آسیه شریعتمدار

 Emotional expression is one of the main components in marital intimacy between spouses, which has a significant impact on the quality of marital life and intimacy between the couples. The aim of the present study was to describe the common perception of women with low intimacy about the quality of emotional expression of their husbands. The present research method was qualitative and phenomenological. The research sample included 9 married women in Tehran in 2021, who experienced low marital intimacy and were selected by volunteer sampling. To determine the level of intimacy of women, the emotional intimacy dimension of Personal Intimacy Assessment Questionnaire (PAIQ) was used and semi-structured interview was used to collect data, and this process continued until data saturation was reached. The data analysis was also performed according to the seven-step Colaizzi’s method. The findings of the research indicated the existence of five main themes: avoiding emotional expression, not paying attention to the needs of the spouse, limited and inappropriate expression, reactive emotional expression, and creating an emotional defensive barrier in front of the spouse. The present study showed that women with low intimacy perceive their spouses without appropriate self-disclosure and emotional expression. Based on the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that women with a low level of emotional intimacy perceive their husbands' emotional expression in a negative way, that they generally avoid their emotional expression or that they express their emotions in an inappropriate way in their marital relationships.

The aim of the present research was to investigate the phenomenological study of elderly individuals' lived experiences of the empty nest phenomenon and its coping components. Purposeful sampling was employed until data saturation was achieved, resulting in the selection of 17 participants, including 11 females and 6 males. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using Colaizzi's method. The research findings in the domain of lived experiences consisted of four main themes: "Existential Crisis," "Emotional Turmoil," "Interpersonal Disruption," and "Positive Experiences." Additionally, coping components with the empty nest phenomenon included "Awareness and Willingness for Adaptation," "Purposeful Growth Experience," "Escape and Empathy," and "Strengthening Connection with Existential Source." In the domain of lived experiences, the theme of "Existential Crisis" encompassed four subthemes: "Sense of Void," "Fear of Death," "Confronting Existential Anxiety," and "Confronting Loneliness." The theme of "Emotional Turmoil" comprised four subthemes: "Experience of Contradictory Emotions," "Reactive Depressive Experience," and "Diminished Pleasure in Life." The theme of "Interpersonal Disruption" included three subthemes: "Lack of Mutual Understanding in Marriage," "Experience of Marital Conflicts," and "Social Withdrawal." The theme of "Positive Experiences" covered the subthemes: "Increased Leisure Time and Autonomy" and "Improved Relationship with Spouse." Moreover, in the coping components domain, the theme of "Awareness and Willingness for Adaptation" included "Self-Reflection and Self-Reliance," the theme of "Purposeful Growth Experience" encompassed "Engagement in Intellectual and Occupational Activities," "Recontextualization," and "Increased Resilience and Endurance." The theme of "Escape and Empathy" included "Focusing on Offspring's Happiness and Satisfaction," "Assisting Similar Individuals," and "Grandparenting." The theme of "Strengthening Connection with Existential Source" comprised "Gratitude and Trust," "Enhancing Spiritual Connection," and "Engagement in Religious Activities." Psychological experiences of facing the empty nest revealed contradictory emotions and reactions. Elderly individuals experience both positive and negative aspects during this phase, utilizing both intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions for coping with the empty nest. Therefore, it is suggested that the findings of this research be utilized in planning, preventive actions, and interventions for elderly individuals experiencing the empty nest syndrome.

Remarriage is more vulnerable to divorce than first marriage. The present study aimed to answer the question: What are the components of unstable remarriage?
 
This qualitative research was based on the systematic grounded theory of Strauss and Corbin (2011). The study population included all couples who had experienced remarriage and lived in Kerman city. Using both purposive and theoretical sampling, 12 individuals willing to cooperate with the researcher were selected. These individuals were interviewed using a semi-structured format. Data analysis was conducted using the methods of Strauss and Corbin (1990) and MAXQDA software.
 
After coding, a total of 87 semantic codes, 24 secondary themes, and 12 main themes were extracted. Causal conditions included not resolving issues from the previous marriage, lack of planning for remarriage, expedient marriages, and the creation of an outsider/insider position. Strategies involved inappropriate coping mechanisms during times of stress and marital disputes. Intervening conditions included a lack of understanding of the challenges related to the life cycle, inflexibility in facing marital challenges, inability to manage time as a couple, difficulty in sharing intimacy and expressing feelings, and financial problems. Background conditions involved the disruption of marital security due to lack of approval from the original family. Consequences included decreased investment in the relationship and loss of self.
 
The findings indicate that remarriage requires proper planning, preparation, and effective coping strategies. Neglecting these factors can lead to unfortunate consequences for the marriage.

The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of fear of negative evaluation (FNE) in the relationship between self-compassion (SC) and loneliness among adolescents. This descriptive-correlational study employed a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The statistical population comprised female students attending the first cycle of secondary school in District 15 of Tehran in 2023. A total of 260 participants were recruited through a convenient sampling method and completed an online survey encompassing the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNES) (Leary, 1983), the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) (Neff, 2003), and the Russell Loneliness Scale (UCLA) (Russell & Carroll, 1980). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS and Amos version 24 statistical software. The findings revealed that the proposed model accounted for 49% of the variance in adolescent loneliness and demonstrated satisfactory fit indices. Self-compassion exhibited a direct negative association with loneliness (P = 0.01, β = -0.37), while FNE displayed a direct positive association with loneliness (P = 0.01, β = 0.43). Additionally, self-compassion exerted a direct negative influence on FNE (P = 0.01, β = -0.50). Bootstrap test results confirmed the mediating role of FNE in the relationship between self-compassion and loneliness (P = 0.01, β = -0.22). These results suggest that self-compassion impacts loneliness directly and indirectly through FNE.

Adolescent abstinence is considered as an important factor against peer pressure in communicating with the opposite sex. This research is aimed to investigate the factors playing key roles in improving the adolescent’s abstinence and resistance to peer pressure.This research was conducted using a qualitative method through the grounded theory approach. In order to achieve this goal, 14 qualified teenage girls were selected by purposive sampling. Data collection via semi-structured interviews and data analysis were based on the grounded theory encompassing three stages: open, central and selective coding. By coding the findings, effective factors were classified into 6 categories: causal factors, background factors, facilitating and intervening conditions, resistance strategies and consequences. The core concept deduced from this analysis indicates that satisfying needs in a safe and reliable relationship with parents strengthens adolescents' abstinence and their invulnerability to peer pressure. Therefore, in addition to teaching self-care skills to teenagers, It is highly recommended for parents to be provided with necessary education regarding the necessity of establishing convivial and strong emotional bonds with teenagers along with creating a psychologically-safe family atmosphere.

AbstractThis study was conducted to develop a pattern of academic probation based on lived experiences of students and research texts related to the subject. This study is a qualitative research using phenomenology method and purposive sampling. Twelve semi-structured interviews were carried out with 10 female and 2 male students who were placed on academic probation. The interviews were recorded and transcribed and then, the data were analyzed using the Colizzii analysis method. Also, 25 related research texts were selected through purposive sampling and analyzed using content analysis. In general, 6 themes of individual, family, educational, economic and social factors,and non-adaptive coping strategies with 25 sub-themes were obtained from the analysis.The conceptual pattern of academic probation was developed by organizing themes and sub-themes emerged from the data, in the form of causes (causaltive ,interferring and background), strategies/reactions and consequences. Considering to the pattern of academic probation, it seems that in the case of persisting the conditions and non-interference, the problem of students' failure to study successfully would continue and even intensify. To help such students to come out of this cycle, multidimensional interventions, including psychological counseling, are suggested.

The purpose of this study was to study the phenomenological process of postponing marriage in young people in order to understand different aspects of this phenomenon and how young people perceive it.

To achieve the  research goal, a qualitative approach and a descriptive phenomenological method were utilized. The research population included single and never-married girls and boys living in Tehran between the ages of 28 to 34 years for girls, and 32 to 38 years for boys. Purposeful sampling was used with the convenient sampling and 13 individuals including 7 girls and 6 boys were selected as the sample.y. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by Colaizzi method.

Finally, the research findings reported falls into 12 main themes and 61 sub-themes. The main themes are: economic concerns, idealism, fear of future marriage, the impact of premarital relationships, motivational processes, immaturity and readiness for marriage, the role of family barriers, socio-cultural factors, selection constraints, preconceived notions of marriage, positive consequences and negative consequences.

The results showed that postponing marriage is a complex phenomenon which is affected by objective constraints, limiting mental perceptions and insufficient maturity and has many negative consequences for young people. It seems that the efforts of the counseling and psychological community to produce content in the fields of creating a culture of easy marriage process, reviving the values of marriage, correcting the misconceptions of young people, and dissemination of successful marriages in the social media and networks, is an effective step to remove mental barriers of marriage.

Empty nest syndrome (SEN) in Iranian older adults is becoming an important social phenomenon. Although it is not a clinical disorder, it can affect a person’s life and lead to depression, alcoholism, marital conflicts, and identity crisis. This study aims to explore the lived experiences of older adults with SEN in Iran.

This is a qualitative phenomenological study. Participants were 17 older adults with a mean age of 65.7 years (6 males and 11 females) suffering from ENS in Tehran, Iran, in 2022. Sampling was done purposefully and until reaching theoretical saturation. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data regarding lived experiences.

Six main themes (existential crisis, emotional turmoil, cognitive disorientation, functional decline, disruption in interpersonal relationships, and satisfaction with the transition period) and 23 sub-themes were extracted.

Understanding of Iranian older adults’ experiences of ENS can provide valuable insights to gerontologists and practitioners in fields of psychology, counseling, and social work to develop future interventions for these older adults and enhance their quality of life.

The transition to parenthood introduces new tasks for spouses, which can be especially challenging when occurring at an advanced age. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of women aged 35 and older, specifically focusing on the challenges of transitioning to parenthood. Employing a qualitative approach with a phenomenological perspective, the research included women in Arak city in 1401 who were 35 years or older, experiencing motherhood for the first time, and with children under two years old. A targeted sample of 10 individuals was selected, and the sampling process continued until data saturation was achieved. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Claysey's method. Following data analysis, 23 sub-themes and 6 main themes emerged, encompassing challenges related to pregnancy and childbirth safety concerns, stress stemming from infertility treatment, psychological pressures, financial strains, social concerns, inflexibility, and difficulties adapting to changes. A central theme encapsulated the overall essence of the participants' experiences. The research findings not only provide insight and awareness into the challenges faced by mothers over the age of 35 but also offer valuable input for planning interventions to address the specific problems and challenges encountered by this group of mothers.

This research aimed to investigate the lived experiences of elderly individuals in relation to the empty nest phenomenon. A combined methodological approach was utilized for this qualitative study, employing a phenomenological method. Participants were purposefully selected using a targeted sampling method until theoretical saturation was reached. Ultimately, 17 elderly individuals residing in empty nests were chosen to undergo in-depth interviews. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive phenomenological analysis. The empirical exploration of participants' experiences in confronting an empty nest led to the identification of eight main themes and 25 sub-themes: 1) Sobriety and adaptation (self-reflection and reliance on personal capabilities), 2) Self-care (engaging in pleasurable and health-promoting activities, receiving psychological services, and engaging in mindfulness exercises), 3) Attitudinal changes (revising perspectives on separation from children and nurturing hope for future reunions), 4) Emotional regulation strategies (accepting emotions related to separation, reevaluating memories, journaling thoughts and feelings, avoiding cognitive rumination, and learning from peer experiences), 5) Strengthening social bonds (determination to improve communication, perception of network support, utilizing support from family and parents, participating in collective activities, and maintaining connections and obtaining information about children), 6) Purposeful growth experience (resuming scholarly and cultural activities, reinterpreting life's meaning, and enhancing resilience and adaptability), 7) Focusing on self-fulfillment (prioritizing happiness and satisfaction for their children and assisting individuals with similar issues), and 8) Enhancing spiritual connections and engaging in religious activities (expressing gratitude, relying on faith, and participating in religious and spiritual activities).

The loss of a mother during adolescence has a profound impact on the adolescent. Recognizing the significance of this subject, the present study aimed to explore the lived experiences of young girls in the realm of adaptation after the death of their mothers during adolescence.

This research employed a qualitative approach and a phenomenological method. The research population comprised teenage girls and young women aged 20 to 30 who had lost their mothers during their teenage years. Participants were selected through virtual platforms, and data collection was carried out via semi-structured interviews.

After analyzing the data, 22 subthemes were identified and categorized into 6 main components. The results indicated that shifts in attitudes, acceptance of alternative support systems, purposeful efforts, and the cultivation of intimate relationships post-loss contribute to adaptation to life after such a significant loss. Ineffective coping methods encompass a spectrum ranging from diverting attention to avoiding the responsibilities of life. The latter state may lead to the suppression of perceived psychological pressure and the potential continuation of its effects.

The aim of this study was to investigate the lived experience of how to accept and adapt to the absence of father in martyrs and non-martyrs children adaptation of the children.The current research was conducted using the qualitative phenomenological method on 17 girls aged 25 to 35 based on purpose-based sampling. Among the research sample, 9 were martyrs and 8 were non-martyrs. Metod: Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and data analysis was descriptive-clause.

The results of the interview on how to adapt in the form of 3 main components showed that how to adapt the children of martyrs in the field of effective adaptations; Turning to religion, communicating with others, substituting, assimilating with values, understanding the presence of the father in life, feeling emotionally secure, planning problems, boldly defending values ​​and the children of non-martyrs; It has been planned to convert to religion, to relate to others, to replace and to solve problems. How the children of the martyrs adapt in the field of passive compromises; Passive expectation but hope but the passive adaptation of the children of non-martyrs; It has been accepting circumstances and controlling emotions. The mechanisms of ineffective compromises in the children of martyrs were denial and crying, but in the children of non-martyrs there was only crying.

Adapting to the absence of a father is easier for the children of the martyrs, and one of the reasons for this is the high value of the type of death in the way of God, which causes them to accept this type of death and have a positive attitude towards themselves (as the child of the martyr).

Cultural diversity creates different attitudes about how emotional expressions are. Since these attitudes have not been studied in Iranian culture so far, the aim of the present study is Iranian mothers' beliefs about children's negative emotional expressions. The qualitative phenomenological approach was used to acquire data. All mothers with 3-6 children whose children attended Solaleh Kids House in 2018 were included in the study population. The researcher used an accessible and purposive sample strategy, interviewing ten women with at least one 3-6-year-old kid and seeing 23 mothers and children in the same age range interact. The semi-structured interview and observation approach was used to gather data, and Colaizzi's method analyzed the data. The findings indicated that mothers' beliefs include supporting attitudes, supportive attitudes with moderate or severe non-internalized attitudes, attitudes of acceptance based on emotion and gender, and non-supportive attitudes centered on their own or their child's needs. According to the findings, mothers' beliefs about expressing negative emotions in children seem to be a continuum, with just two principles for caring for oneself and others serving as children's emotion socialization practices. Rather than that, these restrictions may sometimes become excessive, and the mother believes that the child should abstain from negative emotional manifestations in order to protect herself, others, or family. The results indicate that it is feasible to establish programs to educate parents about emotional parenting.

Parent-child interaction and the factors that lead to the improvement and promotion of this interaction are among the important and favorite fields for researchers. The present study was conducted to develop a curriculum for positive parent-child interaction, based on the lived experiences of parents of children with ADHD. This research is of qualitative type which has been done using phenomenological methodology. The study population consisted of mothers with children having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder who referred to counseling clinics in welfare districts 1 and 3 of Tehran during the year 2020 who had first-hand experience of the phenomenon. Purposeful sampling included mothers with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. After administering the CSI-4 Child Symptoms Questionnaire (Gado and Sprafkin 1997) and the Parent-Child Interaction Questionnaire (Pianta 1994) to these mothers, those who scored above average were interviewed in a semi-structured interview and this process continued until a theoretical saturation was reached. Interviews were analyzed using the seven-step Claysian method. By adapting the obtained sub-themes below these main themes with the characteristics of the stages of change of Prochaska and Norcross 1992 (translated by Avadis Jans, 1399), the steps of the positive parent-child interaction program were developed. By analyzing the research findings, the following main themes were identified as characteristics of lived experiences of mothers with positive parent-child interaction with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder: Managing the child's energy level, monitoring tasks and responsibilities, supportive and organized mother-child relationship and situation management dependent on hyperactivity. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that the developed program of positive parent-child interaction is practical and counselors can use this program in working with mothers with children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

This study aimed to forcast the differentiation of pornography addiction based on feelings of shame and pathological narcissism in Tehran city in Iran. The research approach had a practical aim and correlational data collecting. The population of the study was all men above 18 in Tehran city in 2020-2021. Among them, 200 samples (100 people addicted to pornography and 100 people did not addict to pornography) were selected voluntarily via the internet. The research tools were Pornography Problem Consumption Scale (PPCS), Fear of Guilt and Shame (GASP) Scale, and Narcissism (MTNS) Scale. The discriminant analysis and SPSS-26 software was used for analyzing data. The results demonstrated that the ability to feel shame and pathological narcissism has a positive relation in predicting pornography addiction. They can predict the group membership of men with pornography addiction and without pornography addiction. Moreover, it can be concluded that with the increase of shame and pathological narcissism of people, their use of pornography increases. It can be advised to therapists and counselors who have clinicians exposed to pornography and, more generally, sexually addictive behaviors, pay special attention to the embarrassment and narcissism experienced and the personality type of these individuals.

The way the spouse's emotional expression is responded to is one of the factors playing a role in the formation of marital intimacy. The current study intended to compare the behavioral responses to the spouse's emotional expression between women with high and low levels of emotional intimacy. A qualitative approach with a descriptive phenomenological design was applied to conduct this study. A sample of 20 married women in Tehran (2021) was selected using a purposive sampling method and considering the principle of saturation. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method of phenomenological data analysis. Data analysis resulted in extracting six main themes from each group. The main themes extracted from the high emotional intimacy group include "encouragement, attending to emotions and accepting it", "companionship in the cognitive processing of emotion", "proactive responding", "timing in responding to spouse's emotion", "corrective actions" and "managing the environmental stimuli" and the main themes extracted from the low emotional intimacy group include "non-encouragement, not attending to emotions and not accepting it", "rationalization", "reactive emotional responding", "rush in response", "retaliatory actions" and "selective responding". The results indicate that there are some differences between the behavioral responses of the two groups in four dimensions flexibility, constructiveness, companionship, and agency.

The purpose of this study was to examine the life experiences of female teachers with high job satisfaction in relation to their successful resolution of work-family conflict. A qualitative approach with basic research purposes was used in this study. The study population consisted of employed female teachers with high job satisfaction in public and private schools in Tehran, Mahabad and Piranshahr (in 2020-2021), of which 10 individuals were selected through purposive sampling and snowballing methods. Sampling continued until data saturation. The Job Satisfaction Questionnaire (JSQ) was used to investigate the job satisfaction of female teachers. The instrument used to examine the successful resolution of work-family conflict was a semi-structured interview. Interview data were analyzed using Colizzi’s seven-step method. The results showed that “strong and dynamic professional identity,” “adaptability and adjustability,” “clear demarcation,” “negotiation skills,” “embeddedness and the ability to satisfy the husband,” “support and responsibility of the spouse,” “seeking and accepting support within/outside the family,” and “tranquility at work” were effective in helping professional women to be satisfied with their work and successfully resolve work-family conflict. The results indicate that perceptions of a strong and dynamic identity and psychological resilience are two important experiences of job-satisfied women in successfully resolving work-family conflict. In order to increase the job satisfaction of professional women, in-service trainings can be conducted to strengthen and promote their psychological resilience.

Ru-dar-baysti is one of the cultural Iranian etiquette; a feeling of shyness and embarrassment related to saving face that occurs when individuals have respect for other party. The current study intended to identify the ru-dar-baysti-based phenomenal experiences of women with low intimacy in marital relationships. To conduct this research, a qualitative approach with a phenomenological method was employed. Participants included 14 women with low marital intimacy who were selected through purposive sampling method and snowball strategy with using Intimacy Scale (IS) developed by Walker and Thompson. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological analysis method. Analysis of rudarbaysti-based phenomenal experiences of women with low intimacy in marital relationships led to extraction of 11 main themes: Participants' perceptions of the concept, Areas of occurrence, Reasons for rudarbaysti from the perspective of subject, How of rudarbaysti occurrence, Cognitive, Emotional, Relational, Physical-psychological consequences of rudarbaystis, Positive consequences, Effective factors on quitting, and Consequences of quitting rudarbaysti. The findings of the present study showed that rudarbaysti occurs for different reasons and dimensions of the women's intimate relationships with their husbands and in various forms and the occurrence of this phenomenon and quitting it causes a range of positive and negative consequences. It is suggested that according to the results of this study, a plan be developed to acknowledge and assess the type of couples' interactions and to formulate appropriate interventions in the process of couple therapy in a cultural context.

Changes in the lives of the elderly can have profound effects on the lives of the elderly and their mental health. If one is flexible and adaptable, one can cope more with these changes. The present study was conducted to investigate the psychometric properties of the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) in the elderly. The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of method. The statistical population of the present study included the elderly in the empty nest in Tehran in 2021. Among them, 278 eligible people who volunteered to participate in the study were selected as a sample by the sampling method and the Simmons and Gaher distress tolerance questionnaire (2005) responded. The results of exploratory factor analysis using the principal components method, in addition to the general factor of anxiety tolerance, confirmed four factors (tolerance, absorption, evaluation and regulation) for the anxiety tolerance questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire and confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine its factor validity. The results showed that the questionnaire has an acceptable internal consistency and the reliability coefficients of the distress tolerance questionnaire are between 0.64 and 0.82. Also, the total reliability coefficient of the questionnaire is equal to 0.89. Confirmatory factor analysis was also used to determine factor validity. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirm that the structure of the questionnaire has an acceptable fit with the data and all goodness indicators of the fit confirm the model. Therefore, considering the desirable psychometric properties, this questionnaire is a suitable tool for determining Distress Tolerance tolerance.

The aim of this study was to identify the dimensions of the experiences of spouse selection in divorce-seeking individuals.

The present study was conducted with a qualitative approach and phenomenological design. The participants consisted of 10 divorce-seeking individuals, whom were referred with their spouse to the family court of Dezful to file for divorce. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using the seven-step Colaizzi method.

The results showed that the process of dating in divorce-seeking individuas lies in the two ends of the dating continuum: unconventional and deconstructive or completely traditional and without gradually getting to know each other. Also in divorce-seeking individuals, ignorance, forced marriage or marriage based on emotional criteria, benefits and materialities, caused the criteria to be disregarded, or the criteria did not match the potential future spouse. As a result, the process of determining the criteria was taken lightly.

If the process of dating and determining the criteria is taken lightly or without awareness and self-determination (freedom), marriage, whether traditional or non-traditional, is more likely to lead to a decision to separate.

Mother's mourning during adolescence has a profound effect on adolescents. according to imprtance of subject; The aim of this study was to study the lived experiences of young girls in the field of stress after maternal death in adolescence.

This research has been done with a qualitative approach and phenomenological method. The study population consisted of adolescent and young girls aged 20 to 30 years who lost their mother during adolescence. Participants were selected to be available online. The interview data collection method was semi-structured. .

From the coding of information obtained after data analysis and coding, 8 themes of pressure, direct consequences of maternal absence, role overload, lack of maternal support in life milestones, damage in interpersonal relationships, post-mortem pressure Feeling of loneliness, academic failure and negative emotional pressure were extracted. The findings showed that the vast changes that occur in the adolescent girl's life after the loss of the mother require strong resources to cope with the pressure of change, and the effects of the loss are almost lifelong. Based on the findings, it is possible to develop educational programs to reduce the psychological stress of adolescent girls after the loss of the mother.

An uplifting family is based on couples’ emotional bonds and mutual trust, which provide peace and mental security not only for the couples, but also for all members of the family. Despite this fact, marital conflicts and incompatibilities may lead to a dead end called divorce, which causes the most important damage to and decline of family health. It is the most important cause of its collapse. However, legal divorce rates reflect only a small part of couple’s conflicts, while many couples continue their cold and meaningless lives for various reasons and never get divorced. Dissatisfaction with the married life, reduced intimacy, and emotional distance between couples lead to emotional divorce. Emotional divorce is a type of abnormality that affects the family on a small scale and the wider community. Understanding the issue of emotional divorce and its consequences in societies is necessary because the shaking foundation of the family leads to its members’ feeling of emotional-psychological emptiness, as well as various moral and social harms to the society. Therefore, it is necessary to study its effects on different aspects of children’s lives. No society can claim to have health if they do not have healthy families. There is no social harm arisen regardless of the influence of the family. Since family is the first institution for individuals’ socialization, any rupture in the family institution leads to children’s negative socialization. Thus, it causes both personal and social harms. For this reason, it is necessary to study its effects on different aspects of children’s lives and describe children’s lived experiences of emotional divorce.  

 The purpose of this research was to study children’s lived experiences of parents with emotional divorce. This study was based on a qualitative approach with a descriptive phenomenological method. Phenomenology refers to the description of one or more individuals’ consciousness and experience(s) of a phenomenon. Its purpose is to gain a perspective on the participants’ life world and understand their personal perceptions, that is, to understand what everything means to them, the meanings, which are derived from their life experiences.To achieve this goal, 12 qualified adolescents and young people were selected by purposive and snowball sampling. In purposeful sampling, the researcher is free to choose the samples that are in accordance with the subject and goals. Due to the sensitivity of the subject, lack of accurate statistics, and the people’s unwillingness to talk about their private issues, the snowball method was also used for data collection. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed via content analysis method.

The findings of the present study on the children’s lived experiences of emotional divorce led to the extraction of 96 sub-themes and 13 main themes, which included lack of solidarity in the family, parental communication inefficiency, children’s communication and emotional vacuums, transfer of parental problems to children, disruption of family boundaries, immersion of family in negative emotions, father’s harmful traits, mother’s harmful traits, children’s psychological disorders, modeling problems, children's concerns about parents, and coping strategies for stress tolerance and emotional divorce consequences. The results indicated that the children’s mental health was endangered due to the unbalanced and unhealthy functioning of their families with emotional divorce. The children considered their families as the cause of confusion and stress instead of providing a comforting place. Therefore, it is recommended to inform parents about the pernicious effects of emotional divorce and empower and promote their children’s psychological capitals.

The present research aims to study the women’s challenges in the transition period from the celibacy to matrimony roles. The research method was qualitative and phenomenological. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The society included women who have been married at least for five years. Sampling was performed purposefully and interviews continued until data saturation. The number of participants was 13. The method of data analysis was Colaizzi's seven-step method. By asking the participants' challenges, important themes were extracted and coded. The main themes of the research were "Criteria changing before and after marriage", "Relationship with spouse", "Relationship with families", "Differences management", "Roles management" and "Flexibility in self-change". Given the themes of women's challenges in the transition to marriage, counselors can use the findings of this study in premarital counseling and premarital training.

The spread of technology in the present time has caused new issues and problems, one of which is the increasing and easier access of people to sexual content, including pornography, which has many destructive effects. the aim of the present study was to predict the differentiation of pornography addiction based on the quality of communication in families of origin and difficulties in intimacy in men in Tehran. The research was descriptive and correlational and the population study included were men above 18, in Tehran in 2020-2021. 200 people were selected by voluntary (online) sampling as a research sample. In order to collect data from the problematic consumption scales of pornography (Bőthe, & et al, 2018; PPCS), the main family quality subscale of the Relationship Scale (Busby, Holman, & Taniguchi, 2001; FOO) and the fear of intimacy (Descutner, & Thelen, 1991; FIS) were used. The discriminant analysis method was used to analyze the data. Results The results showed that the quality of communication of the main family and problems in establishing intimacy are able to predict group membership of boys and men with pornography addiction and without pornography addiction (p<0.01). Therefore, it can be concluded that with the decrease in the quality of communication in families of origin and the increase in difficulties in intimacy, the use of pornography will increase.