آرش شکوری

Biodiversity and population changes of waterfowl and waterside birds are considered as one of the indicators of evaluating the desirability of coastal habitats. In this research, the biodiversity of Waterfowl and waterside birds in the coastal habitats of Chabahar has been investigated and evaluated in a four-year period. In the four-year census in five coastal habitats of Chabahar, which was carried out by the total counting method, 43,946 birds belonging to 6 orders, 13 families and 46 species of Waterfowl and waterside wintering birds were observed and identified Waterfowl species with 82.62% and waterside species with 17.38% of all birds were included. The Laridae family was counted with 53.18% of the most birds. And the Charadriidae family (Plovers) with 20 species had the highest species diversity among Waterfowl and waterside wintering birds. The study of bidiversity indices showed that the highest species diversity index of Shannon Weiner belonging to Govater  habitat in 2018 (  ) and the lowest related to the Pasabandar habitat in 2016 ( 1/68). The highest species richness index of Margalef related to Govater habitat in 2017 the (R=5/25) and the lowest value related to the Pasabandar habitat in 2016 (R=2.43). The highest value of Pielou's evenness index related to the Govater habitats was J=0.77 in 2016 and the lowest value was J=0.56 for the Pasabandar habitat in 2018. The highest value of Simpson's dominance index related to Govater habitat (D = 0.93) in 2017 and the lowest value related to Govater habitat (D = 0.08) in 2016. The highest value of Berger-Parker index number related to Pasabandar habitat (d=0.45) in 2017 and the lowest value related to Govater habitat (d=0.17) in 2018. The highest value of Buzas-Gibson's evenness index related to the Ramin habitat ( =0.24) in 1998 And the lowest value related to the Pasabandar habitat (  in 1997. The results of biodiversity indicators show that Govater and Tis habitats have more favorable conditions for aquatic and aquatic migratory birds than other habitats. (p>0.05)

Sea cucumbers have long been regarded as both a tonic food and a medicinal resource in traditional medicine across various Asian countries. Over 1,700 species of sea cucumbers have been identified worldwide, with several possessing significant commercial value. Scientific research has demonstrated that these aquatic animals are rich in bioactive compounds with confirmed medicinal and therapeutic properties, including triterpene glycosides, carotenoids, bioactive peptides, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, collagens, gelatins, chondroitin sulfates, and amino acids. The beneficial effects of bioactive compounds isolated from sea cucumbers -validated through scientific studies- encompass wound healing, skin rash treatment, nervous system protection, antitumor activity, anticoagulant properties, antimicrobial effects, and antioxidant capabilities. These functional compounds have spurred advancements in the food, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries by facilitating the development of new functional materials. This article provides an overview of the major pharmacological and therapeutic effects of functional compounds derived from sea cucumbers in the Asian region. It also discusses the structural significance and potential applications of these compounds, as well as their nutritional value. The investigation focuses on three species of sea cucumbers from the Stichopodidae family: Stichopus hermanni, Thelenota ananas, and Thelenota anax.

This study aimed to investigate the catch composition, length frequency, fishing effort and distribution of Sepia pharaonis caught by pot in the fishing grounds of Ramin and Konarak (Sistan and Baluchestan Province). During October, November, December, and January 2021, 387 specimens were collected in depths of 20 to 40 meters in Ramin and 368 specimens were collected in Konarak. In the Ramin region, the highest number (129 specimens) and the highest range of length (17.3-40.6cm) and weight (367.3-3847.5g) were observed in January. The highest number of squids caught belonged to the length class of 24.8-27.2cm (54 specimens) and the lowest number belonged to the length class 39.8-42.2cm (2 specimens). In the Konarak region, the highest number was observed in January (113 specimens), and the highest ranges of length (18.2-41.2cm) and weight (426.17-3886.24g) were observed in October. The highest number of caught squid belonged to the length class of 29.3-32cm (49 specimens) and the lowest number belonged to the length class of 39.9-42.4cm (6 specimens). In the Ramin region showed that 14 species were caught in October, 11 species in November, 14 species in December and 16 species in January. Also, in Konarak, 16 species were caught in October, 15 species in November, 13 species in December and 16 species in January. The values of a, b and R2 parameters of length and weight, in the Ramin region, were 0.2085, 2.6422, and 0.9791, respectively. The values of a, b and R2 parameters of length and weight, in Konarak, were 0.17038, 2.6962, and 0.9842 respectively. Comparison of CPUE values showed that the highest values in these two regions were observed in January and the lowest values were observed in October. The results of this study have enhanced comprehension of the population dynamics of Sepia pharaonis in these fishing grounds and provide valuable insights into the ecological conditions of the studied areas.

In this research, the biological adsorption process of lead heavy metal was investigated using brown algae Nizimuddinia zanardini and green algae Ulva rigida. Optimum adsorption conditions by measuring pH, the amount of adsorbent, time, and the concentration of lead ion were investigated. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherms were used to investigate surface adsorption. Adsorption kinetics were investigated according to pseudo-first and second-order kinetic equations. Examining the pH results, it was found that brown algae at pH = 5 and green algae at pH = 6 could reach the maximum adsorption of lead. Examining the time-related results, it was found that the best adsorption time for both algae was 60 min. The results of the adsorbent dosage showed that the two bioadsorbents of brown and green algae have the highest amount of adsorption in the amounts of 0.5 and 0.7 g, respectively, and in the initial concentration of metal ions, the highest efficiency was obtained in the dosage of 2 mg/l. The results of the isotherm model showed that lead adsorption by brown algae corresponds to the Langmuir isotherm and green algae to the Freundlich isotherm. Also, according to the kinetic results, both adsorptions follow second-order kinetics.

Microplastic pollution due to its small size can be used by a wide range of marine organisms and accumulate mainly in their digestive system, as they have been found in the tissues of aquatic animals, including fish. Due to the nutritional importance of fish for humans, it is very important to check their contamination. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the presence of microplastics in skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) in the Oman Sea.

17 pieces of skipjack tuna were used. After the biometry, dissection and isolation of the digestive system of the fish, the digestion and extraction of microplastics were done using KOH solution. Identification and counting were also done by a stereomicroscope equipped with a digital camera. FTIR spectrophotometric analyses were performed to investigate the polymers.

The total frequency and average frequency of microplastics are 331 particles and 19.4±7.3 particles per individual, respectively. String (64.35%) and pieces (28.7%) were the dominant forms in the samples. The highest color spectrum was assigned to red (28.7%) and the lowest to violet (1.51%). The largest number of identified microplastics had a size of 0.5-1 mm (53%). Analysis of particles by ATR-FTIR method showed that nylon polymer and polycarbonate were the dominant polymer particles.

Microplastics are present in all samples. The abundance of microplastics in water, sediments and contaminated bait makes them easily available and swallowed by fish, which is most likely the main reason for the presence of microplastics in fish.

Knowledge of the proximate composition of invertebrates such as sea cucumbers helps to improve our understanding of the nutritional importance of these organisms. In this study, the approximate composition (protein, fat, ash, and moisture) of two species of sea cucumbers, Holothuria leucospilota and Stichopus herrmanni, in Chabahar Bay during 4 seasons of 2022, was investigated based on standard methods. Sea cucumbers were transported to the laboratory after collection. Approximately 20 grams of muscle was used for each sample. Analysis (in triplicate) was performed to check the proximate compounds. The results showed that the percentage of protein than fat was higher in both cucumber species and the percentage of protein and fat in H. leucospilota species was higher than S. hermanni, so that the highest crude protein in the summer season was for H. leucospilota species (72±0.54). 7.7%) and the lowest value was recorded for S. hermanni in spring season (3.23±0.26%). The highest fat content was observed in the spring season (4.56±0.29%) in H. leucospilota species and the lowest in winter season (1.47±0.66%) in S. hermanni species. The percentage of moisture and ash was higher in S. hermanni species than H. leucospilota. The highest humidity percentage was for summer season (87.09±0.45%) in S. hermanni species and the lowest for winter season (81.63±0.48%) in H. leucospilota species. The highest amount of ash was in autumn (4.81±0.49%) for S. hermanni and the lowest for H. leucospilota in summer (1.23±0.28%). Compared to the other studied species, H. leucospilota species is nutritionally more suitable due to its high caloric value and sufficient crude protein content.

This study aimed to investigate the diet of Pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis) caught by pot during the sampling seasons in the Konarak fishing ground located in the Sistan and Baluchestan province. Tiger squid samples were collected for biological studies in the period from October to January 2021. Based on the obtained data, the highest number was recorded in January (113 specimens), and the highest ranges of length (18.2-2.41 cm) and weight (426.17-17.3886 grams) were recorded in October. Based on the results of non-linear regression between length and weight, the values of a, b, and R2 parameters were 0.17038, 2.6962, and 0.9842, respectively. The highest Fulton index was obtained in December (0.93) and the lowest index was obtained in October (0.64). The highest value of the GaSI index was observed in December (1.02) and the lowest value was observed in November (0.7). Also, the highest SFI index was observed in January (0.535) and the lowest in November (0.31). The changes in the ESR index also showed that this index was 68% in October, 57% in November, 34% in December, and 41% in January. Based on the results of gastric dilatation, the highest state of the empty stomach (53%) and three-quarter dilation (13%) were observed in October. Also, most one-quarter dilation (18%), one-half dilation (24%), and full stomach (22%) were observed in January. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the nutritional status of Pharaoh Cuttlefish caught by fishing trap in the Konarak in different sampling (P<0.05). Also, they have a varied diet (Fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and other digested materials) during different sampling months.

Heavy metals are one of the most common environmental pollutants that can enter coastal areas from natural and human sources and affect marine organisms and the human population. Heavy metals are a serious threat to human health, living organisms and natural ecosystems due to their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation characteristics. Many heavy metal ions are toxic or carcinogenic to humans. Heavy metals can lead to the destruction of marine ecosystems by reducing the diversity and number of species and through accumulation in living organisms and food chains. Heavy metals enter coastal and marine environments through various sources, including industries, and domestic sewage. Heavy metals from ship traffic effluents are among polluting sources. This study investigated the effect of this pollution on macrobenthic communities. The findings show that heavy metals have an effect on premature spawning, increase in mortality and decrease in the body's defense system in fish, decrease in growth and survival and irregular cell division in sea urchins, increase in mortality, delay in growth and prevention shell development and irregular cell division in crustaceans, and increased mortality, reducing body defenses, delaying growth, losing breeding capacity and reducing eggshell thickness in seabirds, and irregular structure and acute toxic condition and delay in growth in benthos. Urban and industrial activities are the main sources of marine environment pollution. As a result, it can be stated that environmental quality assessment in this sector can provide useful information for pollution control in coastal areas. Recently, the implementation of environmental legal frameworks in the European Community has increased the awareness of the importance of heavy metals in shipping effluents in order to achieve "good environmental status".

Some bacteria, due to competition over space and greater access to nutrients, form a very thin layer to prevent other bacteria and other organisms from sticking. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the antagonistic activity of Chiton Lamayi kittens isolated from Chiton Lamayi kittens on human and marine pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (AT29) strains (CH6). , Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PTTC1430), Escherichia coli (PTCC 1399), Vibrio Chlorine (PTCC1611) and Vibrio Harvey (PTTC1755). Chiton samples were transferred from the intertidal zone to the laboratory for purification of surface bacteria. Cross-steric method was used to investigate the antagonistic property. The greatest antagonistic effect of k.turfanensis on the pathogenicity of Vibrio Harvey was 12.3 mm. According to the results of the present study, it seems that the bacteria in each medium have specific antagonistic properties to the environment.

Marine mammals are the most important marine species. They are at the top of the food chain. Population of these species is a sign of the ecosystem health of the sea, and remoteness of the marine environment from an acute challenge. In the present study, in order to improve marine habitat management, the place to flowering the water-speculator of marine mammals in a 20-year period was studied and compared with the phenomenon of floaters that occur for buoys in shallow and coastal waters. The evolutionary relationship of cetaceans, terrestrial mammals, body shape and motion appendages of these species and the body of floating bodies in these depths was studied. It was found, stranding of these marine mammals, similar to the squat phenomenon, which it happens on shallow shores and the tidal zone. In order to manage these habitats and protecting these valuable species, identify topography, forms and depths of the beaches and coastal flows, it will be useful.

Sampling from sediment and environmental factors for investigating the structure and population dynamic of macrobenthos community in 5 stations in lagoon Lipar located 19 k.m. east of chabahar in sistan and balouchestan province from NOV in 2013 to APR in 2014. Mean density of macrobenthos in station 3 with 1441 ind/m2 was maximum during 6 month sampling period and density for stations 5, 4, 2, 1, was 1043, 580, 141 and 108 ind/m2 respectively. Macrobenthos density was also maximum in May with 1078 ind/m2 and 717, 675, 541, 523, 441 ind/m2 was for Feb, Mar, Des, Jan and Apr respectively. Among macrobenthos community only 3 groups, including chironomids with 8873, Foraminifrans and gastropods with 2162 and 10 ind/m2 were abundance respectively. Among environmental factors, salinity (mean: 137±90 ppt) and temperature (mean: 25±5O °C) poss the highest variation. Results show that between macrobenthose and sand grain was a significant correlation (P

In order to determine the optimal concentrations of nutrients of nitrate and phosphate, growth of macroalgae Ulva rigida in the fertilizers sodium nitrate (10-40 mg/l) and superphosphate (5-20 mg/l) individually in four treatments with control (each in triplicate) were evaluated for 28 days. Biometry weight (g) of algae, salinity, pH were measured once weekly. Temperature was measured in the morning and afternoon every day. Algae growth at the end of the day 28 in the nitrate treatment (20 mg/l) and phosphate (10 mg/l) had significantly difference with other treatments (P

In this study abundance and composition of Vibrio </em>spp. In water and sediment of inlet Chanel and shrimp pond during the entire crop cycle were done in Gowater shrimp complex. Samples of  source (Inlet chanel) water and pond water werecollected one day prior to filling the pond with water and thereafter at  twenty day intervals after stocking at three pre-determined sampling  locations in two ponds (pond 1 and pond 2; sampling points denoted as A, B and C in each pond) and one locations in the source water (Inlet Chanel).Total Vibrio </em>like organisms (TVLO) wasenumerated on Vibrio-selective medium- thiosulphate citrate bile-salt sucrose agar (TCBS; HiMedia, India).Identification of Vibrio </em>spp. was based on their morphological, and  biochemical characteristics using the Bergey’s Manual of  Determinative Bacteriology. obtained Results during the study revealed, the average total counted vibrio bacterial</em> in rearing water were significantly higher than in source water (P </em>< 0.05).As well as, comparisonin  abundance and composition between two ponds with each other and Inlet Chanel are significantly differentiated. Of course compositions of source water vibrios are similar betweensampling date. The Vibrio </em>community was represented in abundance mainly by V. metschnikovii</em>, V. fluvialis, V. mimicus</em>respectively. Because of pathogenic potential of these bacteria, health management of shrimp pond is very necessary.

This study has been carried out in the coast of Chabahar Bay from March, 2013 to Febuary, 2014. We sampled macrofouling organisms in three stations. Overall, 40 species of macrofouling organisms were detected in which Barnacles, sponges, Bryozoans, echinoderms, Polychaetes and Gastropods were the major groups. The majority of biomass and highest density were observed in the first half of the sequence. Biomass and density differences in the sequence of 6 months on structures was evident. Amphibalanus amphitrite had the highest participation in these sequences.

Free radicals cause different diseases. Today’s finding of natural antioxidants is an interest. Marine sponges will be an important drug source in future. In this study the antioxidative effects of some marine sponges from Chabahar Tidal Seashores investigated.
After gathering and recognition of sponges, distilled water and methanol 96% used as solvent for extraction. Free radical scavenging activity, metal chelating activity and reduction power were measured after total phenolic content assayed in the extracts and compared with the standards.
water extracts of Dysideidae, Halichondriidae and callyspongia showed more free radical scavenging activity in compare with alcoholic extract (p Results showed sponges extracts in this study had a good content of antioxidative activity especially in metal chelating activity and with more clinical study we could reach to a way for drug delivery from the marine environment.

The present study investigated age and growth patterns of the Dwarf snakehead Channagachua from Sarbaz River. A year round regular monthly collection of this species was carried out from June 2013 to May 2014 (Except in August). The specimens total length and total weight ranged from 13 to 153 millimeters, and 0.04 to 49.49 grams respectively. Sex ratio was 1: 1.23 in favor of males. Length–weight relationship was calculated as W = 0.0089TL 3.11 (r2= 0.99) for males and W = 0.0079TL 3.16 (r2=0.99) for females and for the entire Sexes combined as W = 0.0103TL 3.04 (r2=0.99) being all metrically positive for both sexes. Age determination by opercula readings revealed that the majority of specimens belonged to the age group of 3, with 6 being the oldest age recorded for both sexes. The von Bertalanffy growth model was estimated as Lt =21.78[1- exp-0.16(t 3.62)] for males,Lt =25.40[1-exp-0.13(t 0.32)] for females and Lt =26.44 [1-exp- 0.12(t 3.72)] for the whole Sexes combined. The highest values of condition factor were obtained in December and April for both sexes. The results indicated that biological factors such as growth and sex ratio in Dwarf Snakehead species from Sarbaz River show considerable differences compared to the specimens from other localities of its natural habitats.

The population dynamics depend on their environment and habitat stability and environmental conditions are the main element effecting biodiversity and richness. The main objective of this study is assessment of biodiversity of intertidal crabs in chabahar bay. During this research TOM, Moisture, Density, Dominance, Richness and Evenness have measured. For this purpose, Sampling were carried out at 3 stations, Tiss, Jazireh Kharchang and Konarak, in one period in July 2009. Totally, 7 species recorded, belonged to the family Ocypodidae. The results of biodiversity indice's in 3 Stations have been shown which Jazireh Kharchang with 5 species and Konarak with 1 species have the highest and lowest diversity, respectively. Whereas, The Percentage of TOM and Grain Size showed significant differences between the 3 Stations, while the highest TOM and lowest sand Percentages observed in Jazireh Kharchang.

This research has been conducted seasonally and in three stations so as to determine the dietary of sea urchin Echinometra mathaei species in tidal zones on Chabahar coast over the period of six month beginning from Shahrivar 1391 to Farvardin 1392 (Persion Date). The caught E. mathaei were delivered to yhe laboratory and after dissection، the contents of the digestive system of this species were examined through microscopes. The examination resulted in identification of the animals which were inside the digestive system and their priovitization in accordance with their species (brown، Red،Green Algea). The E. mathaei which has been under study has shown a various range of dietary. The fact that E. mathaei fed on brown algea (Kelp، Sargassum) and red algea (Grasylaria) has been pointed out by previous studies and this research also confirm the outcome of these studies. Because the study diet E. mathaei Sea urchin approx invertebrate animals cannot be classified as nutritional characteristics in vertebrates (fish) is used، enjoyed. Statistical indicators that can be used for sea urchin، gonadal index and calculate the total body weight is the weight of the gastrointestinal tract. On the whole، the dietary of E. mathaei consists primarily of brown algea available in their own habitat and secondry of red and green algea. It has also observed that they occasionally feed on Algea.

Echinoderms، ancient group of marine invertebrates، are a rich source of antibacterial compounds with high activity mechanism. In the present study، the antibacterial effect of sea urchin skin، Echinometra mathaei، was examined in different doses on some pathogenic bacterial strains. After sampling and transport of samples to the laboratory، animals were dissected، and the shucks separated after grinding it and، potentially bioactive metabolites were extracted using chloroform. The extracts were tested for activity against Staphylococcus aureus، Enterococcus faecalis، Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia with varying concentration ranged from 1. 25 to 11. 25 mg/ml. The tests were performed by disk diffusion method. The results showed that the antibacterial effect of different concentrations of extracts on types of bacteria are significantly different (p<0/05). The greatest antibacterial effect on Gram-positive bacteria such as enterococci and staphylococci in concentrations 1/25-5/25 and the most remarkable effect of 6/25-8/25 concentrations was recorded on Gram-negative bacteria such as Klebsiella and E. coli. The findings suggest that these compounds of sea urchin could serve as a potential source of new antibacterial substances to replace chemical agents even at low concentrations against Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore، this investigation Proposes that marine echinoderms could be potential sources of novel antimicrobial.

Polychaete worms with high species richness and diversity play a key role in the water food chain. In this research polychates of the intertidal zone of Tis coast in Chabahar bay were studied. Sampling was conducted over a period of one year, from summer to winter 2013 and during four seasons by 50 cm×50 cm quadrats. Twenty two families and 30 genera and 4 species were identified polychaetes.The dominant species of polychaetes were identified: Prionospio sp., Nepthys spp., Scoloplos spp., Spio sp., Ophelia sp., Aphelochaeta sp., Armandia leptocirris. Polychaetes were the most common in winter with 305 Ind.m and autumn with 89 Ind.m is the minimum frequency. Statistical analysis by two-way ANOVA showed significant differences (P>0.05) between the abundance of polychaetes in the year seasons. The species diversity and richness with values 3.6 and 0.88 in winter and the level of environmental integrity in the spring and autumn with value 0.63 and 3.11, respectively, were the highest dominance. The third station with mean 3.29 in four seasons had the highest Shannon index, which reflects the greater diversity of polychaetes in this station. The results showed that this area is very rich in terms of density and diversity of polychaetes. The result obtained from this study could examine the status of contamination by comparing records.

Aim and Phylogenetic analysis and morphological identification on species of each region can be used as the basis for establishing subsequent studies. Many phylogenetic studies have been carried out according to mitochondrial genome on gastropods group in other coastal areas of the world but there are not much data on nuclear genome. Most Gastropod study in Iran is founded on morphology of the species, and there are no records of molecular study from south coast of Iran. In this study phylogenetic analysis of a sea slug species from Chabahar coast was examined for the first time. Samples were collected from rocky shores of Tis in Chabahar and transferred to the laboratory. The samples were analyzed morphologicaly prior to being frozen in freezer -80 degrees. DNA was extracted by using CTAB method and then Polymerase Chain Reaction, sequencing alignment were conducted and phylogenic tree was obtained. Nucleotides sequence of the gene in 18s rDNA region was analyzed. The phylogenetic analysis was conducted and found that the Iranian species and other species in Panpulmonata clad have more divergence than species of the other two clads. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that the Iranian species from Chabahar coast is in the Panpulmonata clad and with 100% bootstrap support is a sister group Peronia Cf.peroni. The molecular results are confirmed by morphological features.

Nowadays aquatic with its high food value could attain a suitable place in family food shopping. Sea Cucumber is one of the important nurturing aquatic in the sea. These animals are nurturing in several countries such as India، Indonesia، Japan، Italy، and the United States because of having a high percentage of protein، Condroetin sulfate، Glycoside Saponin and also lacking of cholesterol. Unfortunately، there has not yet been regarded any considerable attention to these species of echinoderms in our country. This project considered many factors which are necessary for the nurturing of the Sea Cucumber. These factors include the place of farm، the time of nurturing، the amount of feeding، different types of Sea Cucumber nurturing methods، and estimating of costs. Stichopus Varigatus and Holothuria Leucospilota Sea Cucumbers have a high food and economic values. They are extensively found in Chabahar zone. There are several factors such as the extensive distribution of the mentioned species، their rather easy nurturing، fast growth in high distribution، and food consumption share with a low-cost make a qualified and good place for nurturing of this aquatic animal. Many attempts have been done in this study to fully operationally investigate the Sea Cucumber nurturing project in a farm of its nurturing in our honorable country in general and in Chabahar zone in particular. The results of the study demonstrate that the pay-back time in current project is one year and two months with a return rate of 75 percents which is totally economical.