ابوالفضل حاتمی ورزنه

The role of women in management, especially in sales, has gained increasing significance in modern organizations. Sales managers are crucial in driving organizational success, and understanding the psychological factors contributing to their career success is essential. This study explores the relationships between basic psychological needs, psychological hardiness, and stress coping styles with the career success of female sales managers in the Iranian insurance industry. The goal is to identify how these psychological factors predict the career success of women managers in a dynamic and demanding sales environment.

Design/Methodology/Approach: 

This research utilizes a descriptive-correlational design to examine the predictive relationships between the variables. The statistical population includes all female sales managers at Iran Insurance in Isfahan, and a sample size of 105 managers was determined using an available sampling method, based on Cochran’s formula. Data was gathered using standardized questionnaires to assess basic psychological needs, psychological hardiness, stress coping styles, and career success. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS24 software, employing descriptive statistics to summarize the data and inferential statistics, including Spearman’s correlation and multiple linear regression, to examine the relationships between the variables.

The study’s results show that psychological factors, such as basic psychological needs, psychological hardiness, and stress coping styles, are significant predictors of career success in female sales managers. Among the basic psychological needs, only the need for freedom was found to have a statistically significant positive relationship with career success. Other psychological needs, such as the need for love and belonging, survival, power, and fun, did not show significant correlations with success. Psychological hardiness, in all its dimensions (commitment, control, and challenge) was positively correlated with the success of female sales managers. The challenge dimension was the strongest predictor, suggesting that managers who view difficult situations as opportunities for growth are more likely to succeed. Regarding stress coping styles, only the problem-oriented coping style showed a significant positive relationship with success. Emotion-oriented and avoidance coping styles were not significantly correlated with success. Managers who adopt a problem-oriented approach tend to address stressors as solvable problems and actively work toward resolving them, leading to enhanced performance and career success.Discussion and

The findings offer valuable insights into the psychological factors influencing the career success of female sales managers. The need for freedom underscores the importance of autonomy and independence in career success, particularly in sales management. Female sales managers who perceive more freedom in decision-making and work processes tend to achieve greater success. Psychological hardiness also emerged as a key factor, with all its dimensions (commitment, control, and challenge) contributing to success. Managers with higher levels of hardiness can better cope with the pressures of the sales environment, perceiving challenges as opportunities rather than threats, maintaining control over their work, and staying committed to their goals despite obstacles. The findings highlight the importance of fostering psychological hardiness and mental toughness among sales managers, as these traits are strongly linked to performance and career success. In terms of stress coping styles, the results support the idea that problem-oriented coping is vital for managerial success. Female sales managers who use this approach manage the inherent stress of their roles more effectively, resulting in better performance. On the other hand, emotion-oriented and avoidance coping strategies do not contribute to success and may hinder performance by failing to address the underlying causes of stress. This research adds to the growing body of literature on career success and psychological factors by focusing on an understudied population (female sales managers in the insurance industry). It emphasizes the need to develop psychological hardiness and problem-oriented coping styles in women managers to improve their career outcomes. In conclusion, the study shows that basic psychological needs, psychological hardiness, and stress coping styles are important predictors of the success of female sales managers. By addressing these factors, organizations can support the career development of women in leadership roles, ultimately contributing to their long-term success and organizational growth.

Adapting to the divorce of parents is one of the challenges that the children of divorce face, the absence of which can cause adverse consequences for the children of divorce and the society. The current research was conducted with the aim of qualitatively studying the process of children's adaptation to parents' divorce, in 1401 using the grounded theory method. The participants of the research are children of divorced girls living in Tehran who were between 20 and 30 years old and at least 5 years have passed since their parents' divorce. The findings from the semi-structured interview with 12 participants were based on the principle of theoretical saturation, and the findings were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin method. Analyzing the data obtained from the interview in the field of qualitative study of the process of children's adaptation to parental divorce, led to the identification of 11 core codes of "resilience", "support networks", "favorable economic situation", "quality of parenting", "acceptance of divorce by parents","getting away from stressful situations","environmental and peripheral factors", "effective coping", "maintaining dynamism", "cognitive reframing", "growth after trauma" and "active self-care" were selected. The results of this research, while increasing insight into the process of adapting to parental divorce, provide sufficient ground for developing educational and practical programs with the aim of increasing adaptation to parental divorce and can greatly reduce the harm caused by parental divorce.

The family environment before and after the parents' divorce is considered as an important factor in the children's adjustment. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the role of parents in children's adaptation to divorce. This present qualitative research was carried out using thematic analysis method. The studied population in this research was equal to the research participants who were selected from among young girls living in Tehran in 1401 who were between 20 and 30 years old and at least 5 years had passed since the divorce of their parents. Participants were selected based on purposive sampling from among individuals who met the criteria. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, and ultimately 12 participants were selected through Bell Adjustment Inventoty and studied through interviews. The data obtained were analyzed using the Brown & Clark's led to the identification of 3 main themes and 16 sub-themes. The main themes include "playing an effective parenting role after divorce", "changing parents' attitudes towards divorce" and "providing a tension-free environment after divorce". Based on this, the results of the present study can provide awareness and insight to concerned parents about their roles in the adjustment of their young daughters to divorce.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between perceived social support and parenting self-efficacy through the mediating role of emotional self-regulation in parents with a phenylketonuria (PKU) child. The statistical population consisted of 195 parents (130 women, 65 men) with PKU children, who referred to the support center for metabolic patients in Zanjan province in 2022. A total of 157 parents (113 women, 44 men) were selected by purposive sampling method. The study utilized three instruments: The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), the Parental Self-efficacy questionnaire (PSAM) and the Emotional Self-regulation questionnaire(ESRSQ). The data were analyzed using Smart PLS software, and the relationship between variables was assessed through partial least squares structural equation modeling. According to the bootstrap results, the direct effects of perceived support from friends on emotional self-regulation (β=0.011, p=0.24) and emotional self-regulation on parenting self-efficacy (β=0.35, p=0.0001) was significant and positive. The indirect effects of perceived support from friends (β=0.083, p=0.019) through emotional self-regulation on parenting self-efficacy were significant and positive. These findings provide new evidence that emotional self-regulation strategies may be a target for psychological interventions that attempt to increase the self-efficacy of parents with a PKU child. Our findings have implications for health care practices and supportive-therapeutic interventions for PKU patients, as they emphasize the importance of helping parents cope with PKU-related problems in families.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a rare inherited disorder caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, disrupting the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. High levels of phenylalanine in the plasma of these individuals lead to nerve damage, brain abnormalities, mental retardation, epilepsy, and behavioral problems. Metabolic and psychological problems caused by the disease make mothers with PKU children susceptible to adverse psychological reactions. One of the effective strategies that plays an essential role in the adaptation and regulation of emotion or change in the occurrence and intensity or continuation of feelings and emotions related to anxious life events is self–compassion. This kind of compassion facilitates emotional change toward caring for and supporting oneself in difficult life situations. Self–compassion weakens self–attack, increases self–acceptance, and reduces emotional turmoil, making the person more relieved and healed. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Mindful Self–compassion (MSC) program on the dimensions of psychological distress (stress, anxiety, and depression) of mothers with PKU children.

The research method was experimental with a pretest–posttest and a 3–month follow–up design with a control group. The statistical population included all mothers with children suffering from PKU who were referred to the support center for metabolic patients in Zanjan Province, Iran, and received dietary products without phenylalanine in April 1400. Thirty qualified volunteer mothers were selected by the available sampling method and randomly replaced into the experimental and control groups (15 people in each group). The inclusion criteria of mothers of children with phenylketonuria were as follows: being 20 to 50 years old, having at least a third–grade junior high school education, not receiving psychological services and individual counseling outside of sessions, providing informed consent to participate in the meetings, and having commitment and interest in regular participation in the training course. The exclusion criteria were as follows: unwillingness to continue participating in the research process, suffering from medical diseases such as asthma, allergies, or contracting the COVID–19 virus during the sessions, and absence of more than two sessions in the intervention process. The research tools in the pretest, posttest, and follow–up were the researcher–made questionnaire of mother–child demographic characteristics and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS–21) (Lovibond and Lovibond 1995). The MSC program was presented according to the model of Neff and Germer (2019) in 8 sessions for the experimental group. The obtained data were analyzed with descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (the Chi–square test, repeated measures analysis of variance, and Bonferroni post hoc test) in SPSS software version 24. The significance level of the tests was set at 0.05.

The results showed that after the implementation of the MSC program, there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups regarding anxiety (p=0.049) and stress (p=0.038) scores. In the experimental group, there was a significant difference between the pretest and posttest and between the pretest and follow–up mean scores of the mentioned variable (p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the posttest and follow–up scores (p=0.083). It indicated the stability of the intervention effect on the stress variable in the follow–up stage.

Based on the results of the research, the mindful–self–compassion program was effective in reducing the anxiety and stress of mothers with children with phenylketonuria. Therefore, this program can be used to improve their psychological distress.

Identifying and measuring the motivation of tourists in the field of tourism destinations, makes it possible to understand the reason for their preferences and needs and also what motivates them to choose a destination and desire to experience provides important information to planners and marketers so that they can make a double effort to satisfy tourists. Using an applied-descriptive method and having a statistical population and valid domestic and foreign articles, the present study identifies and examines the effective push and pull factors in the development of religious tourism. Data collection was done from library sources and to achieve a deep understanding of the effects of the mentioned factors, the interpretive approach and meta-combined method were used. The research findings, which are the result of the analysis of previous studies, included 53 articles (21 Latin articles and 32 Persian articles) in the period 2005 to 2020 using the CASP criterion and led to the identification of 37 codes in two main themes: pull factors (five components: spiritual-religious factors, cultural and social-behavioral environment, service and welfare infrastructure, transportation infrastructure, safety, and security) and push factors (one component: spiritual-religious psychological motivations) that play an important role in the development of religious tourism and were categorized in the form of a conceptual model of the study. The validity of the study was confirmed by Cohen's Kappa index in SPSS software based on the views of experts other than the researchers of this study.

The present study aims to identify the death awareness and spiritual experience of the health care workers in Iran.

Eleven health care workers involved with Coronavirus patients were selected through purposeful sampling and had in-depth semi-structured interviews. Conventional content analysis was utilized to analyze the data.

The conventional content analysis revealed four themes: 1- Increasing death awareness 2- Effective spiritual strategies; 3- Effective spiritual beliefs;
4- Pleasant and unpleasant existential experiences.

We can conclude that health care workers in dealing with epidemics such as coronavirus as a front-line force need spiritual heath to help themselves and the patients.

The purpose of this study is to provide a framework for explaining the preconditions for successful entry of entrepreneurs into the field of ecotourism. The approach of this qualitative research is in terms of applied purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the study consists of experts and activists in the field of ecotourism with at least 2 years of experience, which has been obtained using Theoretical sampling method and exploratory interviews with 14 saturated people. In this study, Glaser- grounded theory was used to analyze the data, as a result of which 30 events were labeled in 4 concepts and 2 main categories. Findings show that in order for entrepreneurs to successfully enter the field of entrepreneurship, a kind of synergy must be created between empowering and capacity building factors through multiple interactions between motivating, facilitating, developing and grounding factors.

Iran has many unique capabilities in the field of food tourism and can compete with many countries in the industry and own a brand of some foods around the world. Therefore the present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the success of traction marketing in food tourism. The present study is developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-exploratory in terms of the data collection method. The statistical population consists of authentic foreign articles in 5 databases that were accessible to the researcher, including 50 articles related to the research topic, which were selected as samples. The method of sampling was non-random (purposive), and the data collection tools for the study are documents and papers. Validity was assessed by content validity, and reliability was estimated using Kappa coefficient, which was verified. The selected researches were entered into Max Kioda software for codification and were using Max Kioda software. The findings of the study suggest that in order to be successful in pull marketing in food tourism, one must consider food characteristics such as scent and taste, physical evidence like prospect, behind-the-scenes factors such as culture, history and value, ease of travel to destination including access and cost, additional destination services such as guides, mixing activities and hobbies, destination attractions such as food events, shopping areas, dining and catering places, and finally promotional actions such as media and advertising.

This study aimed to predict self and other forgiveness based on core and compensatory schemas among students of Tehran universities. Four hundred and seven students from Tehran universities were recruited through Multi-stage cluster sampling. The Schema Questionnaire- short version and Forgiveness Scale were utilized. The data were then analyzed using Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression. The results showed a significant positive relationship between the core and compensatory schemas and the non-forgiveness of self and others. The results also showed that core schemas could significantly predict the non-forgiveness of self and others. Therefore, it could be concluded that not forgiving self and others can be rooted in early experiences that have developed early maladaptive schemas. Finally, the role of core schemas in shaping an individual's inability to forgive was discussed from a clinical and research point of view.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) in Iran. This tool has six factors. This tool was completed by 348 Iranian participants. The results of exploratory factor analysis supported the four-factor structure of the questions, and these four factors in order of importance respectively were: personal growth, social interest, construction of social and professional image, and influence of social groups. The adaptation of the exploratory factor structure to the main model of the instrument showed that the fourth factor, i.e., the social factor, was equally relevant in the Iranian population and the items related to other factors were appropriate with a combination of the original model factors. Confirmatory factor analysis with four-factor and six-factor models also showed that the data with four-factor model provide better fit indices. The reliability of the factors was ranged from 0.84 to 0.92. Also, the positive and significant correlation between volunteer function inventory and Basic empathy scale supported the convergent validity of this inventory. It seems that the Persian version of the inventory of volunteer functions with four factors can better evaluate the functions of volunteers among the Iranian population.

Substance abuse is one of the major factors leading to divorce in Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to present a qualitative model of factors affecting women to stay married with substance-dependent husbands.

The grounded theory in the qualitative paradigm was used. Twenty participants (10 women and 10 experts) were interviewed based on theoretical saturation, purposeful, and snowball sampling, and semi-structured in-depth interviews. The interviews were analyzed using the constant comparative method.

The participants’ mean age for women was (M=35.2, SD=7.40, n=10) and for experts was (M= 37. 3, SD= 7.42, n=10), half of whom were men and half were women for experts.  The results indicated that causal conditions consisted of the child as a barrier to leaving the marital relationship; feeling satisfied with the marital relationship; the attitudes, expectations, and feelings of the spouses; promising behaviors of the husband; financial dependency on the husband, and level of substance-related disorder. The intervening condition was the family of origin’s role. The womenchr('39')s survival strategies in marital life include the use of supportive resources, increasing awareness, and the use of constructive behaviors. The contextual conditions were social and legal factors. Consequences of the core category (A journey with fear and hope), were desirable and undesirable emotions and experiences.

The results indicated that spouses of substance-dependent husbands stay in the marriage, not just due to obstacles like familial, social, legal, and financial factors, but also due to resourceful supports, marital satisfaction, and enjoy having a family with husband and children.
 

In recent years, an increasing number of young women have tended to smoking. Current study aimed to find the smoking addiction pattern.

To achieve the pattern of smoking addiction, the participants were selected through purposeful sampling method. Finally, 20 people were interviewed by structured interview method, and the data were analyzed based on the Grand Theory method.

The context conditions included family history of smoking, widespread distribution, easy access, and lack of family surveillance, and the causal conditions included start smoking by friendschr('39') persuading, accompanying cigarettes with other violations, the distinguished position of cigarette brands for women, the apparent attractiveness of cigarettes, lack of proper recreation, criterion of choosing friends, having tension in life, and gaining prestige by smoking cigarettes for fun, and mediating causes included experiences of high-level behaviors in childhood, disrupting personality traits, neglecting negative social views on smoking by women. Smoking as support, cigarette as tool for getting rid of loneliness, and cigarette as relaxing tool recorded as problems and consequences of cigarette smoking.

The results show that in addition to the effects of marketing and advertising on being drawn young women to smoking, psychological factors such as loneliness, personality disorders, and family relationships, and also social factors such as peer pressure and lack of influence from negative social perspectives on smoking are effective too. So, in order to prevent young women from becoming addicted to cigarettes, multidimensional look and applications are required.

With the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic disease and the social and economic consequences of this pandemic, volunteering and helping activities especially for needy people and the society in crisis developed. The aim of this study was to explore the role of attachment styles, empathy and self-compassion in predicting attitude toward helping during Covid-19 Outbreak in Iranian society. The present study conducted in April and May 2020 in Iran. The study sample (n=348) selected by convenient sampling method. Instruments of this study were the adult attachment scale, self-compassion scale, basic empathy scale, and helping attitude scale. Findings showed that participation of women; employed ones and the 25-35 year old age group were more than men, unemployed ones and other age group. There was significant difference between volunteer and non-volunteer groups in helping attitude, self-judgment, isolation, mindfulness, over-identification and secure attachment style. Correlation coefficients indicated that self-kindness; common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, cognitive empathy and secure attachment had positive significant correlation with helping attitude. In addition, anxious attachment negatively associated with helping attitude. Regression analysis indicated that cognitive empathy, emotional empathy, secure attachment style and mindfulness predicted helping attitude. It can conclude that volunteers for community services during COVID-19 outbreak had positive attitude toward helping and had more secure attachment styles and higher level of self-compassion in comparison to non-volunteers. It seems having strong empathy, secure attachment style and being mindful, are psychological prerequisites for having positive volunteering and helping attitudes.

  One of the concerns of specialists of drug abuse treatment is stabilization in the treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the effective factors in the successful treatment of drug abuse. This qualitative study with Grounded theory approach, was conducted in Zanjan in 2016. Fifteen subjects with a history of drug abuse, who were treated for at least 4 years, were selected through snowball sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using constant comparative analysis method (Strauss and Corbin) by Nvivo 10 software. Using open, axial, and selective coding, the main theme of this study was "Steps to successful treatment of drug abuse". Contextual conditions include the uncensored look at life, the hope of return, the awareness of the return path, and the causative conditions include motivational helplessness, motivational resources, personality traits, and choosing an efficient treatment method. Intervening conditions include religion, helpful resources, and attitude change. And strategies include mechanisms of self-disclosure, trust in God, getting away from the environments conducive to drug consumption, recalling the difficulties of addiction period and social networking. The main outcomes of the successful treatment include retaking family and social responsibilities, comprehending new pleasures of life, and development and growth of efficient personality traits. Successful treatment of drug abuse doesn’t occur suddenly and requires some conditions and strategies leading to observable outcomes that encourage people to not leave the path of treatment and consequently, stabilize the treatment. The results of this study can be useful for drug abusers and specialists of drug abuse treatment.

A Long-term satisfied marriage provides a lot of positive outcome for mental, physical health and growth for the family members. The aim of this study was to present a model of the effective factors in long-term satisfied marriage. This study was done with qualitative research and grounded theory method. Purposeful sampling used to collect the data. Sampling continued until we get to theoretical saturation. So totally 20 couples with long-term satisfied marriages (20 years and upper) interviewed in semi structured and in-depth method and analyzed using the constant comparative method. Findings indicated that a journey to growing marriage we the core category of the study. Proper marriage selection category was the causal condition of divorce. This category consisted of initial love, proper independence, proper preparation, sufficient dating before marriage. Intervening conditions were divided into three categories of Intra personal factors (functional attitudes and personality characteristics), inter personal factors (functional marital, parental and family of origin system) and Meta personal factors (financial issues). Couples (like forgiveness, problem solving, apologizing, humor style) and family of origins functional strategies (mediating the problem) in difficulties of life and conflicts were explained. Finally Consequences consisted of satisfaction with self, spouse, children and long-term marriage that was considered 20 years and above in this study. This can be conclude that reaching to a growing marriage is not an onset event, but it is a process that couples can get that by passing the vicissitudes of life. Like a journey, it has its own beauties and difficulties. Those marriages reach to the growing marriages that provided by right elements and strategies.

we need culture-based program for emotional problems of our students in a Islamic country that addressed Islamic and Quran concepts and guidelines. The aim of this study was to investigate effectiveness of self-forgiveness group counseling program based on The Quran concepts on depression in first grade of high school student boys.
Based on results of Mental health screening test administered in high school students in Isfahan city, students with clinical level of depression was invited to counseling center. In a experimental design, 20 high school students with high depression symptoms randomly assigned to experimental and control group. Self-forgiveness group counseling program was administered in 8 session for participant in experimental group. we used Beck depression inventory in pretest, posttest. Data was analyzed by the statistical method of covariance between the group.
post test scores of depression of participants in experimental group was significantly decreased.
it seems forgiveness group counseling program based on The Quran concepts was effective in overcoming emotional problems of boys in early adolescent period. This study showed that it is possible to use Islamic and cultural resources in group therapy context.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-forgiveness group training program based on the Quran concepts on the self-esteem of adolescent boys. The statistical population of this study consisted of adolescent boys in the first grade of high school in Esfahan city in the academic year of 2013-2014, 20 high school students with low self-esteem were selected by accessible sampling. . In a quasi- experimental design with control group and follow up session were randomly assigned (each group 20). The program was administered in 8 sessions of 90 minutes to the participants in the experimental group. The instruments were General Mental Health Screening Scale of educational office and The Cooper Smith Self-esteem Scale. Data were analyzed by the analysis of covariance. Posttest scores of participant's self-esteem in the experimental group significantly increased. The results indicate that forgiveness group training program based on the Quran concepts was effective in increasing the adolescent boys’ self-esteem.

Occupational motivation is a set of energizing forces from within and outside of the person. It Initiates work-related behaviors and determines the shape, direction, intensity and persistence of them. The present study aimed to consider the relationship between goal-setting theory’s dimensions and occupational motivation of police staffs of Zanjan city. The statistical community of the present study consisted of police staffs working in the police organization of Zanjan Province during one year (April 2014 - April 2015). A sample of 182 police staffs was selected through Available Sampling and the study instruments were distributed among staffs and were completed by them. The instrument of this study was the goal-setting theory’s dimensions questionnaire which was prepared by the researchers through combining 9 different questionnaires. Data analysis indicated that all dimensions of goal-setting theory were significantly related to the occupational motivation of the police staffs of Zanjan city. It can be concluded that goal-setting theory appropriately explains the occupational motivation of Zanjan police staffs and the commanders and responsible officials in this organization can use these results in order to motivate the staffs.

This study reports on an investigation into the relationship among parenting style, attachment style and marital commitment in married female students of Allameh Tabatabai University. The sample of the study (N=120) was drawn out of all married female students of the university via convenience sampling method. The respondents responded to three questionnaires, that is, Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ, both father and mother forms), Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (AAQ), and Marital Commitment Questionnaire (MCQ). To analyze the findings a use was made of correlational analysis. The results of the study indicated that there was a significant relationship between parenting style and attachment style, thus, confirming the first hypothesis. The results suggested, however, that there was no relationship between attachment style and marital commitment, hence rejecting the second hypothesis. It was also found that there was a significant relationship between parenting style and marital commitment. It therefore supported the third hypothesis.