آرش حیدری

The psychohistorical approach to the study of history is an interdisciplinary approach that was born in the middle of the 20th century in America and despite the difficulties and limitations it faced, it gradually managed to take a codified form. Of course, this birth led to many controversies, both theoretically and methodologically, among historians, psychologists, social scientists, and humanities and experimental scientists in general; One of these controversies is related to the link between the psychological matter and the cultural matter; A problem that appears on the way to build a bridge between individual behavior and collective behavior, or to put it better, a bridge between life history, which is more focused on psychological matters, and cultural history, which is more focused on cultural and social contexts. It is the undeniable role of universality that makes people share fundamental experiences despite their cultural differences in contexts and times. As this rule helps us in understanding the subject, it also helps in understanding the past. Based on this, the present article tries to discuss a methodological perspective for the study of cultural history by exploring the psychohistorical approach (not as a complete and alternative approach to other approaches, but as a complementary approach that can bring new insights to the study of history). In this context, an attempt is made to use the conceptual possibilities of psychoanalysis, sociology, and philosophy by focusing on critical history in order to be able to talk about a methodological perspective about a historical understanding of culture. In this framework, the ontology of the subject and having an epistemological perspective about the mechanisms of psychological action finds a close relationship with historical mechanisms and dynamism. This intersection has been deeply considered by psychologists such as Freud, sociologists such as Durkheim, and philosophers such as Nietzsche; With these words, the present article tries to show how the historiography model of approaches based on psychohistory can be expanded and developed, and presents a methodological perspective that can go beyond the duality of micro-macro matter and propose a form of cultural history that In order to be critical, it should be based on an ontological understanding of the subject and the subject's experience.

The introduction of photographic technology in Iran coincided with the reign of Mohammad Shah Qajar. Through his patronage and with the subsequent support of Naser- o-Din Shah, a substantial archive of images were produced, not only by him but also by other photographers operating under his auspices. The evolution of Iranian photography is intricately linked to the themes favored by Naser- o-Din Shah and his contemporaries. The selection of photographic subjects was not merely a reflection of the king's personal interests and pastime; it was profoundly influenced by the prevailing social conditions and ongoing developments of that era. The advent of this novel medium of image documentation, which was previously achievable only through painting, corresponded with significant societal shifts within Iran. One notable transformation was witnessed in the realm of penal practices and the portrayal of criminals. The surviving photographs from this period reveal that the perception of a prisoner or an offender fundamentally underwent a different form of representation, ushering in a departure from the preceding norm. The depiction of prisoners assumed a pivotal role alongside other subjects like women and courtiers, demonstrating a departure from the brute force often associated with rulers. This photographic record falls in close proximity to the Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the broader transformations it instigated. While alterations in penal practices are commonly attributed to post-revolutionary reforms, these images substantiate that the seeds of change were sown during the era of Naser-[1] o-Din Shah and persisted beyond his reign. This article endeavors to elucidate the novel representations of the criminal body in the years preceding the constitutional revolution, employing semiotic analysis as a methodological framework to decode the imagery of prisoners and how is this even conceivable.

The present study aims to investigate everyday life events captured in the first photographs of Iranian history. As such, by focusing on a collection of photo albums from Naseri and Mozaffari eras (two Qajar rulers) and by scrutinizing them, an attempt was made to elucidate the representation patterns and modes, through which, everyday life appeared in those photos. With an emphasis on semiology and taking into account the time-space, transcendental and immanent concepts, the paper tries to examine visible and invisible patterns of everyday life in those photographs. For that sake, the images were classified into six categories: Transcendental places, photography of nature, non-royal settings, iconography out of place and time, exotic eroticism, and everyday life. The study explores the relationship between each category and the presence of everyday life, focusing on archetype photos to provide in-depth analysis and discussion.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the historical conditions of the birth of newspaper and its relations to power in contemporary Iran. To this end, the birth of newspaper will be explained in the forces field. Emphasizing the logic of governance, catastrophic events (such as cholera and famine), and the logic of the modern world order, we find discursive and non-discursive platforms for the emergence of the newspaper. Historical study indicates that the birth of newspaper is directed to "education" and "governance". Catastrophic events made populations visible to the government as a locus of wealth and crisis. In another level the mentality of the populations became problematic for the government. and the newspaper was set up to control and manage the public thoughts in Iran. The concept of news, before the newspaper, generally meant the court and was formed around the information system, in the new discourse, it was linked with public opinion and governance practices and became one of the power techniques for managing public opinion.

Importance of the issue: 

Urban damage in Iran is a vital and complex issue. These damages, which can result from climate change, urban traffic, earthquakes, and lack of water resources, strongly affect the quality of urban life and the environment. Dilapidated development, defects in urban structures, and improper waste management are among the main factors aggravating these damages. And

The purpose of the research: 

The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the main factors of urban damage in Iran. And The research seeks to investigate how Iran's geographic location, climate change, and other factors affect urban conditions and the environment.

This research was done using analytical and quantitative methods. And The use of statistical data, geographic models and urban planning has been used as a tool for a better and deeper understanding of the issues raised in this study. And in fact, how we present research, including design, data collection, analysis, and conclusions, and this method helps other researchers to achieve a deeper and more accurate understanding of their subjects.

The findings of this research show that urban damage in Iran mainly occurs due to defects, problems and challenges in urban planning and management. In addition, the negative effects of climate change and problems related to traffic and urban infrastructure are also known as important factors in increasing these damages. and

Conclusion and suggestions: 

Based on the research findings, a lot of emphasis is placed on the importance of accurate and comprehensive urban planning to reduce urban damage. And It is recommended that by applying appropriate management approaches and adopting new solutions in urban planning, it is possible to help improve the urban situation and reduce environmental damage. These approaches may include strengthening infrastructure, increasing urban green spaces, and improving the quality of urban life.

Encountering history and historiography is often a museum and event encounter. In other words, history, rather than being understood as a current and now flow, is regarded as something from the past and finished, which is far away from us and is like a museum full of interesting objects and events that can be seen or taken advice from them. The present study aims to describe and explain the method of genealogy. For this purpose, the current research first tries to discuss the position and necessity of this theoretical-methodological horizon. Then, the theoretical grounds of this approach are examined from three perspectives of Nietzsche, Weber, and Althusser. Consequently, by focusing on two works of Michel Foucault, this study attempts to explain the principles of this theory method. The final stage of this research also tries to examine some common errors in understanding this approach. The principles emphasized in this study are as follows: genealogy is not an explanation of event by event or tracing a chain of events; genealogy is not just about breaks; genealogy is not the history of thought writing; the speech-non-speech distinction is important; genealogy creates its own archival and documentary system; and genealogy is related to the idea of ​​liberation.

 Portraying the subaltern has always been one of the contradictory notions in the field of art, and dealing with the urban poor is considered an important issue in critical claim. But the main issue here is that the mere inclusion of urban poor as a content in an artwork cannot have critical characteristics, even if the author claims so. The main issue is about the form in which the poor is depicted, and the critical features of a work should be sought in its depiction or narration forms and not necessarily in the represented content. Therefore, if we consider how the urban poor is represented in a general sense and in cinema in specific, we can speak of patterns that establish different relationships with the life of the poor. These representational forms can be evaluated and their relationship with the current situation can be revealed by showing the origins of their emergence.  The present study was conducted with the aim  of analyzing the narrative mechanisms of the so-called "Social Genre`" in Iranian cinema. For this purpose, by focusing on a range of popular Iranian movies in the last decade (2011-2021) and analytically studying the narrative structures of these films, an attempt was made to present a categorization of these imaging systems. This classification goes beyond description and its eventuality has been investigated through a conceptual order centered on the notion of "poverty of experience" in Walter Benjamin`s works.  This study is a qualitative research and it was compiled in a mixed methodology. Utilizing the method of Semiotics in the study of Iranian cinema, this research tries to adopt a new approach on social studies. For this purpose, 19  Iranian films between 2011 and 2021 were selected. To analyze the discourse of Iranian journalism in the face of the urban poor in the same period, archives of eight selected newspapers including (Donyaye Ekhtesad, Iran, Keihan, Aftab Yazd, Jame Jam, Resalat, Sharq and Vatan Emoraz) along with online databases related to the press including (Fars, Tasnim, Mehr, Isna, Etemad Online, etc.) were searched with a targeted encounter. In the search for keywords such as poverty, marginalization, day laborer, street hawker, homelessness, and social harm among the mentioned documents,and through the logic of discourse analysis the patterns of representation of urban poor were discussed.  Based on the narrative cores of these films, it was depicted that this narrative order serves a conceptual purpose which we call "dramatizing the life of the urban poor". In close relation to the journalism focused on social harms, which was examined through discourse analysis, the process of dramatizing demonsrates itself in three main strategies: the sanctification, marginalization and condemnation-crimination of the urban poor. This is how the Iranian "Social genre`" confronts the daily life of the urban poor in cinema and journalism and it eventuates as something that serves the desire of the consumer society. In other words, in the articulation of the existing situation, a transformation and a distortion occurs, which indicates the filmmaker's deliberate effort to represent a flawed construction of reality or a dramatized image of everyday  life of the urban poor. Therefore, the film loses the social and critical features that claims to reflect and in the final instance it becomes a kind of mere consumer good

Deprivation of education is a serious problem in developing countries and many children of school age are out of school every year. Out-of-school children may have never attended school or may have decided to drop out for any reasons a while after attending school. Despite the many efforts made to reduce the illiteracy rate in Iran, especially after the Islamic revolution, the statistics in recent years indicate a growth in the number of children missing out on education. To eliminate this lack of education, it is very important to identify the factors that cause it. The previous research has identified a wide range of factors. Since Iran is a vast country with climatic, cultural, and social diversities, it is necessary to identify the effective factors in different regions separately. Sistan and Baluchistan is the largest province of the country, which has had the highest rate of education dropout for many years. The special condition of this province in connection with the general condition of the country has made it in need of a special explanation. This study tried to provide an understanding of the structural process of the deprivation of education in Sistan and Baluchestan.

The present research investigated the dropout from education in Sistan and Baluchistan Province by using a qualitative method and a semi-structured interview technique. The participants in this research were 40 people involved in the issue of dropping out education and and their families, as well as those who were familiar with it, including a set of administrators, teachers, and civil activists in the field of education, and other educational professionals. The interviews with their different spectrums took place in different regions of this province, such as Zabul, Zahedan, Chabahar, Iranshahr, and Sarbaz. 5 managers of education, 15 teachers, 10 NGO activists, 5 parents, and 10 surviving children in the age range of 10-15 years formed a network of 40 interviews. The questions were structured around these axes: economic conditions, reasons for survival, and cultural and geographical issues. Since the interviews were conducted in a semi-open manner, the proposed axes and platforms in this process gave an exploratory characteristic to the present study. By focusing on the theme analysis model, we tried to extract the main concepts and themes and explain them in a conceptual format. For this purpose, the key concepts were extracted for each interview by examining the contents and themes of the interviews. Meanwhile, instead of focusing quantitatively on the interviews and counting the themes, we focused on the points emphasized by the interviewees.

Discussion of Results & Conclusions  :

Although dropout from education in Sistan and Baluchistan Province was influenced by the same factors that could be discussed in other parts of Iran, an attempt was made to gain a phenomenological understanding of the phenomenon of dropout from education in the province in this short essay. The causes of educational attrition could be divided into several categories. At the macro-structural levels, we could talk about the geographical areas and deep-rooted poverty, which made the structural background of many crises. At intermediate levels and in the form of cultural processes, we could talk about sectarianism, tribalism, and patriarchal culture. At micro levels, family size and negative attitudes towards official actions were identified. These of macro, mid-range, and micro levels reinforced each other in the cycles they created, one of the outputs of which was dropout from education.The problem of not being educated should be understood in the logic of reproduction. Reproduction is a process, during which the actors’ patterns of action lead to the strengthening and stabilization of the existing structure. In more precise terms, the process of reproduction means creating a cycle that stabilizes and repeats macro-economic and political, structures, etc. through the mediation of educational and cultural processes. Thus, although lack of education occurs at an individual level, it is meaningful within a cycle that links the factors of macro-structural level (rooted poverty, geographical situation, and center-periphery logic) to cultural processes (patriarchy, influence of the traditionalists’ local powers, tribalism, and sectarianism), which are linked and intersected at the micro levels with a traumatic family structure and negative attitudes towards official actions and education, ending up in educational failure. Being out of school again as an individual disability deprives a person, who has a set of opportunities, from education and throws him/her into poverty and inequality, which lead to the lack of facilities and development opportunities, while this cycle repeats itself continuously.On the one hand, we should focus on the individual factors of school dropout and on the other hand understand the processes of school dropout. Common analyses can prepare a list of factors affecting dropout from education, while understanding the relationship between these factors, the way of formation of the dropout structure, and the cycle of its repetition is much more important.

This monograph studies and analyses the role of entrance exam institutions in the expansion and development of Neoliberal thought in the life area of the students ‘daily life. . In addition, special attention is paid to the genealogical study, the emergence of neoliberalism and the expansion of entrance exam institutions in post-war Iran, and to the spread of normalized market logic as a basis for decision-making and actions. The purpose of this article is to describe how the new cultural-economical order (neoliberalism) creates a "new scenario of subjectivity" (the exam subject) that did not exist before. This new scenario in relation to the rise of neoliberalism in Iran and to the hegemony of individually successful discourse has been formed. . The findings of this research using the method of the genealogy show that there is a special relationship between the rationality of neoliberal governance, subjectivity, and acceptance view of the entrance exam population. This similarity and connection are based on the case study of "Konkur Institutions", institutions that have caused the emergence of a new population and generation, called "Konkur Subject" in the society have their own way of life. After the end of the war, these institutions found a new identity and presented a mechanism of new socialization under the title of "Subject-Maker Apparatuses". These institutions, with the help of various new apparatuses, have falsified subjects and created a framework that included "Institution-Oriented" actions to persuade and encourage students to internalize the values and beliefs of the neoliberalism system..

this paper while drawing downward paths of the previous meaning-making apparatus through imperatives of the coexistence of a chain of heterogeneous elements such as war, sanctions, political and social factors, women's demands and Epistemological conflicts, tries to reconstruct conditions for the possibility of this new regime of truth in the object of the body and its positivity. This reconstruction gives centrality to the interaction of a huge number of historical events that present in the situation and especially the changing factors of disease burden pattern in the post-war space, which by providing the conditions for conjunction of the political actions and medical discourse at the junction of creating a healthy city and managing it and by inventing a new type of subjectivity and truth, make the post-revolutionary subjects docile and obedient by eject them into the labyrinth of governmt apparatus.

The present paper, by the intellectual heritage of Osychoanalysis (Freud, Lacan and zizek) tries to give an interpretation of the work of Samuel Beckett. Based on the concept of the "das ding, or " the thing” Zizek provides a differentiation of modernism and postmodernism. Based on this division, zizek claims that the “waiting for Godot” is a Modernist works. We try to challenge him by suggesting that “waiting for Godot” is a postmodernist phenomenon. In this regard, the present paper does not intend to investigate among the previous literature about the “waitiong for Godot”, but we try to present a philosophical-psychoanalytic suggestion and challenging his interpretation about the play. By adopting such strategy, the present paper states that “Godot” is a name for "silent scream", because Godot is the name of nothingness, Goddo is the name of fundamental absent which can be considered as the spriteof Becket works. . .

The purpose of the present study is conducted is understanding the existence of street hawkers in urban spaces. Conventional research on street hawking has always been held in a pathological framework with the purpose of policy making and organization, while the understanding of the existence and nature of the street hawker, and his relationship with the form of social relations in space, has received less attention. Hence, dealing with street hawking is trapped in a cycle of organization, legislation, and policy-making that often fails. The main idea of this study is that the existence of the street hawker can be explained by Simmel's stranger due to its spatial features, and it is tied to a kind of externality, borderline and fluidity. Therefore, his/her existence and presence is always a place of conflict and tension; because it establishes a relationship between the logic of interests, space and power. The method of the research is a combination of documentary and ethnographic studies. By examining a set of approvals and laws as well as conducting ethnographic interviews in the Valiasr crossroad, an attempt has been made to analyze the social and spatial existence of the street hawker in this area and to present a different conceptual formulation of the street hawker as the stranger.

The present study examines communication patterns and interactions as well as informal powers inside the prison. The importance of informal power can be recognized in its direct impact on formal authority as well as on the social life of prisoners, including communication patterns, interactions, patterns, and economic equations. The conceptual framework of the present research is based on the qualitative and exploratory understanding of the situation, rather than the use of preconditioned concepts. Goffman and the symbolic interaction theory is a reference framework for this study to understand the logic of informal interactions and communications. The logic of symbolic interaction, language, action frameworks, rites and rituals, identity processes, and the logic of power relations are fundamental concepts for this research, which are considered from the horizons of symbolic interaction thinkers, especially Goffman. The applied research method is narrative research and the data is collected through interview technique. The studied population is the prisoners in the central prison of Karaj and I have tried to have a random sample from the list of prisoners, although, in some cases snowball method has been used due to research purposes. The results of this study reveal that, the common understanding of the prison atmosphere is a unilateral understanding and the prison atmosphere is viewed through the legislator's perspective.action formations, in contrast to the formal authority of the prison, comprise a range of complicity, confrontation, concealment and so on, which can be defined as a forms of resistance.

The primary purpose of this paper is to explain education in the geophilosophy mirror as a new approach to philosophize. The conceptual and inferential analysis method was used to achieve this goal. Deleuze's different definition of philosophy as "the art of forming, inventing and fabricating concepts" introduced a set of developments in the various areas of ontology and epistemology that from its most important output is the "geophilosophy theory". The results show that the innovations of this theory in the field of education have consequences that the most important of them can be such as "activism and "becoming" in light of the critique of teleological", "introversion in light of the critique of extraversion causality", and creation in light of criticism of representation and reproduction", each of this consequences have other educational implications.

The construct of erotic woman in the history of Iran is a focal point in the history of sexuality. This study is designed to investigate when the woman become erotic using the genealogy. This article used two groups of historical documents: erotic pictures of the Safavid era, and written documents from this period. During the reign of King Abbas, the Great, a transition occurred from literary nudes to erotic nude in paintings. And since then, the images of women were presented with greater individuality in the organs. Towards the Late Safavid, nude images of women are continually symbolized the West. However, the question is not about the dualities of Western women and Persian women, but it is about the controversy between Christianity, Sufism, and Islam. Also numerous dissertations were written about this controversy. Therefore, nudity was attributed to the Western Christian woman. Through depicting female figures in solo paintings and murals, a new definition of femininity gradually began to emerge in the Persian man's imagination, and a kind of geographical shift in the Persian male desire was formed. The Christian woman become the object of Persian man 's longing, whose aftershocks were seen in the Qajar era more severely.

“Childhood” is a modern phenomena which hasn’t been inquired historio-sociologically frequently. The prevalent prospect defines The Child in a psychological system and consider it to be an innocent, vulnerable and protection-needing being. Immanently, this form of constructing the Child creates and excludes diverse experiences of Childhood. But Childhood is not an integral entity and we shouldn’t attempt to give meaning to its plural range of social experiences through its constructed criteria. we tried to mark one of these “excluded” Childhoods with a historical approach and explore the context of emergence of “Daar-alta’adib” as the first Carceral space of children. we made use of theoretical considerations and methodological assumptions of foucauldian genealogy and archealogy to construct an alternative narrative of experiences of childhood in Iran. Findings indicate that the perception of childhood in first Pahlavi Era was based on the figure of “child in need of Education” and criminal children were represented in terms of educational pathology. The subject that was disciplined in this discourse was “Ill-natured child” whom turned into “delinquent child” as Historical changes came in to play. Protection Ideology collaborating with Psychology produced child as a vulnerable being, and through this process, Spatial emergence of Daar-alta’adib became possible.

Understanding of urban life influenced by the conventional pathological logic has led to the perception of what is known as “Suburbanization” as something outside the city and as islands separate from the center. Kahrizak, as one of the suburban districts of Tehran, has strongly entangled in such an understanding. Focusing on the problem of generating Kahrizak, this study strives to show how Kahrizak has been embodied in the confluence of forces. The present study's question is to engage in a field understanding of the forces that have provided the ground for Kahrizak to appear and emerge. Genealogy and methods of space production influence the present study in the context of social relations. The genealogical research aspect is based on its involvement in understanding the relations of forces, their becoming process, and the story of their confluence. The present study focuses on some key moments as starting points for the spatial formation of Kahrizak: moment 1) Sugar factory; moment 2) Land reform or the continuation of the fragmentation of Kahrizak space; moment 3) Creating the dock; & moment 4) Kahrizak construction in Oral history.

Palliative care is one of the most important aspects of neonatal intensive care. Providing palliative care for infants faces many obstacles and challenges. The aim of this study was to determine the attitude to palliative care and the barriers for delivering palliative care practices among nurses in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU).

In the present descriptive cross-sectional study, 128 nurses working in NICUs of hospitals affiliated to the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran were selected by census method in 2018. Data were collected with "Fromelt Attitude Towards Caring   for Dying Patient" (FATCOD) and "Neonatal Palliative Care Attitude Scale" (NPCAS). 

Nurseschr('39') attitude toward palliative care was positive (102.17±4.81) and a statistically significant association was observed between shift work and nurseschr('39') attitudes (p<0.001). A strong barrier to providing palliative care was the presence of insufficient resources (10.93±2.66). Improper application of technology (5.90±1.59), organizational culture (18.69±5.25) and professional competence of nurses (18.09±4.82) were classified as intermediate barriers. The weak barrier to the implementation of palliative care was the individual and social attitude of the nurse (18.67±2.60).

Nurses have a positive attitude to providing palliative care, and it is necessary to strengthen their positive attitude by providing clinical and theoretical training. It is also important to pay more attention to eliminating other factors that can affect the implementation of palliative care. Insufficient resources are a strong obstacle to providing palliative care in neonates. So equipping the resources in terms of a suitable physical environment, adequate skilled manpower, providing counseling services and developing guidelines and policies for the nurses,   are important in order to improve the implementation of neonatal palliative care.

The aim of the present study is to understand this question that how youthfulness has been visible in Iranian human sciences? With emphasis on archaeology and genealogy, present research seeks to discover the original moments of youth formation as an object for knowledge-power. In another word we sought to the springs which youth has become problematic. On the one hand, non-discursive practices, and in the other hand discursive propositions were analyzed and excavated. Historical excavations suggested at least four different discourses are objectifying youth: religious, legal-juridical, sociological, and psychological. These orders of discourses making youth as a pathological object which needs cure and policymaking. In this sense, the early moments of youth formation as an object of knowledge-power are accompanied by the pathological reading of youth. These findings are discussed in light of the current area of social pathology studies in contemporary Iran.

Our concern is with the image of the west in the first Iranian travelogues. How Elements which shape the west image in these travelogues are assembled? Where is their origin? How they interact with each other and were narrated? The contemporary image of the west is an over-determined and dreamlike image-narration. By relying on concepts such as over determination, different histories, elements, and moments, we try to suggest an interpretation about the structure of west narration in primary Iranian travelogues. Our research suggests the idea of the west, in mystical and Sufi doctrine, represents a sequence of association: material-body-darkness-descend-temptation-guilt-accident. The idea of the east associates the opposite side of sequence: sprit-gust-light-ascend-certainty-virtue-essence. These sequences of associations are preconditions of visibility which the first travelogues experience the geopolitical west. Our research about the origins of the narrative structure of travelogues about the west suggests that synthesis of the colonial and the mystical thoughts create a special narration about the east-west relation. East is the ascending arc and west is the descending arc. This image of east-west relation is one of the main assumptions of orientalism.

This research aims to recognize how the 12th presidential election of Iran was reflected in two newspapers of Keyhan and Shargh. The research focuses on the last two weeks of Iran 12th presidential election campaign from 5th to 19th May 2017. The research units are reviewed based on the Agenda-Setting Theory and through applying the analysis methodology. Rohani and Raeisi were the two main rivals in the election campaign. Shargh and Keyhan newspapers supported Rohani and Raeisi respectively The targeted sampling was applied on successive days and resulted in 614 election articles. The research findings show that the major approach of both newspapers are publishing the “news”; then the articles have been provided in the format of “report” by Keyhan Newspaper and “note” by Shargh Newspaper; therefore, it can be said that Shargh is closer to deep analysis nature of the newspaper articles in comparison with Keyhan. Both newspapers have directly supported their nominees. Shargh and Keyhan newspapers have respectively made their most criticisms of