ابوالفضل سپهداری

In this study, the sperm quality indicators of rainbow trout breeders in selected Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) farms of the country were investigated in order to plan the long-term preservation of rainbow trout sperm through cryopreservation and creating a sperm bank in the next phase. Sperm samples from 24 breeders from six selected SPF farms from West-Azerbaijan and Mazandaran provinces were collected and evaluated. The average density of sperm is 7.83 ± 4 billion per milliliter, the average volume of extracted sperm is 9.2 ± 1.6 ml, the average percentage of motility and its duration were 78.7 ± 10.3% and 26.6 ± 4.4 seconds, the average pH was 7.74 ± 0.23 and the fertilization percentage of the samples was as 92.8 ± 1.2%. The results showed that the pH 7.7-7.8 is the most appropriate value for inducing motility and its increasing or decreasing relative to this value causes a decrease in fertilization efficiency. Also, a positive correlation between pH and sperm motility (r = 0.533) and fertility (r = 0.67) was determined. According to the obtained information, the characteristics of the best sperm sample is selected for long-term storage and the creation of a genetically diverse sperm bank and targeted management of rainbow trout reproduction.

Since shrimp white spot virus has infected shrimps of all ages and caused widespread loss of shrimps in Iran and across the world, and the pandemic has caused great loss for shrimp farmers, many studies have been carried outto this day in order to identify the reasons and the risk factors regarding this fact. Regarding the importance of the subject and also the different opinions on the results of the past researches, in this study, we have tried to carry out a retrospective review on past studies in Iran and other countries especially on the target tissues for shrimp white spot virus in order to specify the tendency of the white spot virus generally. In this survey, the accomplished studies and researches in the Shrimp Research Center (Bushehr Province), other research centers, universities and higher education centers in Iran and other countries, were collected and the studies carried out on hepatopancreas, intestine, gill and other tissues were examined. Most of the target tissues for white spot virus in Penaeus vannameiwith high intensity are; hemolymph, posterior intestine epithelial cells and cephalothorax epidermis.Some researchers have claimed that the epithelium tissue is the most targeted tissue for white spot virus in penaeus vannamei. The lowest mean values of severity index (SI) were found to be from hemolymph, posterior intestine epithelial cells and cephalothorax epidermis. This could be due to more contact surface of the epidermis with the virus and also more receivers for the virus or lower operation of the immune system especially in horizontal transmission.It seems that hemolymph is the most probable early target tissue for the virus in vertical transmission because the virus replication is at a higher level compared to the other tissues.The most of researchers have pointed out in their researches that tissue of gill, stomach, hepatopancreas and intestine of shrimp are the most important tissues in relation to the white spot virus infection.

leaping mullet is one of the valuable and economic species that accounts for a significant part of the bony fish catch in the Caspian Sea every year. In this study, prevalence and intensity of parasitic infections were investigated as one of the possible reasons for the decrease in stocks and the amount of catch of this fish. A hundred and fifty nine leaping mullets were sampled from Feb 2021 to April 2022 on the southwestern coasts of the Caspian Sea. Wet mounts were prepared from gills, skin and fins and monogenean parasites were fixed by glyceirn gelly. In order to investigate the digistive parasites, the contents of digestive tract after dilution were examined with a light microscope. Identification of parasites was done after photographing, drawing and measuring different organs and comparing with identification keys.  In all, 6 species of parasites, including two monogenean species, Ligophorus szidati and Solostamenides mugilis, three species of terematodes, Saccocoelium obesum, Saccocoelium tensum and Diplostomum spathaceum, and one protozoan species, Trichodina sp. were isolated and identified. Based on the results, S.obesum with 51.29% prevalence index was the most dominant parasite in the intestines of these fish. In this study, two monogenean species, Solostamenides mugilis and Ligophorus szidati, were reported for the first time from leaping mullet in the Caspian Sea. In general, the parasitological examination of mullet fish showed that the prevalence and intensity of parasitic infections in them is very limited. Therefore, the current situation of parasitic infections is not considered a threat to leaping mullet fish health.

In this research, 30 farms from five cities of Markazi province were assessed and biosecurity audited. The forms for examining danger crossings, mechanization equipment used on the farm, and biosecurity audit (standard of the country's veterinary organization) were completed for each farm. The relationship between mechanization and the level of biosecurity was done using correlation analysis and a semi-quantitative model was used to assess the probability of risk. The obtained results showed the maximum probability of risk with a numerical index of 0.40 for the trout farms of Arak and Farahan and the maximum mean probability of risk (± standard error) with 0.205±0.022 in Farahan city and the minimum probability of risk with a numerical index of 0.03 for Arak and Shazand, the mean of risk probability (± standard error) was obtained with 0.15±0.016 in the trout rearing farms in Shazand. The mean probability of risk at the level of all the selected farms of certain studied cities of Markazi province was calculated as 18.009 ± 0.009, which indicated that all the selected farms studied were in the category of medium possible risk (level B). In order to test the relationship between two variables, the probability of risk and the degree of mechanization from Pearson's correlation test were used. No significant correlation was observed between the probability of risk and the degree of mechanization (P = 0.41, n = 30, and r = 34). As a result, from the statistical point of view, it was determined that the variables of risk probability and the degree of mechanization were not related to each other. This component was also similar for production capacity and mechanization level. The obtained results showed that due to the weakness of biosecurity equipment in the mechanization of dual-purposed agricultural farms for fish farming in the Markazi province, the risk in some of these farms has increased to the level of being placed at probability of high risk (level C), which can easily reduce the risk in these farms significantly by taking necessary measures and establishing biosecurity plans.

According to statistical reports of FAO in 2018, Iran has been one of the most important producers of rainbow trout with producing 180,000 tons. Meanwhile, Iran has a semi-arid and arid climate and is facing to decrease of fresh water resources and this is a big problem in the production of rainbow trout using fresh water. Therefore, it is vital to pay attention to other water resources for aquaculture. In this regard, the cultivation of trout in floating cages in the Caspian Sea is one of the main options for the development of this industry and increase the production of salmon in the country and on a global scale. Cage culture is a new method of aquaculture that has developed a lot in the last half century, but unfortunately our country has little experience in this field. One of the requirements for the development of fish cage culture is the awareness of possible diseases and their health risks. Due to the novelty of this type of breeding system in Iran and its different breeding and health management compared to fresh water, there is an urgent need to introduce industry-specific health regulations and strategies to control and prevent potential risks and economic losses. The aim of this study was introduce effective breeding management factors in maintaining health and preventing the death of rainbow trout after introduction to cages for sustainable production of these fish in floating cages in the Caspian Sea.

Considering the importance of evaluating genetic diversity and population structure in managing and selecting the most efficient breeders for reproduction, genetic diversity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) pre-breeders in selected farms of West Azerbaijan province (farms 1, 2 and 3) was studied using seven pairs of microsatellite primers. For this purpose, 50 pre-breeders of each field were sampled and genomic DNA was extracted using ammonium acetate method. To observe the alleles and determine their size were used vertical electrophoresis of 6% polyacrylamide gel and silver nitrate staining. Relevant calculations were performed using Excel, INTAS GEL DOC and PopGene software. Based on the results, the highest number of real alleles (7.71) and the amount of observed heterozygosity (0.46±0.12) was observed in farm fish of No. 3 and the lowest number of real alleles (5.29±0.01) and the amount observed heterozygosity (0.34±0.08) was observed in farm fish No. 2. The highest genetic distance (0.07) and the lowest genetic similarity (0.93) were calculated between farm fish No. 3 & 1 and the lowest genetic distance (0.02) and the highest genetic similarity (0.98) were calculated between farm fish No. 2 & 1 were calculated. The highest amount of genetic differentiation (0.077) was obtained between farm fish No. 3 & 1 and the lowest amount (0.034) was obtained between farm fish No. 2 & 1. The results of molecular analysis of variance indicate the existence of significant genetic diversity differences between the fish of the studied farms (p<0.001). The results of FST test showed that the genetic differentiation between the breeding populations in this study is moderate and was evident the shift of breeders between different populations in the recent past or the use of a reference population and breeders with similar gene storage in propagation season among the studied farms. The findings of this study suggest that high mixing of populations with each other and factors such as selection and current policies of each farm may have led to a reduction in genetic diversity and differentiation between populations. The results of this study can be used to manage breeding stocks and breeding programs of this important commercial species.

This study was conducted from April 2017 to June 2018 in a Trout aquaculture farm in Firoozkoh, Tehran province, to distinguish environmental and managerial risk factors affecting incidence of viral diseases in the fish farm under study. Averaged visit from fish farm was 2 times a month and all biosecurity measures were advised and applied during every visit. Some of the physico-chemical parameters were recorded daily. Samples from all cargoes of eyed-eggs imported from abroad and also from larvae after active swimming and absorption of yolk sac were taken for RT-PCR test. Virology, bacteriology, parasitology and mycology tests in the farm and authorized laboratory were done. Clinical observations, macroscopic and microscopic examinations, checking all the sanitarian and productional managerial factors, also checking all the physical and chemical factors affecting the outbreak of viral diseases were done. During clinical observation of fishes, these symptoms were observed; anorexia, gathering at the raceway’s side and outlet, cachexia, one and two side exophthalmia, melanosis, integument ulcers, hemorrhage in ventricular and ocular areas, petechia in ventricular area, fecal casts, high mortality and also presence of a large number of moribund fishes. The result of the laboratory examinations was IHN positive of Rainbow trout fries. This disease caused about 80% mortality of the fries produced from the imported eyed-eggs cargo. The other fatalities with different reasons were also recorded such as; the Lutra’s attack at nights, the farm’s personnel running amongst other farms and transferrin pathogens, the transportation vehicles not being proper disinfected while inter to and exit from the farm and the severe food intoxication of fries. Regarding the results of this study, instruction of scientific and practical models has presented to decrease the effect of environmental and managerial risk factors in the incidence of the disease.

The aim of this study was to identify different virulence pathogens using Real-Time PCR method for rapid and accurate detection of common viral diseases including Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis (IHN), Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) and Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis disease (IPN) in rainbow trout broodstock have been the main generation of reproductive populations maintained in the national plan for production the Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) fish. For this purpose, sampling was carried out on selected farms approved by the National Veterinary Organization in the provinces of Mazandaran, Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad and West Azerbaijan. Sampling of fish was done in different age groups and organs and was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. RNA extraction and Real-Time PCR experiments were performed using primers for the diseases. The results obtained using Real-Time PCR testing of healthy and suspected viral fishes showed the presence of VHS and IHN viruses in a number of selected farms, while the pathogenic virus IPN not detected. Based on the results of this study, it seems that Real-Time PCR can be used as a rapid diagnostic method in screening tests for rainbow trout viruses and as a complementary method for virus detection in routine tissue culture experiments.

The aim of this study was to monitor and evaluate the environmental and directory risk factors affecting the occurrence of some specific viral diseases in the region in the region of establishing a large-scale project of rainbow trout production of specific pathogens free (SPF) in the country in order to achieve the guidelines for managing and reducing the risks assessed in the pre-quarantine hall and the SPF center. For this purpose, after completing the questionnaire of physical and chemical indicators of pre-quarantine water inlet and outlet such as oxygen, temperature, pH, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, ammonia and total bacteria were measured for 6 months from May to October 2017 according to the standard method. Also fish in the pre-quarantine hall were sampled to check for the possibility of infection with IPN, IHN and VHS viruses. The results showed that the average temperature, soluble oxygen, pH, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, ammonia and total count water of the pre-quarantine hall entrance were respectively 17±1.55°C, 8.32±0.65 mg/l, 8.98±0.37 mg/l, 0.003±0.000 mg/l, 3.10±0.71 mg/l, 0.09±0.10 mg/l, 0.08±0.09 mg/l and 90.50±86.58 colony units per ml and outlet water were respectively 17.59±1.46°C, 8.20±0.62 mg/l, 8.18±0.35 mg/l, 0.040±0.040 mg/l, 3.74±1.14 mg/l, 0.09±0.07 mg/l, 0.08±0.07 mg/l and 784.50±1329.95 colony units per ml. The findings of this study indicate that in the process of producing rainbow trout of Specific Pathogens Free (SPF) from pre-breeder to breeder stage in pre-quarantine hall, there has been avoidance the entry of pathogens. And fluctuations in the physical and chemical indicators of water during the breeding period, the lack of a central oxygen generator, problems with the aeration system and the low flow of incoming water were identified as risk factors.

This research was conducted in autumn and winter of 2016 in Shahid Motahary Coldwater Fishes Genetic and Breeding Research Center. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Huwa-San TR-50 solution on controlling rainbow trout fungus contamination at incubation stage and comparing its effects with malachite green and formalin. To do this, 27 Californian traphs were used in 9 treatments and 3 replicates, and 700 eggs of rainbow trout were stoked  in each traph. 5 treatments with different concentrations (50, 100, 200, 300 and 500 ppm) of Huwa-San TR-50 solution, one treatment with malachite green (2ppm) and one treatment with formalin (1000ppm), by bathing for 30 minutes were disinfected; a positive control (contaminated with fungi and without medication) and a negative control (non-infected with fungi and without medication) were also considered. The results showed that solution of 300 ppm Huwa-San TR-50 was suitable concentration for disinfection of eggs. Percentage of eyed egg and hatching at higher doses and lower than 300 ppm Huwa-San TR-50 showed a decreasing trend.

In the present study, the effect of seven dietary carbohydrate sources on growth performance, feed utilization and amylase activity of Pangasiandon hypopthalmus was evaluated for 12 weeks. Fish subjected to diets containing raw dextrin and potato starch showed a significantly (p< 0.05) higher growth rate than those fish consuming other experimental diets, except wheat starch diet. Furthermore, fish fed with wheat and corn starch showed significantly higher (p<0.05) Interaperitoneal fat value than that of fish fed with potato, Alfa and waxy maize starch. Moreover, fish fed with wheat starch had significantly higher (p<0.05) amylase activity than that of those subjected to other experimental diets, except corn and waxy maize diets. Overall, this study showed that the raw forms of dextrin starch and potato were suitable dietary carbohydrate sources for further scientific studies on the carbohydrate utilisation of P. hypophthalmus.

This research was conducted in autumn and winter 2016 in Shahid Motahary Coldwater Fishes Genetic and Breeding Research Center. In this study, comparison of Perfish solution efficiency with malachite green and formalin on fungal contamination control of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs in incubation stage was done. For this porpuse the California incubators (20 × 35 × 30 cm) with depth of 20 cm, the height of water on the egg, 10 cm and water flow rate 4 to 6 liters per minute were used. Then the number of 700 fertilized eggs transported to each incubator tray. In this study, 9 treatments (perfish 15, 37, 75, 150, 300 ppm; malachite 2ppm; formalin 1000ppm; positive control and negative control) were tested with 3 replications. The highest Percentage of Eyed eggs in treatment of green malachite, formalin and perfish 75 ppm were observed respectively with 69.38±1.94, 64.99±8.05 and 63.76±4.72. The highest of hatching rate were observed in treatment of perfish 75 ppm (95.8±.6). Treatments of formalin and perfish 15 were showed the lowest (3.33±1.15) and highest (5.33±2.08) of larva deformity respectively, without the Significant difference among the experimental treatments. Finally the results showed that the best and more effective dose of Perfish was 75ppm in 30 min. furthermore with involving all aspects Perfish solution is a suitable new compound for the prevention of fungal contamination during the incubation period of Rainbow trout eyed eggs.

This study aimed to compare growth indices and production of rainbow trout breeders (Oncorhynchus mykiss) without any specific pathogens in various populations at the Fishery Research Center of Coldwater-Tonekabon. The project's implementation included collecting Pre-breeders were done in selected rainbow trout breeding centers (based on the approval of the Iranian Fisheries Organization and the Iranian Veterinary Organization) at the provinces of West Azerbaijan, Mazandaran, Kohgiluyeh and Barahi. In total, the rainbow trout (in the form of seven treatments and three replicates) were collected from seven farms in the above-mentioned provinces and cultured with a density of 10 kg / m2 in concrete ponds in accordance with the principles of biosecurity. Pre-breeders have been marked for growth traits in order to trace the economic traits of the growth. Biometry was done in different growth stages in order to measure biological parameters such as obesity coefficient (CF), specific growth rate (SGR), and calculate the relationship between length and weight. The feeding rate for three-year-old breeders was 2-3% of fish weight and three times a day. During the breeding period, all physical and chemical parameters of the water were monitored and evaluated in order to control the optimum growth conditions. Water change was also done 4-6 times a day to maintain the physical and chemical quality of water. The mean of the obesity index of rainbow trout among the seven farms at the end of the growth period indicated that the highest of the obesity coefficient in pre-breeders from the Genetic Research Center of Shahid Motahari Yasouj which was 1.67. The growth equations showed the highest coefficient b (3.15) in males fish from the field of Mr. Maroufi, which indicates that the growth is isometric. Since pre-breeders were in the same environmental conditions, the environmental variability resulting from changes in environmental conditions as well as the variance of interaction between genetics and the environment declined to zero. Obviously, in this case, the functional differences of growth indices among different populations are due to genetic function and genetic variance.

The current study aimed to evaluate effects of four levels (0, 2, 4 and 6 % of diet) of soybean lecithin in the isoproteic and isoenergitic (50% protein and 18.5 kj/g) diets on growth performance, feed utilization and hematological parameters of juvenile sobaity seabream (Sparidentex hasta) with initial weight of 37.9±0.16 g. At the end of 56 days of feeding trial, results showed that growth performance increased with increasing dietary lecithin from 0 to 6%; however, growth decreased with increasing dietary lecithin from 6 to 9%. Fish fed the 6% lecithin diet had the highest final weight (86.19±2.99 g), weight gain (48.41±3.6 g) and specific growth rate (1.47±0.07) (p<0.05). Survival rate, feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios as well as hematological parameters were not changed in different groups (p>0.05). The results of this research showed that, inclusion of 6% of soybean lecithin in diet for sobaity seabream juvenile is optimum for improving growth performance parameters in this species.

Saprolegnia sp. is the most important pathogenic fungi in fish. Saprolegnia parasitica, S. diclina, S. ferax and S. hypogina are the most abundance of the fungi that caused saprolegniasis in fish and hatcheries. They have global distributions and their presences were reported from fresh water fish farms of the world. Up till 2002, Saprolegnia infections in aquaculture were kept under control with malachite green. However, the use of malachite green has been banned worldwide due to its carcinogenic and toxicological effects and this has resulted in a dramatic re-emergence of Saprolegnia infections in aquaculture. Many investigations have been carried out on the introduction of an appropriate anti-fungal agent alternative to malachite green. Huwa- San TR- 50 is a disinfectant based on hydrogen peroxide. One liter of Huwa-San TR-50 contains 570 g hydrogen peroxide and 0.36 g silver as stabilizer. In this study, the antifungal effects, minimum lethal concentration (MLC) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Huwa- San TR- 50 were conducted and compared to malachite green in vivo several doses including the 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 ppm on the isolates saprolegnia sp were isolated from Rainbow trout. The results of MIC and MLC levels on the saprolegnia sp isolate from rainbow trout eggs were 400 and 800 ppm respectively. The results suggest that Huwa- San TR- 50 could introduce as appropriate anti-fungal agent alternative to malachite green.

In this study, mouth morphological development and the importance of size of pellet food at the onset of exogenous feeding, with respect to mouth size from hatching through 60s day after hatching (DAH), were studied in larval and juvenile Vimba bream (Vimba vimba). The samples were randomly taken at 1-8 DAH, then with 2, 5, and 10 days intervals until 60 DAH (being released into the sea). Morphological examinations of mouth were followed using SEM. The length of upper and lower jaws as well as the size of mouth gap at 45° and 90° were calculated to estimate the size of pellet food. The larval mouth opened at 1 DAH and filiform papillae, and lips began to form at 2 DAH. The first taste buds developed at 3 DAH. The larval mouth developed a crescent shape at 4 DAH and the structure of papilla became clear. A number of neuromast cells were observed around the mouth at 8 DAH. Finally, it can be concluded that with the onset of exogenous feeding, Vimba vimba larvae is probably able to ingest and digest 110 µm pellet food since 8 DAH. Thus, since 20 DAH until the end of larval rearing period, formulated diets can only be used.

Aflatoxins are toxic chemicals that are produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus species of fungi. Aflatoxicosis caused by consumption of aflatoxin-contaminated feeds represents one of the serious diseases in most fish species. Due to the lack of information regarding the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on farmed Acipenser stellatus, providing practical information for rearing of A.stellatus is imperative. A. stellatus fingerlings with the mean initial weight of 7.90± 0.12 g were kept in 50 Liter tanks with 10 fish per tank in a one way through water system with well water. Fish were adapted to the rearing conditions. The experimental diets were formulated to contain 1500, 1850, 2300, 2850 and 3500 ppb AFB1 kg-1 diet. Two control diets were also considered. Fish were fed each of the experimental diets in triplicate groups three times a day for 52 days. At the end of the experimental period, there were significant effects (p<0.05) on WG%, final biomass, condition factor (CF), specific growth rate (SGR) and survival rates with the increase in aflatoxin levels in diets. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in blood parameters including WBC, RBC, HB and PCV % and also liver enzymes such as AST, ALT and ALP with the increase in aflatoxin levels in diets. 50% of fingerlings perished after 52 days of feeding at the concentration of 3500 ppb AFB1 kg-1. The results of this study revealed that Acipenser stellatus was relatively resistant to aflatoxin B1.

In this study 180 beluga(Huso huso) weighted 120 ± 10gr with stocking density of 12 fish/tank ,after adaptation with synthetic diet , fed different levels of AFB1(0,25,50,75 & 100ppb/kg of diets) under controlled conditions(T=18±2ºC,DO=7.3ppm). The fish were fed 3% of body weight four times a day for 120 days.Record of physical and chemichal water caracters include : DO , temprature , pH , did weekly . Residue of AFB1 in muscls in different exprements determined by HPLC method . The amount of AFB1 in mscle was between 0.36 -2.90 ppb .Based on international standards these amount is not harmfull for human consumption.

This study have done by propose of identification of Limitations and effective management processes, the role of forcible risks and affecting on warm water fish pond production on Guilan province in region of Alborz Shomali. Statistical Society in this study was warm water fish farmers in Guilan province and the population of this study includes selected sample of the total population warm water fish farmer in Guilan province. In this study the data were collected by a questionnaire forms that filled by fish farmers. The results showed, that was %89.3 private form, %7.1 of those cooperative and 3.6% of fish farm was governmental, also the cultivation system in this region was %92.6 polyculture,% 3.7monoculture and %3.7 integration. The level of education data of fish farmers showed that 35.6 % of those had diploma of high school degree, 17.9% under high school degree, 10.9 % secondary education and 31.7 % illiterate. Only 17.9 percent of fish farmers used of technical and expert person in their farm and 82.1 % haven’t use from any technical advice. Analyzes of data showed that of complex of management problems , limitations of that and effective on fish production respectively related to low oxygen demand in pond ( 49.3%) ,miss water inlet (23.68%),high density (9.47%), poor quality of fish feed(6.25%), disease (5.79%),pollutions( 3.58%)and condition of transport(1.93%).Also the study role of effective forcible risks on fish production according to fish farmers idea showed that the highest average percent belongs to cloudiness(57.43%)and after that respectively drought (24.64%) ,high temperature (11.78%) , glacial (5.25%), flood(0.72%) and storm (0.18%) were  the  important mortality factors in pond farm. Variables related to forcible risks and management problems analyses by Confirmatory Factor Analysis Extracted of principal factors and varimax, the result showed that low oxygen demand and miss water inlet variable were the most amount of variance than other variables. A large number of respondents did believe that extension training could to impact on ability risk managements of fish farmers and help to them for choose the method of decrease the mortality of fish pond.

The most important primary producers of rocky shores are macroalgae. The present study investigated the temporal–spatial changes, the percentage of coverage and the influence of abiotic factors on macroalgae on rocky shores of southern Caspian Sea. Ten sampling stations were selected in the natural and artificial rocky shores from Astara to Babolsar. Sampling lasted for one year and took place every months from September 2013 to July 2014 using a 50×50 quadrate sampler. Epibenthic macroalgae consisted of 2 genus, Cladophora and Entromorpha, from green algae and one genus, Laurenica, from red algae. The average water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and water conductivity were 16.48 °C, 9.87ppt, 8.27, 9.89 mg/l and 16.52 m/s, respectively. According to the results, the maximum algal coverage was observed in September (70.50 %) and the minimum coverage was observed in January (21.50 %). Results of one-way ANOVA indicated that the mean of algal coverage in various months of the year were significantly different (P<0.05). One-way ANOSIM ecosystem similarity test indicated that the coverage rates of the stations were homologous and similar. The results also showed that temperature has a significant effect on macroalgae coverage ratio on rocky shores in the southern Caspian Sea.

Histological alterations in Fenneropenaeus indicus fed diets containing different doses of Aflatoxin B1 ˜یÏå [English] In this study Indian white shrimp, Fenneropenaeus indicus, (11. 79 ± 1. 76 g) were fed with diets containing 0, 20, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 ppb levels of AFB1 for 8 weeks. Histopathological alterations in the hepatopancreas, such as hepatopancreas tubules stellar cross section deformation, reduce degenerative changes and atrophy of epithelial cells and secretory cells lining the tubules, hepatopancreas tissue necrosis and infiltration of fibroblasts in the walls of hepatopancreas tubules were observed. In Muscle tissue, muscle bundles separated from each other and create a gap between them was observed, which confirms the weight loss in 800 ppb AFLB1 treatment. Intestinal mucosal necrosis and detachment were observed in midgut tissue at the end of 4 and 8 weeks.