy metals. Results showed that the reactions due to area formations are the factor that affects the major elements and heavy metal in the surface waters of area.

The statistical methods are used for investigation of water quality in different area that such as univariate and multivariate statistics methods. In the study area, according to cluster diagrams of groundwater quality parameters are plotted in two cluster that due to formations and geological factors. Principle component analysis methods are shown that effective factors such as electrical conductivity, material solution, HCO3-, Mg2+, Cl-, Na+ and total hardness in groundwater quality. According to major parameters and its source, groundwater quality related to geological formation, limestone and evaporated rocks in the study area. The coefficient factor of groundwater parameters in the study area are shown that high relationship between electrical conductivity with SO42-, Na- and Cl- due to halite solution from Ghachsaran formation and high correlation between electric conductivity and SO42- ,Na+,Cl- due to sulfate salt and sulfate calcium especially. Also correlation between HCO3- and Mg2+ can be considered for role of dolomite rocks solution in increasing Ca2+ concentration in water. The GQI of groundwater quality in the study area is evaluated that indicated groundwater quality of region are between 73% to 81%, which indicate the groundwater quality placed in suitable to acceptable class of quality that may be affected by geological factors such as lithology, current direction in the area. The correlation between groundwater quality index and quality parameters are shown that total hardness, bicarbonate and dissolved solids had the highest impact on groundwater quality in the study area.

In recent decades, soil pollution with petroleum hydrocarbons in oil-rich countries (such as Iran) has been one of the most challenging issues. In these countries with petroleum industries, mines of oil exploration, refineries, etc., leakage from tanks or pipelines of oil transmission due to corrosion and damage bring about oil pollution for the soil. This study aimed at evaluating and measuring the amount of heavy metals in the soil of Kermanshah Refinery and statistical analysis in order to locate high-risk areas in terms of pollution caused by oil leaks, extraction, refining, and transportation. Therefore; 15 samples of surrounded soil of Kermanshah Refinery were analyzed to determine soil pollution with petroleum compounds. According to results of ICP-MS analysis of soil samples, the process of heavy metal changes in the soil of Kermanshah Refinery was Cr>Zn>Ni>V>Cu>Pb>Co>Sc>As>Cd. Geo accumulation index indicated that the intensity of the refinery soil is classified in the range of no pollution to average with reference to chromium and nickel. Besides, the finding from enrichment factor indicated the average enrichment of the region soil by chromium and lead. Moreover, it confirmed that enrichment in lead and copper has anthropogenic origin. Pollution load index of chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, and lead showed soil pollution to these metals. Zoning map of heavy metal density in the region soil demonstrates that high density of the elements in some stations is related to the petroleum leakage from installations and storage tank.

The studied area of Yuzbashi-Chay located in the North West of Qazvin and stratigraphically includes Cenozoic units. Field evidence, petrological studies and geochemical data of magmatic rocks and alteration zone suggest that, this area consist of basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, trachyandesite, trachyte, rhyodacite, dacite, tuff and dike. Plot of the major and trace elements analysis results in different discrimination diagrams indicate that these rocks formed by subduction-related magmatism in continental margins environment. Based on classification of different alteration unites; the vast parts of studied area affected by intermediate to advanced argillic-type alteration. Besides; due to the effects of alteration zones, the amount of calcium and sulfate have very high anomaly in water. Furthermore; results of water samples analysis indicate that the water hardness is greater than standard limit.The presence of hydrated aluminum potassium sulfate minerals (alunite or alum) is main potential source to produce of acidic waters. Based on drink water standard of Iran, total dissolved solids (TDS) value in alteration areas, especially in Ghazan Daghi mines, is greater than standard limit and waters of Aghche Kand alteration area are classified in toxicant water type.

Water pollution in recent decades is as serious threat to the human and natural ecosystem so that assessing changes water quality are one of the most important topics for desirable use . In this investigation has been studied the Azna river quality in Chamzaman Hydrometric station that used for dry period (April to September) and wet period (October to March).To evaluate the water quality were used the Piper, Schoeller, Wilcox and time-series diagrams. Results water river Azna in Piper diagram indicative water type is calcic bicarbonates. In studied river, according to the graph Schuler is evaluated good and desirable for drinking. According to statistical studies, the methods of data analysis led to be determined 11 principal components for the data set, the first three components with more than 70% variability, statistical population interpret. Also according to the graph plotted cluster the samples is plotted in four clusters contains: the first cluster SO4-2 and pH, second cluster K,third cluster Ca2 and in the fourth cluster TDS, EC, Cl-, Mg2, HCO3-, Na and TH. The highest correlation between the total dissolved solid and chloride is observed. According to meaningful level of 0/05 in Kolmogorov Smirnov, all ions of Azna River have normal distribution. Linear regression analysis of cations, anions and electrical conductivity as the dependent variableversus of total dissolved solids as the independent variable show high correlation between TDS with EC and Cl.

Soil is regarded as one of the natural slow biodegradable source which plays an important role in the cycle of mineral and organic elements. As a dynamic ecosystem, it provides the life for big and small creatures, so removing its pollution is of considerable attention. The pollution of heavy metals not only affects directly the physical and chemical features of soil and reduces biological activities and access to nutrition materials in soil, but also is considered as a serious danger for human health. In fact, they can enter food chain or penetrate underground water sources.Iran is one of the oil-rich countries in the world in which high amount of oil is extracted in southern regions and refined in other places yearly. Once oil is extracted, transmitted and refined, its release in the soil causes pollution. A group of soil pollutant sources is related to oil discoveries, production, saving, transmission, distribution and final burial of wastes. If these industries are pollutants, they will cause dangers. The increase of soil pollution by heavy metals has led to a lot of research.
Kermanshah province is located to the west of Iran sharing borders with Lorestan, Kurdistan, Ilam and Hamedan and an international border with Iraq. Its geographical coordinate is between (33˚37̕to 35˚17̕) northern longitude and (45˚20̕ to 48˚01̕) eastern longitude. Since Kermanshah Refinery is built on alluvial terraces, fans of new low foothills and Inceptisols and Vertisols,15 samples of surrounded soil were collected by an iron shovel from the depth of 15 to 25 cm. ICP-MS method, were used to analyze and determine the density of heavy elements in of the samples. Grinded to the sizes less than 4 mm by crusher, the samples were become powder to the size of 75 microns (200 mesh) by disc mill. Weighing the samples by Teflon pipes in digest 4 acid, hydrochloric, perchloric, nitric and choloridric acid were added to the samples equally. All samples were kept in Hot Box case. After complete digest operations, the samples were cold in the environment temperature and achieved volume by distilled water.
The findings from geo-accumulation index shows that the intensity of Refinery soil is classified in the range of no pollution to average regarding chromium and nickel. Besides, enrichment index indicates average enrichment for cadmium (station 14), copper (stations 13, 11, 2 and 14), lead (stations 6 and 13), zinc (stations 11, 6, 2, and 13) and chromium (the stations from 6 to 15). In addition, pollution bar index of chromium, copper, nickel, zinc and lead is more than 1 proving the inappropriate soil quality and soil pollution of the region. However, chromium has the most considerable value, 2/75. Average value of EF is less than 2 for arsenic, cobalt and vanadium proving that the region does not show enrichment for the aforesaid elements. Enrichment index values for cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc are between 2 to 5 indicating average enrichment of these samples than other metals. Since enrichment element for these sample are higher than 2, they have anthropogenic source.
According to Pearson correlation coefficient, there is a high correlation between nickel and chromium, scandium and cobalt, vanadium and chromium, and zinc and copper and lead indicating the equal source or similar geochemical behavior of the elements toward each other. Since vanadium is considered as one the oil pollution indices, it can be concluded that high pollution of this element and chromium around the region comes from petroleum.
The findings from the present study shows that soil surrounded Kermanshah Refinery are polluted to some elements. According to the values of geoaccumulation in the studying area, elements nickel and chromium have pollution. The finding from enrichment factor indicates the average enrichment of the region soil by chromium and lead. Besides, enrichment factor higher than 2 for lead and copper proves anthropogenic interference factors in the region pollution to them. The results from pollution bar for chromium, nickel, zinc, copper and lead is more than 1 indicating soil pollution to these metals. Pearson correlation coefficient reveals that there is a high correlation among vanadium, cobalt, chromium, and nickel proving same origin. Making zoning map of heavy metal density in the region soil demonstrates that high density of the elements in some stations is related to petroleum producing installations and storage tank. Cluster analysis shows the division of the elements into 7 clusters. Besides, the elements with structural relationship are related in next subcategories. Clusters 6 and 7 together indicate the same origin for these elements. Since vanadium is derived from oil compound, it can be concluded that chromium and nickel pollution have the same pollution origin with oil compounds. Factor analysis introduces 3 main factors in which the first factor with total 40/1% of total variance is the most effective factor in density of the soil elements. This factor has a high positive correlation with Sc, V, Ni, Cr, and Co proving the same density origin with petroleum compound.

This research aims to examine underground water of delfan city in terms of geochemical characteristicsTo this end,the main elements of underground water were analyzed.Based on which all parameters were lower than allowed limit.As the saturation index can be an important factor to understand solvation setllement of mineral available in underground water ,the saturation index was calculated using computerized code phreeqc.The saturation index of the studied minerals in all water specimens was negative and all considered minerals can be solving.Also ,based on ionic exchange diagrams,sodium and cholor have two different origins and Calcite,Dolomit and Gypsum solvations have occurred from which Calcite and Dolomit solvations were higher.According to the HCA,samples are in two main clusters which Anions-Kations concentration in one cluster samples were higher .According to the clusters stiff diagram the region water type is Bicarbonate Casic .To find main factor of underground water chemistry ,rotational Varimax method has been used which is the most common PCA,because it gives more interpretable elements.By this method,the limestones and Dolomit,s solvation and rock-water interaction are the most important factors of the region,s underground water chemistry.

Marls produce the highest deposits in the catchment areas among lithological units. This property of marls can cause the reduced useful life of dams, river, and sedimentation of water channels, the destruction of road, utilities, and ultimately desertification phenomenon. Hence, understanding the characteristics influencing the erodibility and marls divergence can be a priority. In this thesis, marls located in the south of Tehran (south of Hassan Abad- Varamin) were evaluated in terms of shape and intensity of erosion, physical, chemical, engineering and divergence features. Marl unit studied includes the onshore marl of Upper Red Formation unit M3 and Pliocene marl of unit Plm. Sampling in the unit of red upper geology and Pliocene was conducted in slopes 5%, 20% and 40%. Tests such as gradation, Atterberg limits, chemical analysis such as cations and anions, SAR, TDS, EC and dual Hydrometry and pinhole were carried out to achieve the predetermined goals. Granulation distribution showed no significant difference in different slopes. Comparing the plasticity index among the different forms of erosion, it can be seen that the surface erosion plasticity index is greater than other forms of erosion .it is a factor in the postponement of erosion. But overall, it's not much different from many other forms of erosion. The cation exchange capacity in the samples is between 14/2 to 25/88 meq per liter. The mean of this variable is further in the stream erosion .the range of this variable in samples is between 0.9 to 2.17 meq per liter. The mean of this variable in the erosion of stream and ditch is more than the rest of upper red formation units. The results of the double hydrometer tests on 20 samples indicate the high non-divergence. The sample collected from Station 1 (in the form of gully erosion) and station 5 with a gradient of 5% (with stream erosion) shows the average divergence. According to the pinhole experiment conducted at different stations, station 5 (with single stream erosion M3) and station 7 (with a form of gully erosion M3) showed a moderate divergence.

This research aims to examine underground water of delfan city in terms of geochemical characteristicsTo this end,the main elements of underground water were analyzed.Based on which all parameters were lower than allowed limit.As the saturation index can be an important factor to understand solvation setllement of mineral available in underground water ,the saturation index was calculated using computerized code phreeqc.The saturation index of the studied minerals in all water specimens was negative and all considered minerals can be solving.Also ,based on ionic exchange diagrams,sodium and cholor have two different origins and Calcite,Dolomit and Gypsum solvations have occurred from which Calcite and Dolomit solvations were higher.According to the HCA,samples are in two main clusters which Anions-Kations concentration in one cluster samples were higher .According to the clusters stiff diagram the region water type is Bicarbonate Casic .To find main factor of underground water chemistry ,rotational Varimax method has been used which is the most common PCA,because it gives more interpretable elements.By this method,the limestones and Dolomit,s solvation and rock-water interaction are the most important factors of the region,s underground water chemistry