آزاده قادری

The semiotic approach to literature entails deciphering a literary work through its embedded signs, wherein the language of poetry constructs a sign system, with each sign comprising an indivisible duality: the signifier and the signified. This analytical framework originates from the intellectual contributions of figures such as Charles Sanders Peirce, an American philosopher, and Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist. Semiotic linguistic studies endeavor to dissect and fathom the multifaceted layers of language, unearthing the latent content within. These studies delve into the dynamics between signifiers and signifieds as they manifest across diverse sign systems. The current analysis scrutinizes Badr Shakir al-Sayyab's poem “Madinat al-Sandbad” through a semiotic lens, concentrating on its title, musicality, language, and structure. The objective is to elucidate the signifiers and signifieds within the poem, thereby exposing the underlying social and political nuances concealed within its innovative poetic framework. The poet employs a repertoire of signs to communicate with the reader, signs that transcend their literal interpretations and imbue the text with novel significance. Interpretive analysis allows for the identification of signs at various levels, including the title, sound, word choice, and structure. The semiotic examination of the title suggests that the poem metaphorically references Baghdad, employing ambiguous language to evade the scrutiny of authorities. Through an exploratory reading, the reader can glean insights into the societal milieu of al-Sayyab's era from the poem's overt discourse, replete with themes of sorrow, despair, and hopelessness, despite occasional semantic dissonance within certain phrases. The linguistic elements of the poem serve as a unique set of signs that subtly convey meaning. On a grammatical level, the signs within sentences and phrases diverge from their conventional meanings, a phenomenon facilitated by the axes of substitution and addition, which collectively articulate the text's intrinsic meaning. Through interpretive reading, which relies on signs and scrutinizes syntactic and rhetorical constructs, the myths and symbols encountered in exploratory reading contribute to the generation of semantic associations and intricacies within the text, ultimately captivating the reader's attention with profound meanings and signs.

Based on the progress of psychology studies and the attention paid to children's cognitive, personality, emotional, and social development, it has been shown that psychological well-being is important for having a good life and helping children grow up to have productive and successful lives. Zakaria Tamer is a writer who works in the field of children's literature and writes in the Arabic language. He believes that the story is a platform that has an educational and psychological function and that it is effective in nurturing and flourishing the child's personality and ensuring that the child's mental health is maintained. A descriptive-analytical approach was taken in this study to investigate the components of well-being. Taking into account the importance of mental health as well as the need to raise the level of children's productivity and self-actualization, the present study was carried out. According to the obtained results, Zakaria Tamer tries to influence children's personality development and enhance their mental health by using a smooth style, a straightforward fantasy that is based on external reality, and animal characters that are drawn from natural elements and occasionally human. He also explains moral principles in his stories. Finally, he describes psychological well-being indicators in his stories, including personal development, independence, autonomy, effective and positive interpersonal communication, a sense of purpose in life, and control over one's environment. Tamer also aims to institutionalize away from idealistic self-concept and attention to self-concept in the child's institution through symbolic and metaphorical language use.

Language is present in all areas of human societies and has long been the organizer of human relations at all levels of human life and the basis for the formation of relationships, reflecting the beliefs, views and experiences of human beings. Critical discourse analysis, which developed in the context of sociological ideas, has a social approach to language. The present article, based on Van Dijk's socio-cognitive Analysis Discourse method, deals with the discourse of exploring the poem"Al-arz,va Al-Jorh Allazi la yonfatah " by Amal Danqol, a poet committed to the Arab society.This research uses ideological square elements, a satisfied discourse ode. Considers social and considers it as a social structure and seeks to discover social inequality and the negative points of the dominant discourse and how to redefine the meanings and the content of the audience and explain the poet's ideology.considers the text of the poem as a socio-political discourse and considers it as a social structure that creates its own discourse through the superstructure elements of language and attention to the context of the dominant discourse in society. Redefining the meanings and contentment of the audience and explaining the ideology. He considers the literary work as a kind of action that is socially formed and instead of considering it as a kind of ideal and aesthetic harmony, he considers it as an example of a variable literary institution which is marked by words, indexing, syntactic constructions, rhetorical applications including metaphor and metaphor, engages in polarization and breaks the hegemony of the dominant discourse, thereby reflecting the unequal distribution of power in current society. As a result, it became clear that in this poem, the poet relies more on alienation to show the face of Israel and other colonialists and internal enemies (the Arab ruler) to the people of his society and to institutionalize the ideology of struggle in the minds of the audience. he tries to focus the audience on the reality and the world that exists, not the world that the poet wants to create

Language is present in all areas of human societies and has long been the organizer of human relations at all levels of human life and the basis for the formation of relationships, reflecting the beliefs, views and experiences of human beings. Critical discourse analysis, which developed in the context of sociological ideas, has a social approach to language. The present article, based on Van Dijk's socio-cognitive Analysis Discourse method, deals with the discourse of exploring the poem"Al-arz,va Al-Jorh Allazi la yonfatah " by Amal Danqol, a poet committed to the Arab society.This research uses ideological square elements, a satisfied discourse ode. Considers social and considers it as a social structure and seeks to discover social inequality and the negative points of the dominant discourse and how to redefine the meanings and the content of the audience and explain the poet's ideology.considers the text of the poem as a socio-political discourse and considers it as a social structure that creates its own discourse through the superstructure elements of language and attention to the context of the dominant discourse in society. Redefining the meanings and contentment of the audience and explaining the ideology. He considers the literary work as a kind of action that is socially formed and instead of considering it as a kind of ideal and aesthetic harmony, he considers it as an example of a variable literary institution which is marked by words, indexing, syntactic constructions, rhetorical applications including metaphor and metaphor, engages in polarization and breaks the hegemony of the dominant discourse, thereby reflecting the unequal distribution of power in current society. As a result, it became clear that in this poem, the poet relies more on alienation to show the face of Israel and other colonialists and internal enemies (the Arab ruler) to the people of his society and to institutionalize the ideology of struggle in the minds of the audience. he tries to focus the audience on the reality and the world that exists, not the world that the poet wants to create

With the emergence of context-based theories such as critical discourse analysis, the connection between society and literary texts, including poetry and prose, and consequently their impact on each other has become quite evident and it is clear that these texts are influenced by ideological systems of society and they find their identity from it. This study used a descriptive-analytical method and document resources, and relied on five general methods of Thompson theory: legitimation, dissimulation, unification, reification and differentiation. It tried to study the dominant and conflicting ideologies in the novel Jesr Banat Yaghoub written by Hassan Hamid. Given that this novel addresses the issue of Zionist immigration and as a literary discourse, it is a symbolic form that can represent ideology, and is also one of the purposeful textual methods to explain the forms of reproduction of power to represent the hidden meaning, the present study, by applying Thompson's textual strategies, sought to reveal the hidden power relations and representations of the ideologies of the text, and to explain how this novel expresses the ideology of the dominant discourse (the Zionists). It was shown that the novel, by creating the immigrant character of Yaghoub, narrates the lives of Jewish immigrants in their own language. The author has tried to express the ideas and ideologies of the dominant discourse in their own language. Results show that the dominant discourse uses rationalization, objectification, differentiation and desegregation, unification, naturalization, and secrecy to explain the ideology of the occupation and colonization of the Zionists in the Arab regions, and to show their racism and materialism. Moreover, the author's ideology that emphasizes communication with the enemy, the reliance on national unity, and the depiction of Arab originality has been explained and continued through a strategy of secrecy and sometimes deidealization.

Identified as a social process, language is used for the creation of meaning and bears ideological connotations across its different layers, while it is employed through interactions with power relations. Poetic language serves as a fertile ground for linguistic and stylistic analyses. Given that stylistics is the study of methods with which meaning is created in literature and other texts through language, studying the function of linguistic patterns is an efficient method for stylistic analysis. Based on critical discourse analysis, discourse semiology, and functional linguistics, this study undertakes the stylistic analysis of Amal Donqol’s “A Special Interview with Noah’s Son.” It argues that the poet has taken up poetic discourse as a social weapon, has selected microlayers of “lexicon,” “syntax,” and “rhetoric” in association with the macrolayers of “ideology,” “power,” and “situational context,” and has personified the infrastructures, in order to tackle the political-economic crisis resulting from the Camp David Accords. The stylistic indicators of his poetry (diction, marked syntactical structures, and rhetorical figures) are discourse-oriented structures that bear ideological content, and according to power relations, lead to the highlighting of the discourse of the friend and the marginalization of that of the foe. Donqol’s attitude towards sociopolitical issues of his country is reflected in his stylistic features, such as choice of words as social signifiers, social indexing, modality in syntactic structures, grammatical voice of the text, along with rhetorical figures such as metaphor, allegory, symbolism, derision and repetition. And these are utilized to express the ideology of resistance against enemies and rejection of the current situation of Egypt and fighting against the policies of the then ruler, Anwar Sadat. Accordingly, this poem is a sociopolitical reading; its poetic language serves as a social action, and its text both makes and is made of social relationships, wherein the poet, considering his own ideology and that of the ruling power, portrays his beliefs by selecting different styles of expression.

Semiotics is a text-based method of criticism, which, adopting a systematic approach, studies all factors involved in meaning production and interpretation of the process of signification. Amal Donqol, as part of the society he lives in and a poet dedicated to and concerned for his community, instrumentalized language for direct and indirect reactions against his time's empowering discourses, thus transforming his poetry into purposeful texts. Therefore, adopting a descriptive-analytical method, the present study assessed the qasida of 'Al-Buka' Bayna Yaday Zarqa' al-Yamama' in an attempt to reveal the beliefs, ideas, and thoughts of Amal Donqol, infused with the linguistic structure and instilled in the audience, through investigating the linguistic choices across different levels. Given the obscurity of Donqol's poetic language and the concealed intended meaning and content therein, layer semiotics can be significantly useful in understanding and analyzing his poems. It can, furthermore, better manifest the linguistic and semantic delicacies of this qasida. The present reading examines the qasida's text as a network of codes within a coherent framework and, adopting a layered approach, studies signs in the title and the phonetic layer, lexical layer, and syntactic-rhetorical layer. Through syntagmatic and paradigmatic axes and considering the style and atmosphere governing the qasida, the signs move away from their referential functions and gain sociopolitical signification. As a result, analyzing and assessing textual symptoms and implications takes us to the concealed or in-depth meaning of the qasida, i.e., the rulers' political vices, a reproach to the Arab nation a call to rebellion.

Without accepting the limits of rhyme and rhythm, today's poetry tries to gain more scores than what these two elements gave poetry before. Accordingly, it benefits a variety of mechanisms, most notably the use of the phonetic and semantic capacities of the word on the path of repetition. This linguistic phenomenon has a great influence, with its special function, on the richness of an artwork and contributes to beauty creation. Based on analytic - descriptive method, the important technical and semantic aspects of repetition have been studied in present essay, regardless to its lexical aspect, in some odes by Nazik al-Malaika and Nimā Yushij and explores the identification of repetition axes and the stylistic properties of their poetic language. Both poets have used this linguistic phenomenon as a means of aesthetics in line with two principles of proportionality and coherence that makes text to move towards music, and ultimately the transference of meaning. Therefore, it converges with the inner music of their poetry and increases the effectiveness of meaning. The function of repetition style is expressed in two semantic and musical axes, and they are found in both poems at three levels of phoneme, word and phrase.

Literature deals with the arrangement and decoration of language with a beautiful form and an impressive message. Foregrounding and deviation from the norm are the outcome of the manipulation of standard language in its phonology, semantics, lexis, syntax, and dialects, among other aspects. Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyah is among the most valuable books of prayer in the world. Prayers can function as the most essential and universal factors of unity in the process of dialogue among civilizations and religions. The elegant literary diction and style found in Imam Sajjads, prayers have enriched Arabic rhetoric and eloquent with the invaluable gems of foregrounding. Foregrounding in al-Sahifa operates on many levels, namely, the phonological, semantic, and lexical.