آناهیتا حسینی

Although the importance of considering the capability approach in calculating poverty has been addressed in various studies, a major obstacle to achieving a measure like Alkire-Foster MPI in many countries is the lack of integrated micro indicators. In this study, we suggest a "repeated and random data generation" method using the macro amount of the missing indicator. Moreover, we apply this method to calculate and break down the acute poverty measure of Alkier and Foster in Iran. The results indicate that by using this method, we are able to achieve the desired level with very high precision. In addition, by breaking down multidimensional poverty into three dimensions of health, education, and standard of living, we show that during the last four decades, the share of educational deprivation in MPI is always increasing and has transformed into the most effective indicator in acute multidimensional poverty. Finally, by examining the characteristics of poor households, it can be noted that households with acute poverty have gradually become older, smaller, and less educated. Therefore, it seems that programs like subsidies to the entire society are no longer helpful for poverty reduction in Iran and it can be improved by better targeting and addressing educational deprivation.

Due to decades of rural planning in the country, people in rural areas still face shortages and problems. In our country, at different times, they tried to improve the situation of the villages by using different development strategies, but for various reasons, including not paying attention to the role and importance of the human factor, they achieved less success. After the '70s, planners realized the importance of people attending programs. Since then, various issues have been raised for people's participation in development projects, one of which is the participation of young people in rural development projects. Youth participation means the process of involving them in determining their own destiny and feeling responsible for their future and that of society, as it is called as a goal and a means of development. In this regard the present study using quantitative (descriptive-analytical) method and distribution (92) of questionnaires among rural youth in Hugh and Shalmzar villages located in Hugh rural district of Savojbolagh city of Alborz province to investigate the impact of youth participation in different stages of the hadi 's project process Including; Participation in decision-making, participation in design (study), participation in implementation, participation in operation, participation in evaluation, participation in maintenance of the project after implementation, the results of which are obtained through statistical analysis and using t-test The obtained single group shows the desire of rural youth to participate in participatory activities and play a role in each stage of participation in the hadi 's project and witness the high impact of the success of the hadi 's project if young people participate in different stages of the project

Although nowadays developing small and village based husbandry in Iran seems irrefutable, there are no enough considerations around this topic. This lack of consideration has been caused by focusing on only industrial husbandries. The aim of this research is to study the situation of animal husbandries and its buildings in rural area of MAZANDARAN especially in DAZMIRKANDEH village one of the sari's Urban Area. In this research data has been gathered by questioners and three hypothesis have been assumed for this research. The data has been analyzed with both two descriptive and inferential statistical methods with the using of SPSS software and independence characteristic exam. After accepting the hypothesis it can be conclude that designing suitable buildings based on environments climate, space standards, water usage analysis with using indigenous material and considering sanitary factors can help developing and expansion of rural husbandry and its functionality.

( Survey of Impacts of tourism activities on natural ecosystems)Tourism is one of the largest industries in the world and this phenomenon is related to the bulk of the global economy in terms of economic, social and cultural environment are interwoven with human lives ,Many countries around the world, tourism development as one of the best ways to make money solving economic problems since they accelerate the development of tourism by creating economic opportunities and income increases, so it will have unpleasant consequences of inhibiting activity tourism is released, Developing countries will have bad consequences not only does not help but creates problems and difficulties in the course of development,.The research activities related to tourism impacts on natural ecosystems have been studied in this descriptive study was conducted with the use of other research,The results indicate that influence tourism activities in natural ecosystems, Changes in natural ecosystems, tourism activities, including transportation, fuel consumption can be affected by conditions of natural ecosystems to transformation

Survey of the tourism industry in developing countries,(case study mongolia))The share of developing countries to benefit from international tourism shrimp that is small compared to the size of the population This significant difference between developing and developed countries can relate to following: Conflict and political instability, health concerns, Secretary of the poor facilities, poor service levels, limited distribution channels, lack of knowledge of potential markets, high costs of traveling to more remote locations,tourism in developing countries a greater reliance on domestic and intra-regional markets and tourists from less developed countries to less developed countries is a growing trend.Mongolia's tourism development policy closely associated with specific natural and cultural attractions of this country. The aim of this study was to acquaint tourism traditional Mongolian life is the distinctive environment. This descriptive study was conducted with the use of other research results indicate the presence of Mongolian Tourism, and from other areas of international trade, economic growth has been significant.

Examination and recognition of the processes and mechanisms governing the physical environment of villages and the factors of rural landscape structure have its specific and unique characteristics. These valuable features are applicable in the research process, planning, and plans approaches, as well as in spatial planning to pay for the open environment and rural landscape development. Therefore, the main objective of the research is recognition of the landscape identity components in the tourism villages with valuable texture. These components can be used in the plans and texture restoration of the villages to have a sustainable landscape.

The research is a descriptive-analytic study with the quantitative method by applying a questionnaire that completed by university’s professors and authorities of organs that are related to valuable textures with this important question: what are the landscape identity components and which one of them is so important? By identifying the components, extracting the items and operating the components, collecting and analyzing the data through the SPSS software, performing the ANOVA test and Tukey's test, the components of landscape was identified. These components are readability, vitality, beauty, security and safety, diversity and variety, belonging, accessibility, cultural history, semantics, visual proportions, and physical quality, social, economic, and environmental. Finally, their significance has been determined relative to each other.

The main hypothesis was the importance of the economic (functional-activity) and perceptual components that are based on the findings of the research which ultimately have been ranked in the Tukey’s test table based on the importance of ranking. The ten components in the second column of the components are the most important and the three components in the first column are less important components and two common components are in the first and second columns. The results showed that the economic component (performance-activity) was the most important of all with an average value of 2.61. Within the perceptual components; the historical-cultural component with an average value of 2.55 ranked after the economic component (first rank) and social component (second) as the third important component and the average value of social component was obtained 2.55, so it can be said that the hypothesis was confirmed. According to the results, to have a sustainable perspective for the future, all these components should be considered more prominently in the plans and projects than in the past. While the same research has already not been done on landscape identity in villages, then this research can be the beginning of development and applied research in rural regions.