آرش قربانی سپهر

Isfahan Province is located in the arid and semi-arid region of Iran and is considered one of the country's leaders in the production and export of agricultural and industrial products. These characteristics have created challenges for local governance in this province. In the current research, the upcoming scenarios in the field of virtual water application in the local governance of Isfahan province have been investigated using a future research approach. This research is descriptive-analytical, and data were collected through library and field methods and analyzed using Micmac, Scenario Wizard, and Vensim software. The results of the research showed that coordination between various institutions and stakeholders, management of water resources in the agricultural sector in line with other sectors, the collective interest approach, development of water-intensive industries, climate change, rainfall patterns, and population size are among the key variables affecting the use of virtual water in local governance of Isfahan province. In the analysis of key drivers and possible scenarios, the output of the Scenario Wizard software showed that out of the 18 situations on the scenario page, the largest number of situations are related to scenarios that put the local governance of Isfahan province on a crisis path. These situations comprise 38.88 percent of the total situations on the scenario page. Therefore, the future situation of virtual water use in Isfahan province was assessed as critical.

The Hajj not only provides a way to get closer to God, but also offers social, educational, economic and political benefits to pilgrims. Hajj cultural diplomacy has the potential to be effective in creating world and regional peace and security. History has shown that whenever cultural contexts are strengthened, the contexts of resentment and enmity between people diminish, and war and bloodshed succeed, and peace is restored. Unifying diplomacy that brings peace and security is accompanied by rationality and reason, and it is the Hajj ritual that provides the ground for unity and solidarity and avoids strife and division. Therefore, Hajj is a political and social worship that includes a set of divine laws and commands to achieve happiness in this world and the hereafter; And the rituals included in this divine religion are a unifying and peace-creating mixture that if we pay attention to the true philosophy of Hajj rituals and perform its deeds correctly, Muslims can achieve happiness in this world and the hereafter and a single Islamic nation but also above that society. Form an Islamic world. In this research, descriptive-analytical method has been used. The results of the research show that Hajj rituals are an exercise for establishing logical communication and dialogue between Islamic religions; and the correct use of this great Islamic position can bring the Islamic religions closer.

Cyber space cannot be fully understood without understanding the role of space. Cyber ​​space is a complex, decentralized and dynamic space with many components and diverse features. Therefore, the field of cyberspace geography is relatively new and much more variable than other environments. But what initially seemed like the Internet was supposed to end geography; But this was not the case and the cyber space was used as a complement to the geographical space. Therefore, in the current era, each of the geographical sciences seeks to understand the dimensions of cyber space, among which political geography is a science that discusses and examines the concepts of cyber space. Based on this, the current research is based on the method of content analysis and the use of library data in order to answer the question, what is the conceptualization and scope of the political geography of cyber space? The findings show that cyberspace and related technologies are one of the most important sources of power in the third millennium. Therefore, cyberspace is considered one of the geopolitical power generating components for countries; So that today powerful countries influence other countries by using the capacities of cyber space. On this basis, the political geography of cyberspace is formed from human action with a political dimension on cyberspace. Therefore, political geographers can study the cyberspace and present plans to the statesmen to organize this space in line with [its better management].

As the center of developments on local, regional, national, and global scales, and the site of influential actors, Tehran's metropolitan area has long been a stage for political power dynamics. Additionally, the presence of geopolitical drivers has further elevated its position in power relations. The central question of this research was this: What are the drivers and future scenarios of power relations in Tehran Metropolis? This was an applied research study with an exploratory nature. To answer the research question, indicators were extracted through a multi-stage interview process involving 30 elite experts and an elite panel. The Delphi method was also used to screen the propellants. The data were analyzed using the MicMac and Scenario Wizard software. The research results revealed 45 possible situations across 7 scenarios with strong and likely compatibilities. Based on the scenario table of geopolitical drivers affecting the future of power relations in Tehran Metropolis, 33.33% were in a favorable situation, 41.6% were in a semi-favorable situation, and 25% were in a static situation. The 1st and 2nd scenario boards were the most prominent in terms of position.

Today, the positioning of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the geometry of power and role-playing at the regional and extra-regional levels has attracted the attention of many transnational actors to prevent the Islamic Republic of Iran from playing a role in global developments by creating threats. The research method in this article is a mixed method (quantitative-qualitative). In this research, SPSS statistical software was used to describe and analyze the data. Also, the current research is practical in terms of its purpose, and the nature of the current research is exploratory. The aim of the current research is to identify the extra-regional security-defense threats of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The statistical population of the current research is academicians, army and country officials, 100 of whom were selected through snowball sampling. The question of the current research is what are the extra-regional defense-security threats of the Islamic Republic of Iran and which one has the most impact. Based on the research results, defense-security threats are the most important with an average rating of 5.92. Then economic threats are in second place with an average rating of 44.15. Political threats are in the third place with an average rank of 4, and cultural-social threats are in the fourth place with an average rank of 3.65. Environmental threats with an average rank of 2.28 and geographical threats with an average rank of 1.01 have been assigned the 5th and 6th place, respectively.

The method of this research is (mixed) and MICMAC software was used. The results of the research showed that 5 challenges have been identified as the most influential factors on the security environment of the Republic of Iran, which according to the matrix of direct and indirect effects, it can be said that the index A10 (creating a balance of power against the growing power of the Islamic Republic of Iran) is placed in the first rank of direct and indirect influence. Index A8 (the UAE's cooperation with the international policies of the United States in the region and the maximum pressure on the Republic of Iran) has been placed in the second rank of direct and indirect influence. Index A9 (efforts to curb the thinking of the Islamic revolution and prevent the penetration and expansion of the axis of resistance) has been placed in the third rank of direct and indirect influence. Index A4 (conducting war maneuvers and exercises with the Zionist regime) is placed in the fourth rank of direct and indirect influence. Index A6 (strengthening of military-industrial relations with some Mediterranean partners) has been placed in the fifth rank of direct and indirect influence.

A B S T R A C T
Urban tourism is one of the most dynamic and essential components of the current development of cities, which is effective in branding at (local, national, and international) levels. Therefore, the issue of the current research is, what are the drivers that are effective on the future state of tourism geopolitics of Tehran metropolis, and what is the relationship between these variables in terms of influence and effectiveness? This research method is quantitative-qualitative (mixed), and the future studies approach has been used in its analysis. The research findings show that in the first stage, 30 factors were identified with the Delphi method. What can be understood from the state of dispersion of variables affecting the geopolitical state of tourism in the Tehran metropolis is the system's unstable state; most of the variables are scattered around the diagonal axis of the plane. Therefore, four categories can be identified (influential, two-dimensional, influential, and independent factors). The results of the research showed that five variables have been identified as the most influential factors in the tourism geopolitics of the Tehran metropolis, including in terms of direct and indirect influence matrix; it can be said that the H1 index (private sector investments) is ranked first in direct and indirect influence. Index A5 (hotels, malls, and large commercial centers) is ranked second in terms of direct and indirect influence. Index H8 (holding festivals, exhibitions, conferences, and seminars) is ranked third in terms of direct and indirect influence. The C4 index (economic centrality) is ranked fourth in terms of direct and indirect influence. Index A4 (Urban Metro) is ranked fifth in terms of direct and indirect influence.
Extended Abstract
Today, in the 21st century, tourism has become one of the most critical functions of cities, and this function is so vital that it provides the basis for cities to obtain much economic capital and, in the next step, to establish themselves as an important city among other ones to propose. Also, this function has become important in such a way that it has provided the ground for the competition of cities to accept more tourists, which we can call the geopolitics of urban tourism which cities have become so essential and are seeking to increase their functions, especially the function of tourism as a global city to compete with other cities at (local, national, regional and global) levels. The current research employs a future studies approach to identify the geopolitical factors driving urban tourism in Tehran; this will help select key drivers for planning the future of tourism.
 
This article is a mixed type of research (quantitative-qualitative). Therefore, in order to answer the research question, its indicators have been extracted with the help of a multi-stage interview with eight experts and an elite panel and refined based on structural analysis.  Drawing the future is based on these indicators. Thus, the Delphi method has been used to screen these indicators. Structural analysis of this question has been done with the help of Mic Mac software to refine indicators and variables in the direction of forecasting, and the presented future is also exploratory in terms of typology. Finally, by identifying and extracting relevant components and selecting panel members based on expertise, the components that did not get the necessary points were removed from the questionnaire, and the final questionnaire was designed in the form of (number zero; no effect), (number one; low impact), (number two; medium impact), (number three; high impact), were provided to the respondents to rate each component.
 
As a place with the most natural and human tourist attractions, Tehran city spends the most urban expenses on building tourist places to attract tourists and earn more foreign currency. Thus, improving the quality of urban life in Tehran is affected by various factors that exist in Tehran. Therefore, in this context, the development of tourism in Tehran is considered as a source of changing economic, social and environmental characteristics, which has the potential to be effective in improving the quality of urban life. In any case, Tehran, following the example of European cities in building entertainment environments, has the first rank in the country, as these entertainment environments are available in all parts of Tehran. Many of these environments in Tehran are well known in the country, attracting many tourists from different cities. Nevertheless, it can be said that the entertainment industry (urban tourism) is one of the geopolitical components of Tehran metropolis, which provides the ground for the development of Tehran compared to other cities. The existing findings show that, due to the transition process, tourism in Tehran will become a geopolitical issue on a national and transnational scale, and it is necessary to identify the driving forces affecting its importance.
 
The present research was conducted to identify the drivers influencing the tourism geopolitics of Tehran metropolis. Scientific and logical tools are necessary in order to identify and determine the key effective drivers on the geopolitics of tourism in Tehran metropolis with a future studies approach like other approaches, based on the results obtained from the structural analysis in the Mic Mac software, 30 factors such as key variables were selected for the hydropolitical relations of the Zayandeh-Rood watershed. These drivers, in order of priority, include private sector investments H1, hotels, malls, and large commercial centers A5, holding festivals, exhibitions, conferences and seminars H8, economic centrality C4, urban subway A4, financial resources A3, large sports complexes and cultural centers A10, urban symbols (both Azadi and Milad Tower) A6, holding sports events H7, central and focal location C1, political-administrative centrality C3, information-media centrality A1, production and industrial centrality C2, historical monuments and museums C6, technology and technology centrality A2, creation of large recreational structures (including nature bridge, cable car, ski lift, and amusement parks) A9, style administrative issues in tourism sectors H4, security and social welfare H5, strengthening medical and health tourism H2, places of pilgrimage (including courts and imamzadehs) C7, service and relief infrastructure capacity A8, Universities and the development of university-related disciplines H3, access to freeways and urban passages A7, judicial centrality C5, artists (including actors, singers, and musicians) H6, favorable climate N1, forest parks and urban spaces greenery N3, natural landscapes (mountains and green meadows) N5, the extent and quality of space N2, plant and animal species N4 were obtained as the most influential variables in the future of tourism geopolitics of Tehran metropolis.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Industrialization of a country leads to its growth and identifies it for investment and subsequently improvement of the country in social and economic fields. Construction of industrialized settlements and the industrialization of underdeveloped areas can play an important role in the socio-cultural, economic and environmental developments in the areas around industries and increase rural production, productivity, job opportunities, provides basic needs and links with other departments. In this study the research method is survey and descriptive- analytical. The method of data collection is through library, and field study through Likert scale. The three indicators of quality of life development, efficiency and service delivery impacted Qarchak Industrial Town on the surrounding areas. This study used SPSS software and t-test and ANOVA for analyzing data. Results of the study show that from experts and practitioners view the economic impact of Qarchak industrial town was significant in relation to the three indicators of quality of life development, efficiency and service provision. The results of analysis show that from experts and practitioner's point of view the impact of settlements on the surrounding areas is different with respect to these three indices. Also the output obtained by Tukey and Scheffer tests shows that from point of view of the two groups the economic impact of Qarchak Industrial Town is different with respect to three different indicators.

Finally, with the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran and the formation of the Islamic government, for the first time in the world, Shiites gained power and government. This surprised the world and turned the eyes of researchers in the field of culture, civilization and politics to the Islamic Republic of Iran. Iran's sensitive role in the region in recent decades, as well as the emergence of the Shiite alliance centered on Iran, has led to a significant increase in Iran's power in the region, and this has provided the basis for America and the West to consider the Islamic Republic of Iran as the biggest threat. They have taken into account and in order to deal with Iran's influence, they have used numerous threats with the cooperation of their allied countries. Descriptive-analytical method is used in this article. Based on the findings of the research, America and the West are trying to stop the progress and influence of Iran in the region and the extra region by creating combined threats so that they can achieve their geopolitical goals in the geopolitical regions of the world, especially the regions (West Asia, Caucasus, Central Asia and East Asia). On the other hand, the economic threats of the United States and the West have caused the financial and non-financial assets of the Islamic Republic of Iran to be blocked in other countries,

With the victory and establishment of the holy system of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the world's arrogant powers led by the United States, which saw its evil interests in the world as lost, from the very beginning of the victory of the revolution, all its agents and tricks such as creating division, sanctions, threats They used incitement of ethnic groups, division of the country, etc... to defeat this revolution. In the meantime, the aim of the current research is to explore the defense-security thoughts of the Imams of the Revolution, considering the threats that the Islamic Republic of Iran is facing, so that based on these thoughts, the defense-security threats of the Islamic Republic of Iran can be controlled and faded. In terms of nature, this study is considered as a descriptive-analytical research. The basis of the research is based on library sources and statements of Imams of the revolution in the field of defense and security. The findings of the research show that today, the enemies of Islam, especially the enemies of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, have plans to create threats and create threats, which they are trying to do with the levers of economic pressure, military threats, cyber threats, sanctions, and psychological warfare. reduce the Islamic Republic of Iran in the region and isolate it geopolitically.

The psychology of political leaders is one of the branches of political psychology. Therefore, studying in this area and recognizing the personality of policy makers is important. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the character of political leaders and their geopolitical goals in the political future of the world. The present study is a "theoretical foundation" research. Also, in accordance with the qualitative strategy, descriptive-analytical research method has been used to conduct the research. the Indicate that Gandhi, the political leader of India, has a director who has a character and has a geopolitical impact on the rest of the world. These influences include Indian independence in Britain, the American black civil rights movement and the South African anti-colonial movement, which, until the contemporary period, remains the same for the world. While Hitler has a combination of two characters, he has been thrown into an agitated and reformist dilemma, and based on this, Hitler believes in the vital space of Ratzel, which, in the belief, has also led to geopolitical changes, such as the Second World War, the Holocaust, and the anti-communist treaty. Understanding the psychological characteristics of the personality of political leaders of countries has a great service in predicting (political foresight) their present and future behavior and will probably prevent unfortunate events at the national and global levels. Accordingly, the link between political psychology and its important branch of personality psychology can be of great help to geopolitical knowledge in predicting the future of the world on a very large scale.

Acting and power levels have reached lower levels from the national level, and many people have gained a lot of power in the space of cities, and by having power-creating resources, they are acting on the scales (local, national, regional, and global) and the power relations in the space. Cities make an impact. The metropolis of Tehran is governed by 25 governmental and non-governmental organizations, each of which has its own rules and regulations. Each of these actors has different identities and existences with the sources of power they have. Therefore, the present research has used the descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research show that among the local actors (tower builders, town builders and owners of commercial arcades; owners of factories, industries and large commercial and insurance companies; governorate; governorate; municipality and city council) as geopolitical actors of the metropolis of Tehran at the local level, they are powerful who have the power to influence power relations in Tehran metropolis. Among the national actors, (the government and its subordinate ministries; MPs, banks and financial institutions; the judiciary; political parties, military and security forces, and the Broadcasting Organization) are among the geopolitical actors at the national level in the metropolis of Tehran. Among the transnational actors (embassies) are geopolitical actors. Based on a large number of actors, one actor alone cannot manage the metropolis of Tehran, but the management of the metropolis of Tehran is based on the relationships formed between the actors in the city space.

Assessing the effects of residents of border villages are among the primary actors of border areas with a limited role in border control. With the changes that have taken place in recent decades, especially globalization and increased movement of people and goods, the control of the borders of the countries has become significantly more difficult and the life and financial costs imposed on the governments have increased significantly. Since national security, interests and identity are closely related to the security of borders and border areas and their optimal control, governments try in different ways to improve their border control by adopting strategies. One of the leading strategies in this field is the cultural development of residents of border villages. Based on this, the present article tries to answer the question of whether there is a relationship between the cultural development of border village residents and the improvement of border control with the descriptive-analytical method and based on library and field findings. To answer this question, indicators of cultural development were extracted from different theories and perspectives and 30 relevant indicators were considered using statistical analysis methods in the SPSS software environment. The results show that there is a significant relationship between the indicators of cultural development and the improvement of border control. Based on this, in general, it can be said that the cultural development strategy of residents of border villages has the necessary efficiency to improve border control, and it can also provide the basis for reducing life and financial costs along the borders. Based on this, this strategy has been approved and it is suggested to be used by the authorities to improve the control of the country's borders.great-oriented management on sustainable security Case study: border villages of Marivan and Sarovabad counties 

Cities are one of the human-geographical phenomena that have an important and prominent position in the equations of politics and power. From the past until now, cities have been the seat of rulers, a symbol and a space for exercising power in the realm of government, as well as a place to display the glory of power and the struggle over power, and hence the explanation of the city is a complex matter. On the other hand, the cities are continuously competing with each other, so that the actors try to attract more of their financial and human capital. According to this introduction, if we consider cities and especially metropolises as the center of resources and wealth for the production of power, in Iran, the metropolis of Tehran is considered as the center of power production in the country, which has many geographical and human resources of power that the actors in They are trying to shape power relations by having these resources. In the meantime, the human dimensions of the geopolitics of Tehran metropolis include the sources of power that the actors seek to acquire and exploit. The present research, using the descriptive-analytical method, seeks to identify geopolitical components with a human nature in the metropolis of Tehran. Based on the findings of the research, population quantity, population quality, population structure, population diversity, centrality of political parties, efficient urban management, political-social participation of citizens are among the geographic sources of power with human nature in Tehran metropolis. The results of the research show that geopolitical components with a human nature have given Tehran metropolis a competitive advantage so that it can play a role at (national and transnational) levels and gain a geopolitical position for this city.

The West Asian region has witnessed various developments in the last half century, which have been based on conflicts between regional governments and the role of supra-regional powers through the appointment of gendarmes for the West Asian region. But given the important role that Iran has played in the recent developments in the West Asian region, we are witnessing the formation of a new regional order in which a regional power such as Iran, in terms of power to restore stability to other countries involved with It has had a civil war and has been able to restore some security in the West Asian region. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to explain the position of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the security of the West Asian region. Based on this, the present applied research, with a descriptive and analytical method and based on library data, has tried to provide a correct and acceptable conceptualization of the position and role of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the security of the West Asian region. Based on this, the research findings show that Iran, as a regional power, has been able to ensure the security of the West Asian region by creating unity and convergence in the countries of the region.

Border areas due to their proximity to foreign countries and the geographical and political conditions prevailing in them, have their own characteristics that are considered an integral part of these conditions, which have a direct impact on the development of these areas. Therefore, if these features are not taken into account, it will have a negative impact on the development process and security of border areas and will act as a threat to development. But if this is taken into account and used in the development planning, and planning process of those areas, they will have positive effects and turn from a threat to an opportunity. Some of these characteristics are: distance from the center, geographical isolation, instability of settlement and constant movement of population, illegal border exchanges, cultural, ethnic and religious differences with the interior of the country, and external threats. Accordingly, the crises and insecurities in the southeast of the country cause great human and financial damage to the body of the province, military, law enforcement and security forces, government agencies and the people. High sensitivities of the province due to the geographical location and natural, human and political-cultural, security and military structures and several years of crisis history, the need for comprehensive knowledge of the province and detailed scientific research to discover the causes and factors of insecurity and find appropriate strategies for establishing security and taking advantage of regional opportunities are essential. This can only be achieved through regional studies. Therefore, human hazards in the southeastern region of the country have provided the fragility of this region and the instability of these areas. First, there are serious obstacles to the planning of this area, which should be recognized. Afterward, presenting programs with a visionary perspective sought can control and reduce it and pave the way for development and security in the southeast of the country. Therefore, the main question of the present study is which human hazards have the greatest impact on the management of the border areas of southeastern Iran.

The research method in this article is a mixed (quantitative-qualitative) method. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The library method has been used to collect the required information. In the library section, descriptive information is collected from books, articles, reports, and statistical yearbooks. These studies have been conducted to identify effective human hazards as well as theoretical foundations of research. Then the appropriate criteria were identified according to the purpose of the research. Also, field method and interviews with experts and a researcher-made questionnaire were used. Sampling method in this research is snowball sampling method. In addition, the sample size in this study includes 70 elites and specialists familiar with human hazards in the southeast of the country. In order to analyze the data obtained from the collected questionnaires, qualitative analyzes as well as descriptive and inferential statistical methods have been used. Thus, SPSS26 statistical software was used to describe the answers given to the general questions of the research questionnaire and Friedman test was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses.

The most effective human hazards in the planning of Sistan and Baluchestan province can be summarized as follows: Poverty: Sistan-Baluchestan province is far from any advantage and employment due to its distance from the center and being in the blind spot of the country, and also due to lack of mismanagement of officials, and lack of use of potentials in this province. Unemployment is high in the province, which is why Sistani citizens have joined terrorist groups or smuggled goods. Based on this, it can be said that poverty is one of the most important factors that affect the planning of this area. Therefore, the development of this area with a landscape perspective should be written in such a way that in the shortest time, the economic situation of the residents of this area grows and attracts their satisfaction. Foreign nationals: Slums around large cities and begging are the consequences of the presence of Afghan and Pakistani immigrants in the geographical area of ​​Sistan and Baluchestan. It should also be noted that the economy of the province is in the hands of Afghans and Sunnis in some areas. The uncontrolled growth of the population with a political perspective and its imbued with religious beliefs, has made the population of the province the youngest population in terms of age among the provinces of the country, which along with economic poverty, numerous security, political, educational and training problems and so on, have finally changed the population balance in favor of the Sunnis. They have changed and, in the future, will create a lot of social unrest that with new planning programs should be prevented that foreigners cannot easily make the space fragile.Migration: The most important problem of the people of Sistan and Baluchestan that leads to migration is water shortage, unemployment, and ecological changes in the region, which in turn leads to migration and the fragile geographical space of Sistan and Baluchestan. Hence, the issue of migration from Sistan and Baluchestan occurred due to drought conditions and problems caused by the Taliban, the diversion of the river and the dryness of Hamoon Wetland. Therefore, in order to prevent the migration of population from this area to other parts of the country, we need to establish sustainable development and security in this area, in the meantime, we need to establish good relations with neighboring countries to prevent water from dams in the river. The border guards have made us stop and bring the flow of life back to this area.Terrorism: The existence of terrorism and terrorist operations in the southeast of the country (Sistan-Baluchestan), has provided the ground for insecurity and is a serious obstacle to the organization of this area. Therefore, it is necessary for Iran to cooperate with neighboring countries in the field of eradication of terrorism, otherwise, despite the great human dangers in this region, it is possible that in the future the people of this region will become members of terrorist groups and against the regime act in such a way that in this case the government requires them to think of special measures.Lack of ignition: Sistan and Baluchestan, bordering Afghanistan and Pakistan, can provide many opportunities for the region, but it also poses threats, including smuggling of goods, drugs, and jobs. This is due to the lack of employment, which harms the economy of the country and this region, and also leads to insecurity in this region. Therefore, economic plans should be written with an economic perspective only in this area in order to bring development to this area so that this risk can be controlled in this area and provide a stable ground for this area.

The results show that the existence of human hazards is a serious obstacle to the implementation of beauty programs in this area that needs to be followed by national and local managers to control these hazards in the first step and then reduce them. Therefore, among the research items, "Lack of employment; "Smuggling of goods and drugs" is in the first place with 3.75 points, "poverty" is in the second place with 3.65 points. Among the items, "immigration" is in the third place with a score of 2.86, the presence of foreigners is in the fourth place with a score of 2.40, and terrorism is in the fifth place with a score of 2.33. On this basis, despite these risks, the elites can provide appropriate strategies to provide the basis for sustainable development in this area. Therefore, recognizing these risks and considering them in planning programs is the first step that needs to be considered in the planning document of this area in order to manage the human risks formed in this area.

Cities as geographic phenomena during recent decades through changes in globalization and enter the information age have become one of the leading elements of human life. So that urban development can be considered one of the most complex social developments in half a century. This development has brought with a series of problems such as marginalization, major cities etc. One of the most important issues in the uneven development in urban space and formation and development of class boundaries, especially in large cities of Third World such as Tehran, which affects the different organizing of the city and produce difficulty. On this basis, this paper has worked with the analytical method investigated the effects of development on the organizing of class boundaries in Tehran. Surveys indicate that the space in Tehran can be simply observed class boundaries such as income levels, access to facilities, access to green space, etc. These class boundaries in the city such gaps have fragmented the city. The results of this study indicate that existence of class boundaries in Tehran and its development has created different spaces that act as a barrier to organizing in Tehran.

One of the most important informal occupations in the border cities of Iran is Culbery employment. At present, due to the economic conditions in the city of Sardasht, Colberry is increasing as the job of the majority of the poor people of this city. The present study investigates and analyzes the economic reasons for the tendency of the people of Sardasht to work in Culbery.

The type of research is applied and the research method is descriptive-analytical. Library methods, electronic resources and field studies, interviews and researcher-made questionnaires were used to collect information and data. A total of 160 Colbranes from Sardasht were selected as the research sample based on snowball sampling. Findings were analyzed using SPSS 26 software using percentage and frequency and chi-square test and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha (value 0.70).

The results of the chi-square test indicate that there is a difference between the reason for employment with Culbery and the variables; There is no significant relationship between gender, place of birth, reason for migrating to the city, number of family members, level of education, type of goods mainly transported, monthly expenses, way of getting acquainted and entering the Culbery job and income fluctuations of the Culbery job in different seasons. But between the cause of colibri tendency and age, the previous job is also variable; There is a significant relationship between marital status, monthly salary, second source of income and apart from Culbery, future job, job security, job satisfaction and duration of Culbery employment with the reasons for inclination to Culbery.

The results of multivariate linear regression show that 35% of the dependent variable changes are due to independent variables that have been entered into the final model and the test value to determine the significance of the effect of independent variables on the causes of Culbery employment tendency 0.000 With a significance

Cities, as centers of communication and global transportation, are the main centers of domestic and international migration, transportation, communications and economic activities. Therefore, today, with the development of cities and the diversity and complexity of different sets of systems, it is necessary to pay attention to modern technologies to identify and analyze these issues. In the case of urban issues, especially the development of sustainable urban security, GIS can monitor the growth and development of the urban environment, identify trends and directions of growth, feasibility and routing of transportation networks, location of various urban applications, zoning design and preparation Comprehensive, detailed and fluid designs provide good performance. Therefore, due to the importance of the use of GIS in addressing the issues of sustainable urban development, the aim of this study was and therefore in this study, the applications of GIS in the development of sustainable urban security with emphasis on the metropolis of Tabriz. Due to the descriptive nature of the research, library sources and previous researches were cited. During the research, maps (Tabriz metropolis) output of GIS were used to confirm more. The results show that GIS can be used to achieve the goals of sustainability and sustainable security in this metropolis. So it is clear, with comprehensive and thoughtful use of GIS technology, city managers in the metropolis of Tabriz will be able to cultivate skilled and experienced human resources that by emphasizing their expertise, it will be possible to take care and manage valuable resources.

Developments in various fields have led to the emergence of new topics in the field of study in urban areas as spatial-geographic phenomena. Although cities have already had a prominent place in the past, changes in power and levels of power have increased the role of subordinate actors that have shaped geopolitical debates on cities. The purpose of this paper is to understand and understand the general history, philosophical nature, reason, and definitions of urban geopolitics as a new and expanding issue. Therefore, in this paper for analyzing the information, content analysis method has been used. By examining the history of the formation of the city's geopolitical concept and its existing definitions, it became clear that the concept and nature of urban geopolitics are not well defined, as is necessary and desirable. Thus, the authors consider the geopolitical philosophical nature of the city to be the geographic resources of power, with emphasis on the city, the space of cities and their sphere of influence, and its relations at the levels (local, national, regional, global). The results of the general survey of urban geopolitical conceptualizations in the researches show that proper conceptualization of urban geopolitics is not necessary. Based on this, one can consider urban geopolitics in terms of four dimensions (location, actors, function, and discourse).

in this research, an attempt has been made to analyze and examine the social networks of these immigrants at the destination by preparing a researcher-made questionnaire made by Aqqalai rural immigrants. The present study was used in terms of descriptive-analytical method, documentary data collection method and field methods including questionnaire. The statistical population of this study was Mr. Qalaei living in Morteza Gard village and the statistical sample was 243 people over 18 years of age of immigrants living in it who were randomly selected based on Cochran's formula. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire questions, the value of which was 0.783. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Kai Square and “T”). Based on the results, more than 61 percent of the migrants were encouraged by one of their acquaintances and relatives to migrate to Mortezagerd and received a variety of emotional and professional support from the network so that friends and relatives were involved in finding jobs for 85 percent of these immigrants. They sent funds to their hometowns for family along with the improvement of their economic situation and maintained association with their hometown monthly.

Due to geographic importance, India, China and European states are the largest potential natural gas markets of Iran. Iran natural gas and gas condensate production reached to 6.5 million barrels until February 2019. This gas will be received by Europe, finally. Europe depends on gas import from Russia, a matter that concerns gas importing states. Europe security strategy is focused on decrease in the level of dependence on Russia which is emphasized by Europe security perspectives. The research is intended to investigate these issues: what is Europe strategy to provide its energy security? And how do Iran’s gas resources affect Iran and Europe relations? The research hypothesis is that Europe is intended to develop its relation with Iran in order to decrease in Europe energy dependence on Russia. The research is based on descriptive-analytic method and also it is applied in terms of its goal. The research results show that Iran is the only state that can end Russia dominance on Europe energy supply, and European states can reconsider Iran’s role to promote Europe energy security and to decrease in the EU dependence on Russia.

Many of the frontier river basins in the world are simultaneously recognized as key engines of regional economic development, major livelihoods sources, as well as critical biodiversity conservation areas. These benefits often create a competitive role for governments and challenge them. Given the geographical location, strategic location of Iran and the presence of common water basins, the use of border and transboundary water diplomacy is considered as an essential tool for managing water crisis and adaptation to the problems caused by dehydration in the country. Based on this, a descriptive-analytical method has been used to write the present research. The findings of the research show that the only tool for organizing the situation in the current situation in Zaza Mazzi is the correct use of water diplomacy. The results of the research show that the formulation of water diplomacy by the Islamic Republic of Iran with the country is one of the requirements that should be pursued with seriousness in the future, using positive capacities and using the principles of international law, in order to address the situation of the Zabul border town before it arrives. The crisis can be solved with easier and less costly Scenarios.