آرزو پراور

Production of high-quality seeds is a major concern in the agriculture industry. The lifespan of a seed, which can extend over several decades, is essential for safeguarding the plant's genetic resources. Storage conditions, including seed moisture level, relative humidity, gases (such as oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide), and temperature, are the primary factors that determine seed lifespan. Among these aging treatment, oxygen has the most detrimental effect on seed germination, storage metabolic activities, and enzyme activity of dried seeds. Lalemantia iberica and Lallemantia royleana seeds contain high levels of fatty acids, especially linolenic acid (56-67%), which have significant beneficial effects on health. However, a large number of L. iberica and L. royleana seeds deteriorate due to inadequate storage conditions by most farmers. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different storage conditions, especially natural and controlled aging, aging with oxygen, and nitrogen on germination, chemical activities, metabolic reserves, and enzymatic activities of dry L. iberica and L. royleana seeds.

A factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications was carried out in the seed science laboratory at the Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid University in 2021. The experimental treatments included storage environments (control, natural aging, controlled aging, and aging with oxygen and nitrogen pressure) and plant species (Lallemantia iberica and Lallemantia royleana).

The results indicated that aging with oxygen had the most detrimental impact on the germination rate, seed germination, reservoirs content, and the activity of alpha and beta amylase enzymes, compared with controlled and natural aging in both species. Conversely, the highest levels of electrical conductivity, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, and saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were observed in dry seeds stored under oxygen aging conditions. In comparison to artificial aging (controlled aging and oxygen aging), seeds stored under natural aging conditions exhibited the highest germination rate, storage compound content, and α amylase enzyme activity. Throughout the storage process, it was observed that the deterioration rate was higher in the dry seeds of L. iberica compared with L. royleana.

Aging with oxygen can be regarded as a rapid artificial aging method for assessing the longevity of dry seeds. Conversely, the use of low temperature and humidity conditions in natural aging can be considered a practical method for preserving the quality and longevity of seeds. Due to their high content of storage compounds (sucrose, starch, and total sugar content), L. royleana seeds can be stored for extended periods.

Water deficit is as one of the most ominous abiotic factors that limits the growth and yield of crops and reduced photosynthesis content (Askary et al., 2017). The common symptoms determined in plants after encountering water deficit include a hindrance to growth, a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis, an acceleration oxidative stress (Aalipour et al., 2020). A balanced nutrient concentration in the soil is known as another essential element for plant growth regulation (Taghizadeh et al. 2019). This can be supplied by the application of chemical fertilizers (nano iron chelate). Nano iron chelate fertilizer can also protect plants against water deficit stresses and improves photosynthesis and assimilates transportation to sinks and eventually amends grain yield and oil content (Moradbeygi et al., 2020). The aim of this study was to investigate the response of Dragon head (Lalelemantia iberica) and Lady's mantle (Lalelemantia royleana) to the application of nano-chelate fertilizer in different irrigation regimes.

The field trial was conducted at the Research Farm of the Agricultural Faculty of Shahed University, Tehran, during the cropping season of 2018 and 2019. A split-factorial experiment was employed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plot consisted of three-level of irrigation regime (30% (I30; without stress), 60% (I60; mild stress), and 90% (I90; sever stress) depletion of available water resource). The sub plots were factorial combination nano-iron chelate (without fertilizer and nano-iron chelate) and plant species of Lallemantia (L.iberica and L. royleana).

By increasing water deficit reduced, chlorophyll a and b, CAT and APXs enzyme activity, plant height, root length, seed yield, content of mucilage and oil. The reduction of plant growth parameters and seed yield of both species Lallemantia may be due to extended irrigation intervals which caused decline in Chl concentration, stomata closure, and decreased CO2 uptake for photosynthesis (Paravar et al., 2021). Our results showed that the highest chlorophyll a and b, CAT and APXs enzyme activity, plant height, root length, seed yield, content of mucilage and oil was obtained at 60% available water soil of depletion (moderate drought stress). The application nano-iron chelate in all cases mitigated the negative effects of water deficit stress on chlorophyll a and b, CAT and APXs enzyme activity, plant height, root length, seed yield, content of mucilage and oil. Increasing in growth parameters and seed yield under drought stress of Lallemantia species under application of nano-iron chelate condition in drought stress may be due to the role of iron the chlorophyll structure and plant photosynthesis system (Moradbeygi et al., 2020). Indeed application of nano-iron chelate by photosynthesis improvement and material production in the plant causes the increasing growth and yield. (Iqbal and Umar, 2019). In addition, in this study observed nano-iron chalet application played the important role on the increasing of CAT and APXs enzyme activity under drought stress. It has been reported that micronutrients such as iron has a structural role in some enzyme such as CAT and APXs (Moradbeygi et al., 2020). Higher seed yield and seed oil  L.iberica than L.royleana  under application nano-iron chelate and different levels of irrigation regimes may be due to the increasing chlorophyll a and b (Paravar et al., 2022). Compared with L.iberica, the greater CAT and APXs enzyme activity in L.royleana is probably due to the mucilage around roots of L.royleana that has caused the reduction of oxidative stress (Paravar et al., 2021).

Therefore, in general in this research, it can be concluded that under water deficit stress conditions, we can reduce damages from water deficit stress in both species of Lallemantia with careful irrigation management (using an irrigation regime of 60% available water soil of depletion) and application nano-iro chelate.

Lallemnatia ibercia (Dragon’s head) is an annual herb, which belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Nowadays, its seed is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries due to its high mucilage and oil content. Soil moisture, nutrition, light, and temperature of the maternal environment play an important role in plant growth. However, the effect of soil moisture on yield and seed quality indices is greater during seed development. The positive effects of maternal plant nutrition with mycorrhizal inoculation can influence the quality improvement of the seeds developed under water deficit conditions. The reason for the quality improvement of the seeds developed under mycorrhizal inoculation condition is reported to be their water balance under water deficit conditions and as a result, more absorption of water and nutrients. Nutrient uptake by the maternal plant can play an important role in improving the germination and quality characteristics of the seeds developed under drought stress.

A field experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications at the Seed Science and Technology Laboratory of the College of Agriculture, Shahed University during f 2018-19 and 2019-20 years. Experimental treatments included irrigation regime (30, 60 and 90% of depletion of available soil water (ASW)) and mycorrhizal inoculation (non-inoculation and inoculation).

The results showed that a reduction in soil moisture in the maternal environment decreased germination percentage and seed quality.  Germination percentage (51.20%) germination rate (7%), seed vigor index (27.70%), seedling length (28.3%), seedling dry weight (34.80%), seed mucilage (75.40%), as well as seed nutrients (27.30%), seed oil (14.60%) and catalase (35.25%) and ascorbate peroxidase (25.70%) enzymes activities enhanced in the seeds developed under 60% depletion of available soil water and application of mycorrhizal compared to control (30% depletion of available soil water and without mycorrhizal). Compared with the 30% depletion of available soil water and without mycorrhizal, mean germination time (17%) and lipid peroxidation (41.10%) increased under the 90% depletion of available soil water and without fertilizer mycorrhizal.

According to the results of this study, the irrigation regime of 60% available soil water depletion of maternal plants leads to the reduction of seed quality. However, the nutrition of maternal plants by mycorrhizal inoculation effectively improved the quality of seeds developed under water deficit due to the absorption of water and nutrients.

Germination and seedling growth indices, quality and biochemical characteristics of the Lallemantia iberica seeds developed under different conditions of irrigation regime were investigated.
 The effect of mycorrhiza on nutrient uptake, oil content, and antioxidant enzyme activity of the seeds developed under different irrigation regimes was investigated.
The extent of damage to the lipid structures of cells in the seeds developed under different irrigation regimes and mycorrhiza fertilizer was investigated.

In natural environments, plants are continuously exposed to diverse environmental conditions that may affect plant survival, development and production. Water deficiency considers as one of the most ominous abiotic factors that limits the growth and yield of crops and decreases water use efficiency and photosynthesis rate. Nowadays it is suggested to use bio-fertilizers as a tool to adjust adverse effects of water shortage in soil. Bio-fertilizers containing Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are supposed to use. Some plant species have the ability to form a symbiosis relationship with the Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF can increase growth and yield of plants under water deficiency, and it is one of the most important bio-inoculant that can be used to adjust adverse effects of water stress in plants. AMF-symbiosis considerably increases root colonization which turns into improving water use efficiency. Also, it establishes a platform to increase phosphorus mobility between soil and roots in the rhizosphere. Lallemantia iberica (Dragon’s head) and Lallemantia royleana (Lady’s mantle) are medicinal plants that belong to the Lamiaceae family. Genus Lallemantia seeds contain mucilage, polysaccharide, fiber, oil, protein, and plenty of valuable secondary metabolites. Limited information is availiable about the ability of these two species to make symbiosis relation with AMF under water deficit condition.  Hence, the current study was aimed to evaluate of Lallemantia iberica and Lallemantia royleana inoculated by mycorrhizal in the different irrigation regimes.

The field trial was conducted at the Research Farm of the Agricultural Faculty of Shahed University, Tehran, during the cropping season of 2018 and 2019. A split-factorial experiment was employed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plot consisted of three-level of irrigation regimes (30% (I30; without stress), 60% (I60; mild stress), and 90% (I90; sever stress) depletion of available water resource). The sub plots were factorial combination mycorrhizae (non-inoculation and inoculation of mycorrhizae) and plant species of Lallemantia (L.iberica and L. royleana). 

Increasing water deficit significantly reduced plant height, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, water use efficiency, root colonization, seed phosphorus, seed mucilage, and seed oil content However, the highest plant height, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, water use efficiency, root colonization, seed phosphorus, mucilage, and oil seed content obtained at 60% available water soil of depletion (mild stress). The application of mycorrhizae increased plant height, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, water use efficiency, root colonization, seed phosphorus, seed mucilage, and oil seed content in cross all irrigation regimes. It has been reported that establishment a relationship of symbiotic AMF with roots of host plant, through spreading the hyphae and developing the root system, improves growth and provides more water for plants, which finally this ability leads to the yield, root colonization and water use efficiency. Inoculated and non-inoculated L .royleana had the greatest resistance to different levels of irrigation regimes and mycorrhizal treatments than L. iberica. It has been reported that L. royleana was more tolerant to water deficit in compared to L. iberica  Also the results showed that the highest root colonization was in L. royleana species which was grown under different levels of irrigation regimes and mycorrhizal treatments.

In general in this research, it can be concluded that under water deficit stress conditions, water deficit stress damages can be reduced in both species of Lallemantia with careful irrigation management (using an irrigation regime of 60% available water soil of depletion) and application of mycorrhizae.

In order to investigate the effect of mycorrhiza on catalase enzyme activity and growth and qualitative characteristics of Lady's mantle (Lallemantia royleana) under deficit irrigation, experimental based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted with three replications at Research Farm of the Agricultural College of Shahed University in 2018 and 2019. Experiment treatments included three irrigation regimes (30%, 60% and 90% depletion of available soil water) and mycorrhiza fertilizer (inoculation and non-inoculation). Germination percentage and germination rate, catalase enzyme activity, grain yield, biomass and seed qualitative characteristics decreased by increasing water deficit. The maximum resistance and best responses of plants observed to 60%irrigation regime.  Mycorrhizal inoculation had a significant positive and increasing effect on the catalase enzyme activity, germination traits and qualitative characteristics of Lady's mantle compared to those of non-inoculation plants. The lowest growth, yield, and catalase enzyme activity and qualitative characteristics were observed in non-inoculation plants at 90%. Plants inoculated had more percentage germination (100%), germination rate, seed yield (1333.75 kg / ha), chlorophyll content, percentage of mucilage, phosphorus seed oil and catalase enzyme activity under 60% depletion available soil water compared to non-inoculated plants under other irrigation regimes. Therefore, it can be concluded that Lady's mantle has shown a positive response to symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi under drought stress.

In order to evaluate the allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of sorghum, eucalyptus, helianthus annuus and nicotiana sylvestris on some germination, biochemical and enzymes of two weeds of avena fatua and sinapis arvensis an experiment was conducted in factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications at in Seed Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Iran in 2018. Four concentrations (control, 5, 10 and 20 percent) from four plants (sorghum, eucalyptus, helianthus annuus and nicotiana sylvestris) and two weed seeds (sinapis arvensis and avena fatua) were the treatments. The results of analysis of variance showed that germination percentage, germination rate, seedling length, seedling dry weight, lipid peroxidation and catalase activity of two weeds at 1% level were affected by different concentrations of aqueous extracts of plants. The results showed that increasing the concentration of aqueous extract of the plant, percent and germination rate, seedling length, seedling dry weight, catalase activity of two weeds decreased however their lipid peroxidation increased. In different concentrations of the aqueous extract of the plant The highest rate was affected avena fatua  the highest influence than sinapis arvensis  and the highest inhibitory affected was observed at a concentration of 20%. Different concentrations of aqueous extract of sorghum compared to other aqueous extracts of plants had a greater inhibitory affected on weeds, so that 20% concentration resulted in more inhibition of both weeds. This aqueous extracts showed the most allelopathic effect, which could be a promising way to produce herbal extracts of natural origin.

In order to evaluate the effect of seed priming with salicylic acid coneflower)Echinacea angustifolia( seedling growth, percentage and speed of germination, length and seedling dry weight, proline and change of catalase activityunder drought stress as a factorial design trial It was conducted with three replications inShahed University of laboratory of seed Science and Technology in 2017. The treatments include salicylic acid in four levels (nonpriming, 5.0, 1 and 2 mM) and drought in four levels (control, -2, -4 and -6 bar). Parameters such as percent germination, seedling dry weight and length, proline and catalase activity were measured.The salicylic acid was effected on increases the measured parameters in concentration 1 mM.The results showed that the best concentration of salicylic acid to counter the effects of drought stress, drought stress was a concentration of 1 mM at low level. Thus, increased levels of stress hormone treatment acorns salicylic acid were not effectiveconcentrations less stress and more positive impact less on dealing with drought stress created.

To determine the effect of seed deterioration on germination, biochemical and enzymatic activity of buckwheat, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design in Seed Science and Technology Laboratory of Shahed University, Iran. The treatments consisted of ageing duration (non-aging, 2, 4 and 7 days) and seed moisture content (10, 20 and 30%). Parameters such as germination percentage, mean germination time, electrical conductivity, lipid peroxidation and catalase activity were measured. The effect of aging duration, seed moisture content and their interaction on traits were significant. Germination percentage, mean germination time, electrical conductivity, lipid peroxidation, and catalase enzyme activity were significantly affected by aging duration and seed moisture content. The highest germination percentage and catalase enzyme activity in aged seeds was observed during two days with 20% moisture content. Mean germination time, electrical conductivity and lipid peroxidation in aged seeds for seven days was in the highest level in seeds with 30% moisture content. Seed moisture content and aging duration increased the mechanisms involved in seed aging and cell membrane phospholipids affected by deterioration, which increased the electrical conductivity and lipid peroxidation and reduced germination and catalase enzyme activity. To prevent buckwheat seed deterioration in long and short term storage, it is recommended that seed moisture content is kept about 10%.

In order to study the effect of sowing date and different amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the grain yield, mucilage production, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, utilization and use efficiency in Lallemantia royleana Benth., a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in medicinal plants research center  of Shahed University. The treatments included two levels of sowing date (autumn planting in the second week of November (2013) and spring planting in the second week of March (2014)) and three levels of nitrogen and phosphorus (control (without fertilizer), 50%: Npure 23 kg ha-1 + P2O5 50.6 kg ha-1 and 100%: Npure 46 kg ha-1 + P2O5 101.2 kg ha-1). The results showed that the interaction between sowing date and fertilizer application was significant on grain yield, mucilage production, and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, utilization and use efficiency. At 50% fertilizer in both sowing dates, the amount of grain yield and mucilage production was obtained 377.15 kg ha-1 and 23.45%, respectively. The highest nitrogen utilization and use (respectively, 33.86 and 5 kg kg-1 at 50% fertilizer) and uptake efficiency (0.13 kg kg-1 at 100% fertilizer) were obtained in autumn planting. The highest phosphorus uptake and utilization efficiency (respectively, 0.06 and 11 kg kg1) was observed at 50% fertilizer in spring planting. The results showed the importance of nitrogen in Lallemantia royleana production in both sowing dates.

In order to evaluate the effect of drought and salinity stresses on germination, biochemical and enzymatic characteristics of buckwheat seed were conducted two separate experiments in the laboratory of Seed Science and Technology of Shahed University in 2016. The experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Treatments were including eight levels of osmotic potential (zero, -2, -4, -6, -8, -10, -12and -14 bar) of drought and salinity. Analysis of variance showed were significant the effects of drought and salinity on percentage and rate of germination, seedling length, vigor, chlorophyll content, soluble protein, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity. The results of salinity and drought stresses on measured parameters showed that the effects of salinity and drought were inhibition, but inhibition of osmotic stress of salinity was highest from drought, as a result, no normal germination occurred in the salinity of 10 bar and in drought -14 bar. The decrease in chlorophyll and protein content under drought stress was more of salinity stress and conditions there led to increased activity of catalase under drought stress and superoxide dismutase under salinity stress. The results suggest that buckwheat drought compatibility and more resistant to salinity stress is applied.

In order to The effect controlled ageing on parameters germination, membrane peroxidation and antioxidant activity the stressed seeds of Balangu (Lallemantia sp), a four- factor factorial study in a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in laborartory seed science and technology shahed university in 2015. Dragons’ head (Lallemantia iberica) and Lady’s mantle (Lallemantia royleana ), were imposed three drought stress level (control, mild and severe) during seed development and the produced seeds were aged at different seed moisture content( 5, 15 and 25%) for 24 and 48 hours duration). Analysis of variance showed that the interaction effect of species, moisture stress during seed development, duration of aging and seed moisture content on germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time, membrane peroxidation and catalase activity was significant. It was observed increasing germination percentage and rate germination, mean germination time and catalase activity in the Lady’s mantle stressed seeds and reduced membrane peroxidation and increasing membrane peroxidation and reduced germination percentage and rate germination, mean germination and catalase activity in the Dragons’ head stressed seeds. Were impressed Dragons’ head stressed seed from maternal by more aging were affected by negative effect of aging more than stressed seeds of Lady’s mantle from maternal.

Moisture stress during seed development can affect on seed vigor. Effect of water stress during seed development of Balngu Shahri and Balngu Shirazi was evaluated factorialy as completely randomized design in three replications under salt and drought stress. Salt stress induced by sodium chloride and drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol in osmotic potentials of 0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1.0 and -1.2 MPa. Initial vigor tested by standard germination test. Water stress on the mother plant, decrease thousand seed weight in both species, significantly increased germination percentage and mean germination time and the percentage of mucilage in the Shahri such as Shiraz seed. Results showed germination percentage of Shahri and mean germination time also mucilage of Shirazi increased by water stress during seed development. By comparing the two species examined in this study germination percentage and mean germination time of Shirazi increase under drought stress, however Shahri germination increased under salinity stress.

In order to evaluate the effect of priming on seed germination of coneflower at different times and temperature under salinity stress an experiment conducted factorialy as completely randomized design with 3 replications. The seeds were primed with potassium nitrate 5% at for four times (control, 10, 20 and 30 h) and four temperature (control, 4, 10 and 20 ° C), then the primed and unprimed seeds were subjected to two levels of salinity (0, 5 bar) as induced by sodium chloride .Results showed that effect of the treatments on evaluated traits was significant. Seed priming for 20 hours at 20 ° C increased percentage and uniformity of germination, seedling length and dry weight and reduce the mean germination time. It was found that pre-treatment for 20 hours at 20 ° C improves germination characteristics under salinity stress.

Some phytochemical compounds medicinal plants as allelopathic compounds added thephenomenainvolved, germination, growth and reproduction of other plants are affected Thatis whyin recent years the use of allelopathy in weed management has attracted the attention of manyexperts. To evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Echinacea angustifolia and Lallemantia royleanaon seed germination and seedling growth indices of Sinapis arvensis and Avena fatua factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with 3 replications, in 2015 the Faculty of Agriculture in seed technology laboratory control done .The experiment consisted of two aqueous extract (Lallemantia royleana and Echinacea angustifolia) and two seed (Sinapis arvensis and Avena fatua) and fourecon centrations (control,5, 10and 20 percent). Germination percentage, germination rate, seedling length and seedling dry weight were determined.The results showed that the effect ofaqueous extract ofthe plant treated and different concentrations of aqueous extracts on the germination percentage , germination rate,seedling length and seedling dry weight was significantat thelevel ofone percent The results showed that all concentrations of aqueous extract of Lallemantia royleana to Echinacea angusti folia seed germination percentage and speed, seedling length and seedling dry weight Sinapis arvensis and Avena fatua have a deterrent effect, so thatby increasing the concentration of the extract, the inhibition rate increase the increase was greater for Sinapis arvensis to Avena fatua.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of hormonal priming to improve seed germination and initial growth of safflower seeds under salt stress. The experiment was done using factorial experiment based on completely randomized design in three repetitions in Seed Technology Laboratory of Shahed University. Safflower seeds primed with 3% abscisic acid and 150 and 500 ppm of gibberellic acid then were placed under salinity stress condition of the natural salt of Qom lake (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS.m -1). The germination indicies were measured. Priming seeds with gibberellic and abscisic acid relatively reduced the effect of salinity on seed germination and seedling growth and improved the germination and initial growth in low water potential condition. Gibberllic acid was more effective than abscisic acid. Priming with combination of 500 ppm gibberellic acid and 3% abscisic acid % combination had the greatest effect on germination percent, seedling length and seedling dry matter. Howerer, priming decreased the mean germination time. Priming with 500 ppm gibberellic acid and 3% abscisic acid combination under salinity conditions reduced the negative effects of salinity by increasing the water uptake in the plant, resulted in improvement of germination percentage, seedling length and seedling dry matter and length and weight vigor indecies. On the whole, priming of safflower seeds with combined priming increased the seeds resistance to the drought stress, therefore the seedlings with strong vigor and high germination percentage were produced.

In order to investigate the effect of priming techniques on germination paramaters of seed were evaluated germination and growth the effect of hydropriming coneflower seeds in terms of salinity.Factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications in Seed Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture controls.  The factores was inclouded from four levels of non-primed, 10, 20 and 30 hours priming seed and five salinity levels with distilled water (control), 3, 6, 9 and 12 ds/m natural salt lake in Qom. Analysis of variance showed that the interaction between priming and salinity data on the percentage of germination, shoot and root dry weight of shoot and root and seed vigor was significant. Percent germination rate and increase the duration of priming and salt stress than non-primed seeds fell. But hydropriming treatment for 10 hours significantly increased salinity 3 ds/m rate and percentage of germination, shoot and root and seed vigor was. The hydropriming treatment for 10 hours under salt stress shoot and root dry weight increased 6 ds/m what happened. Thus, according to the priorities of germination or growth of root and shoot, as well as the cost of seed priming can be hydropriming treatment for 10 hours under salt stress 6 ds/m as the most favorable for seed germination hydropriming coneflower recommended.