ابوالفضل قربانی

As the population increases, the need for high-quality animal protein sources increases. Using agricultural waste and biological waste in animal feed is a good solution to reduce costs and increase profitability. The aim of this research was to study the effect of fermentation time and processing of rumen contents with molasses and urea on rumen degradability using nylon bag method. Dry matter degradability of rumen contents processed with 4% urea and molasses during one and four days of fermentation was determined using three Talshi bulls cannulated in the rumen with the nylon bag method at different hours of incubation. The results showed that the degradability of the rumen contents finally reached about 57% and the fermentation time of the silage mass did not have much effect on improving the degradability, but the addition of urea as a nitrogen source caused a significant increase in the degradability, as well as, the combined use of molasses and urea at the level of 4% was effective in increasing the degradability, the use of urea caused a significant increase in the water-soluble fraction (a), and the combined use of molasses and urea also had the same effect in increasing the water-soluble fraction, the use of molasses and urea at the level of 4% significantly increased the slowly degradable fraction (b) and the potential of degradability (a+b) for processed rumen contents and fermented for four days increased to 76.07 percent.In relation to the passage rate, it was observed that adding urea in feeding maintenance requirements conditions increases the passage rate of feeds, but the combined use of 4 percent urea and molasses did not affect the passage rate of feeds in feeding of twice the maintenance requirements. It seems that the processing of rumen contents with 4% urea has increased the effective degradability, and its use with molasses has significantly improved the degradability potential, therefore, considering the price of urea and molasses and its effect on improving and increasing the potential degradability can be used in processing and increasing the nutritional value of rumen contents.

The graphical representation of daily milk yield during lactating period is lactation curve. There are many advantages of evaluation of the lactation curve in dairy cows, such as designing suitable breeding and management strategies for dairy cattle, genetic evaluation of dairy cows, and the prediction of the total milk yield of cow To explain the flow of milk production over the course of lactation in dairy cows, various mathematical models have been developed (Wilmink 1987; Wood 1967).There are many earlier studies that have successfully applied lactation curves in modeling the milk yield-DIM of Iranian Holstein. In all of these research the classic or Frequentist statistical methods have been used for parameter estimation and statistical inferences. The parameters of these models have not been estimated for Iranian dairy cows using Bayesian method. In the Bayesian approach, the parameters of the model are random variables, and inference is made on parameters using their posterior distributions (in some cases without the assumption of normality of the studied data) and need for huge data (Iqbal et al. 2019).This study was Bayesian estimation of the parameters of Wood, Milkbot, Gompertz, Dijkstra, Cobby and Le Du, Von Bertalanffy, Brody and Logistic mathematical models for the lactation curve. This was done using 30618, 30685 and 30627 days in milk (DIM) records of milk yield, fat percentage and protein percentage, respectively. These records were related to the days of 5 to 305 days of the first lactation period of Iranian Holstein cows with 3685 cows out of 350 herds. These data have been collected by National Breeding Center and improvement of animal production of Iran in registered herds of Holstein cows.

Data were initially adjusted for significant fixed effects that were herd-test-date (HTD) and age at calving. In order to be accurate and due to the high computational needs of Bayesian method, in this study, 30618, 30685 and 30627 records of milk production test day, fat percentage and protein percentage related to the first lactation period belonged to 3685 Holstein cows out of 350, respectively. For test-day records of milk yields, an outlier control assessment was conducted. 99.73 % of the observations accounted for data within the μ ± 3 standard deviations range. Records outside this range have been taken into consideration outliers (Junior et al. 2018). Bayesian inference was used to estimate the subsequent distribution of both unknown parameters of each lactation curve model, using a mixed nonlinear model to which the random lactation effect of each cow was added to account for the individual lactation curve of each cow. The parameters of lactation curves were estimated using the cow's test day records in the MCMC procedure of SAS software. To consider the individual lactation curve of each cow, the effect of each cow was used as a random effect in all nonlinear models. For sampling of the posterior distribution of parameters, the Monte Carlo Markov chain sampling algorithm was obtained by considering the burn-in period, sampling interval (thin) and number of cycles of 150,000, 100 iterations and 400,000 cycles for each, respectively. The effective sample size and Geweke detection test was used to evaluate the sampled amount and calculate the convergence indices. Comparisons of the models were made based on the Deviance Information Criterion (DIC). To determine the significance of the difference between the two models, if the difference between the two nonlinear models was less than 10, the DIC index was considered non-significant and if it was 10 or more, it was considered significant (Iqbal et al., 2019).

By examining the statistics of functions and convergence indices, Brody function for milk production and Wood function for fat percentage and protein percentage showed the most suitable model and better fit. The Convergence has been achieved according to Geweke test (Geweke 1992) statistic P-value. In the protein percentage fitting curve, Wood model was selected despite the significance of parameter a in the Geweke test (P <0.05) due to the appropriate trace plot. Effective sample size and the simulation sample size (4000) indicate convergence in all parameters. The differences between DIC values were found greater than 10 points for most of the cases, indicating high significant difference between the fitted models. In the results, the estimated parameters of the Brody function for milk production were 37.219, 0.544 and 0.084 for a, b and c, respectively. For milk fat percentage and milk protein percentage, the estimated parameters of Wood function were 4.29 and 3.53 for a, -0.08 and -0.04 for b, -0.0008 and -0.0004 for c, respectively. For the first 30 days, a modified gamma function gave the best fit for the first lactation (Sherchland et al. 1995).The Wood curve was superior to the Gompertz function in fitting the data and, hence, it was used for biological inference (Hansen et al. 2012).In another study by Bangar and Verma (2017) to compare four nonlinear models, Wood, quadratic model, mixed logarithmic model and Wilmink to fit the shape of lactation curves of milk production and its production traits in Gir crossbred cows in India, Wood model as the best model for Fitting of milk production data and production traits were introduced.

Bayesian method can be used in modeling complex nonlinear functions for lactation curves, especially with a small amount of data. Biological interpretation of these parameters makes it possible to use these estimates in a selection index to genetically modify the lactation curve. This shows that Brody and Wood functions, respectively, as the best model in predicting milk production and production traits in Iranian Holstein cows in the first lactation period.

This study aimed to investigate the fermentation efficiency of faecal microorganisms in comparison with rumen microorganisms to estimate the nutritional value of corn and sorghum grains in ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. To perform in vitro gas production technique with rumen liquor and faecal suspension, rumen fluid and fresh faeces were collected from three fistulated Gezel rams. The results of this study showed that there are no significant differences due to in vitro gas production between the two methods at different incubation times in experimental feedstuffs. There was no significant difference between two methods in terms of the amount of gas production from fermentable fraction (A) for corn grain, while the amount of this parameter by fecal suspension was significantly higher than that of rumen liquor in sorghum grain (P<0.05). Estimated metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for lactation (NEL), organic matter digestibility (OMD), and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) contents of experimental grains with rumen fluid and faecal suspension showed no significant differences.The amount of gas produced with rumen liquor can be successfully estimated from faeces suspension using the obtained equations Ysorghum=0.8929 X -1.6353 for the sorghum grain and Ycorn=0.9657X-3.4097 for corn grain. According to the results of the study, it seems that the animal faeces suspension has the potential to replace rumen liquor in the in vitro gas production technique for ruminants feed evaluation.

In this research we will study this noble hadith which has been narrated from the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him and his household). Because throughout Shiite history, from the time of the Holy Prophet of Islam (PBUH) until now, there have been conflicts and disputes over the immediate caliphate of the Prophet (PBUH); So, in this article, we intend to discuss one of the ways that the astray conscious or unconscious enemies of the right Shiite school use against the correct Shiite thinking, that is analyzing the suspicions about Shiites. One of the suspicions that has been recently arisen about the infallibility of our Master Amir al-Mu’minin Ali (PBUH) is appealed from Lady Fatima Zahra, holy Mother of Shites (peace be upon her). The argument is that in order to overthrow the Shiites, the other sect (Sunnies) used a method in which the Shiites, with their own admissions, are defeated and surrender to them. But in the future, God willing, we intend to dispel this suspicion and reveal their black faces by narrations and sayings in this subject and we will reveal the truth. So, there will be a review about Hadith’s document, the sayings of the scholars of the two sects, etc., and it will be proved later by God Almighty’s help that their intention of the hadith is false and irrelevant, and that they intended a false will from a true text.

Islam, as the most complete religion, has been paid special attention to the role of nutrition in the physical, mental and moral health of individuals. The Holy Quran and the Hadith of prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and twelve Imams have pointed out some benefits of Halal foods and also adverse effects of forbidden foods (Haram) in human life.

The present review article performed by search in Holy Quran, authentic Hadith and results of some scientific studies, using the following keywords.

According to this review, consumption of Haram foods causes many physical and psychological complications and also prevents doing good deeds. Some studies on the effect of food molecules on the genetic structure of individuals have shown that consuming healthy and Halal foods can lead to the best genetic response. Eating halal food not only has positive effects on health, soul and behavior of humans, but also maintains social security and promotes the health of society.

Generally, from the perspective of Holy Quran and Hadith, the foundation of health is the consumption of healthy and clean food and avoidance of forbidden foods. Recent advances in science have clarified the cause and philosophy of the sanctity of some of them. However, the future studies may reveal more and better explanations for them.

Ovarian cancer is the most common cancer among women that some environmental and genetic factors contribute to this cancer. The data show that somatic changes in pik3cA through mutation or enhancement of gene are quite common in ovarian cancer with 30.5% of mutation or internal changes or other changes. In this study, the association of pik3cA (rs7630662) polymorphism gene associated with ovarian cancer was studied.

In this study, the polymorphism of pik3cA (rs7640662) gene was studied in 70 women with ovarian cancer and 70 healthy women in East Azerbaijan province by PCR-ARMZ method.

In this study, Chi-square statistical analysis showed that there was no significant difference between healthy population and unhealthy group in terms of abundance (p=0/128), which indicated that there is no correlation between this site and incidence of ovarian cancer.

The results of this study showed that the polymorphism of pik3cA gene is not associated with ovarian cancer.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inbreeding on the estimation of genetic parameters of weight traits at different ages in Moghani sheep. In the present study, the information of 11721 Moghani sheep in Jafarabad Moghan breeding station from 1987 to 2011 was used. Genetic parameters were estimated using single trait model with covariate and classification and without inbreeding. CFC and WOMBAT software were used to estimate the inbreeding coefficient and the effect of inbreeding on traits, respectively. The results of analysis of variance showed that the random effect of the animal and the fixed effects of year-season, sex and age had a significant effect on all the studied traits (P <0.05). The mean inbreeding for all animals and inbreed animal were 0.4% and 1.67% respectively. Totally, 26.1 % of all the animals were inbred. The inbreeding depression for body weight traits at birth, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60-months of age was respectively, -1.06, 0.113, 0.126, -0.089, 0.817, -0.054, -0.687, 2.717 and -0.139 kg, per 1% increase in individual coefficient. Direct heritability for birth weights, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months were calculated 0.17, 0.14, 0.10, 0.27, 0.16, 0.21, 0.20, 0.02 and 0.23 respectively. The results showed that the inclusion of inbreeding in models for estimating genetic parameters had a low to moderate effect on the estimation of heritability. The results also showed that the harmful effects of excessive inbreeding could be prevented by increasing the use of distant crosses with superior males and proper genetic management in herds.

The use of artificial insemination in dairy cattle industry may improve the results of selection for production traits. This study attempts to evaluated effect of GDF9A625T and GDF9A489T candidate gene polymorphism on the sperm quality and quantity traits in Iranian bulls. A total of 108 samples of blood and semen was collected of A. I. bulls were born between 1989-2016 years. The GDF9A625T and GDF9A489T SNPs was determined by PCR- RFLP with DraI and NsiI enzymes, respectively. In A625T site, A (351 and 25 bp) and T (376 bp) alleles and in A489T site, A (184 and 24 bp) and T (208bp) alleles was obtained and also three AA, AT and TT genotypes in two marker sites were observed. The frequency results of GDF9A625T site showed that the T allele relative to the A allele was more frequent in Iranian Holstein bulls (0.6343 vs 0.3657) and 44.44, 37.98 and 17.95 percent of bulls had TT, AT and AA genotypes, respectively. In GDF9A625T site, the T allele frequency was more than A allele (0.602 vs 0.398) and 40.82, 38.78 and 20.14 percent of bulls had TT, AT and AA genotypes, respectively. Analysis of variance revealed that the effects of both loci were significant effect on sperm quality in Iranian Holstein bulls. The result of means comparison between genotypes in two marker sites showed that bulls with AT genotype significantly high value in quantitative trait and AA genotype was significantly higher in qualitative trait. Results of this research showed that these marker sites can be beneficial in genomic selection.

This experiment conducted to investigating the possibility of using in vitro gas production technique using faeces suspension as inocula in place of the rumen liquors for estimation of nutritional value of wheat and barley grains.The chemical compositions of wheat and barley grains were determined by conventional methods. For the in vitro gas production technique, rumen liquor and faeces collected from three cannulated rams. Result indicated that, there were no significant differences between gas production volume of wheat and barley grains with rumen liquor and faeces suspension at different incubation times (except 12 h of incubation in wheat grain). Also, there were no significantly differences between A fraction (gas production volume (ml) of fermentable fraction of feed) and estimated nutritional values in both feeds using rumen liquor and faeces suspension as inocula, but the rate of gas production (c) using faeces suspension was significantly higher than that of rumen liquor. Prediction equations of the amount of gas production using rumen liquor from the gas production volume with faeces suspension is Y=-3.8751+1.0052X for the wheat grain and is Y=-1.7172+1.0367X for barley grain. In addition, there were no significant differences between metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for lactation (NEl), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) contents of wheat and barley grains with rumen liquor and faeces suspension. In an overall conclusion, it seems that the sheep faces may be a suitable alternative to rumen liquor in the in vitro gas production method for ruminant feed evaluation.

Arched structures, especially vaults, as one of the most widely used structural elements in traditional architecture, are of particular importance in the perspective of historical settlements.
However, most of the research in this field has been devoted to historical and technical issues and so the visual functions of this element has been stayed hidden behind the role of its structure.
This paper tries to understand and explain the role of vault structures in organizing the landscape of historical urban Squares, to provide solutions appropriate to contemporary needs for designing and organizing squares.
The process of this research began with library studies and continued with the sampling through field studies.
In this regard, first, the eight squares chosen as case studies were divided into three types based on the type of function of vault structures in their facade: «portico», «room and bulkhead» and «bulkhead».
Then, the role of these elements in covering the facades in both vertical and horizontal directions in both micro and macro scales was analyzed.
The examined issues at the micro-scale include: how the rhythm was created, the connection of the walls to the surrounding buildings and the entrance of the square, and the connection of the walls to each other in the body of the square.
The results of the research indicate the use of three methods based on «complete vault», «buildings and entrances» and «combination of complete vault with half- vault « in order to create rhythm in the facades.
In addition to creating rhythm, « combination of complete vault with half- vault» has also been used to connect the facades of the square to the surrounding buildings.
Analyzes also reveal four methods used to link the facades of squares with each other, including « complete vault «, « half- vault», «diagonal with a 45 degree angle» and «disconnected».
Then, how to place two stories of the square on top of each other in a vertical direction was studied.
Here, by examining the general structure of the upper floor, the roots of the creation of the outer corridor on the first floor of the squares are discussed as an arena for access and observing the center of the square.
Then as a result of studying the role of vault elements on the scale of whole square, we found a triple pattern for the composition of these elements in the facade: «creation of confinement», «building a foundation for visual emphasis» and «visual emphasis».
Finally, due to the fact that decorations are one of the important features of Iranian-Islamic architecture, various methods of decoration, including «brickwork», «karbandi», «tiling», «mural» and «column» and their position on the surface of vault structures are analyzed and introduced to explain the robust background for contemporary improvement and design.

The aim of this study was to determine to Pituitary-specific transcription factor (Pit1) gene polymorphism relationship with milk production in Iranian Holstein dairy cows. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 110 proof and un-proof Holstein bulls from North West and Tehran breeding centers of Iran. After performing extraction steps using modified phenol-chloroform method, PITI exon 6 polymorphism was determined with PCR-RFLP and HifI restriction enzyme. Two alleles and three genotypes were observed. Hinf1+ (G) allele and GG genotype were the more frequent. Allelic and genotypic variations in years do not show a specific trend, and for most of the years, the G allele was more frequent. The results of analysis of variance showed that PitI-HinfI polymorphism was not significant effect on milk, fat, protein production, fat percentage and protein content (p>0.05). Allelic replacement effect results showed that allele change from G to A did not have a significant effect on any of the studied traits. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that for the use of this gene in the of milk production traits improvement, further research is needed.

This study was performed to investigate the relationship between G286A and T340C loci of the gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) gene and sperm quality related traits in Iranian Holstein bull’s populations. Phenotypic data and blood samples were collected from 150 bulls at the Sheikh Hassan Tabriz and Jahed Karaj Breeding Centers between 1992-2014. To identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of GnRHR gene, PCR-RFLP method and MboII and BspMI restriction enzymes were used for G286A and T340C loci, respectively. The T and C alleles in T340C locus and A and G alleles in G286A locus two were obtained. G (0.679) and T (0.676) alleles and TC (0.46) and GA (0.45) genotypes were the most abundant. Analysis of variance showed a significant relationship between the above candidate loci and most of the sperm traits. The results of mean comparison indicated the superiority of heterozygous GA and TC genotypes in the studied loci. This study for the first time investigated the significant relationship of GnRHR gene with sperm-related traits in Iranian Holstein population. However, further research is needed.

Abstract Ovarian cancer is the most common cancer among women that some environmental and genetic factors contribute to this cancer. Clinical research has shown that excessive expression of HER2 gene leads to carcinogenesis, which includes 20-30% of ovarian and breast cancers. In this study, the polymorphism of a part of codon of 655 HER2(rs1136201) gene associated with ovarian cancer was studied. in this study, the polymorphism of HER2 (1136201) was studied gene in 70 women with ovarian cancer and 70 healthy women in East Azerbaijan province using of BSMI enzyme by PCR-RFLP method. The distribution of polymorphism of HER2 (rs1136201) site provided the most differences in AA genotype between healthy group and unhealthy one (40 against 3); that is, there was a significant difference in the frequency of homozygote genotypes between healthy and patient groups. Chi-Square test used for studying the difference of genotype frequency between two population indicates that there is a significant difference between two population in terms of abundance (p<0/0001), which is the indicator of probable relation of this site with the incidence of disease. The results of this study showed that the polymorphism of HER2 gene increases the risk of ovarian cancer.

Total of 43 milking buffaloes were considered in this experiment to investigate the effect of body condition score of calving (BCSc) on reproductive performance at North-west Buffalo Rearing and Breeding Center, West Azerbaijan, Iran. The experiment was carried out in the form of completely randomized design with 2 factors of BCS and Parity. The BCS had 4 of 2.5-2.99, 3.0-3.49, 3.5-3.99, and 4.0-4.49, and Parity had 3 levels of 1: first calving, 2: 2nd- 5th parity, and 3: 5+ parity. The BCSc of individual animals was determined by measuring animals’ backfat thickness using an ultrasound machine at the 12–13th rib (mm) at the start of the trial. The results showed a linear relationship between BCSc and parity with calf birth weight (P<0.05). The lowest age at first estrus after calving was in animals within group of BCS with 2.5 to 2.99 (P<0.05), but the effect of parity on age at first estrus after calving was not significant (P<0.05). The main effect of BCSc and parity were significant on conception rate in the first artificial insemination such that buffaloes within BCSc group of 3-3.49 and within parity group 2 had higher conception rate. In this study the open days after calving and calving intervals increased with increasing BCS (P<0.05). The effect of BCS and parity group was not significant (P>0.05) on the number of artificial insemination resulted in pregnancy. Breeding efficiency was linearly associated with number of parity (P>0.05), but it did not affected by BCS (P>0.05).

Ischemic heart diseases (IHD) cause most deaths worldwide in a way that they are the cause of more than 30 percent of the deaths. After the discovery of miRNA in 1990 and the discovery of more than 2500 types of miRNA, gradually the importance of these mechanism regulators and molecular signals and gene routes were identified in the processes and the cellular mechanisms, especially in cardiovascular system. The goal of this research was to investigate miR-499 dominating the apoptosis of heart cellules in serums of the patients with MI (myocardial infarction). In this case-control study, miR-499 were investigated by real time PCR among 70 MI patients in Shahid Madani Hospital in Tabriz in 2017 and the data were compared with healthy persons. The statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS (version19) by t-test method. P<0.05 were considered as significant. The expression levels of miR-499 significantly increased among MI patients compared to control group (P=0.007). The miR-499 expression has no significant difference between overweight and normal weight people (P=0.06). The present study showed that the expression of miR-499 among individuals suffering from MI has been greater than healthy people and it can be utilized as a diagnostic and also prognostic factor of MI patients.

The cost of design and building industrial systems is greatly affected by determining the exact number of machineries and human resources, consequently allowing to achieve a higher level of efficiency and productivity. Different methods have been presented to estimate the number of required resources for operational processes. The reliability of the results from these methods is highly dependent on the estimation of the input data which, under uncertain conditions, might have a vague nature and convey incorrect information. Therefore, this study aimed to propose a novel framework based on the fuzzy logic to determine the optimal number of machineries and human resources. The fuzzy set theory was used to determine the percentage of wastes and the time required to complete operational processes. Moreover, to prove the practicality of the proposed model and given the significance of improving the productivity of Textile industry in Iran, the proposed model was employed in a case study of the textile industry and the results were compared with the standard method. The results suggest a significant difference between the number of machineries and human resources estimated by the proposed method and that by the standard method. These differences may negatively affect the performance and optimal usage of the available capacity. The results obtained from the proposed model offer more accurate and comprehensive information under uncertain conditions, allowing us to make appropriate decisions to revise the unused capacity, reduce the cost of idle resources, and increase the efficiency and productivity of the industry.

Since ancient Greece, and even after the establishment of the science of aesthetics, the question of what beauty is has always been unresolved among scientists. However, apart from these struggles, human beings deal with beautifying their environment and instruments, and even themselves at the expense of risking their life. What is beauty that man protects it with his life? How is the existence it enjoys? The present study uses library resources and gathers the scholars’ views in this sphere and analyzes them logically to find the answers to the aforementioned questions and some other related questions. Stressing the objectivity of beauty and rejecting its subjectivity, rejecting the idea of non-definability of beauty, and suggesting solutions for defining it in the form of establishing or reinforcing previous definitions or offering new definitions using genus and composite differentia are among the findings of the present study.

In this paper, we present indices by which it is possible to characterize and detect those potential users of false invoices in a given year, depending on the information of their tax payment, their historical performance and characteristics, using different types of data mining techniques. In this research first, clustering algorithms like Self- Organizing Map (SOM) and neural gas networks are used to identify groups of similar behaviors of taxpayers. Then decision trees, neural networks and Bayesian networks are used to identify those variables that are related to conduct of fraud and/or no fraud, detect patterns of associated behavior and establishing to what extent cases of fraud and/or no fraud can be detected with the available information. We utilize some information gained from tax auditors who are working in the Tax offices of Tehran and the informal unofficial statistics and anonymous questionnaire from some companies to gain primary data to detect fraud and compare different techniques of false invoices. To determine the main indexes in false invoices, we divided taxpayers to the micro and small enterprises and on the other side medium and large enterprises and examined the factors of fraud on each groups, with neural gas networks, separately. Particularly the neural gas method found that it was possible to identify some relevant variables to differentiate between good or bad behavior, not necessarily associated with the use and sale of false invoices. Kohonen’s method however, did not provide any behavioral patterns. In the case of micro and small businesses, the percentage of correctly detected fraud cases was 92%, while in the case of medium and large enterprises, this percentage was 89%.

We see the universe and the objects beautiful; but some questions immediately involve our mind: »why the universe is beautiful? «and» why the human beings believe in existence of the beauty? « In this article we want to answer such questions by the descriptive - analytical method and with the emphasis on Sadraian ontology. As a result, the beauty is equivalent to existence and they are the same. Therefore, beauty as the existence is a gradation of Reality, and has various manifestations. The upmost degree of it, that is Absolute Beauty, for his perfection is essentially beautiful. Thus, universe as his effect or manifestation is beautiful too. By awareness of Absolute Beauty as the cause or the Lightening and by seeing ourselves and other beautiful things as its effect or manifestation, we believe in existence of beauty.

The study of the townscape of Islamic settlements and the application of motifs and decorative elements in the public spaces explains religious beliefs and socio-economic structure of Islam as a unified universal tradition. Nevertheless, the topic has been generally disregarded in historical research. In the same manner, in the study of the decorations in the interior environments, the argument that the “the outward appearance of building is dominantly disregarded”, leads to a general avoidance of the topic. The unawareness of the intricate doctrine and historic roots of these elements, not only obstructs the approaches that address the visual disorder in the contemporary residential architecture, but also incites an economic exclusion and social disintegration. This study aims to identify and introduce decorations used in the “Laft” port as an example of settlements with the historic urban fabric, through which the methods and levels of decorations has been systematically analyzed. The study relies on literature review and field observations. Basic studies and analyses, which were conducted in the "Laft" port demonstrate similarities in the form of decorations used on structural elements that have distinctive impact on the urban landscape.. In order to understand the effect of the similarity in terms of social and physical aspects, the decorations have been analyzed in two scales; ‘urban scale’ and ‘building scale’.
In ‘urban scale’,, surface decorations have been studied in three levels. The first and lowest level involves decorative motifs and elements in the height of 1 to 3 meters above the ground, which includes doors and portals in entrance spaces. The second level consists of the application of decorations on the frameworks of entrance spaces, walls of public buildings and hearths, which have certain physical effects in public places. The application of decorations on relatively higher elevations of 2 to 4 meters, promotes the visibility and appreciation of the motifs. These decorations appear as formal stucco. Finally, the application of the same motifs on the wind-catchers hull and minarets of mosques illustrates the third level of using decorations in the urban fabric of the Loft ancient port. The height of 4 to 10 meters of elements in the third level would dictate larger motifs in order to maintain a visual impact
Subsequently, decorations in the scale of ‘building’ have been analyzed in two parts including entrance space and wind-catcher.
The spiritual aspects of these decorations were explored because of inseparable unity of appearance and meaning in the art used in Islamic buildings. Final findings of this research demonstrate that using decorations in the historical fabric of Laft has different levels of application based on the scope of human vision, and provides a particular manifestation in a hierarchical process. This study also shows that the concept of social unity, emphasized in Islam religion is one of the most fundamental factors in the visual organization of Laft port.

This study was carried out to determination of in vitro binding capacity of organic (wheat and barley) and inorganic (perlite) sources for Mn، Zn، Cu، and Fe. For this reason wheat and barley were chemical analyzed for moisture، protein، ash، and ether extract، total carbohydrate، NDF، ADF، ADL، crude fiber، viscosity، cellulose، and total dietary fiber. The in vitro mineral binding capacity of wheat، barley، and perlite to Mn، Zn، Fe، and Cu under sequential simulated physiological conditions of the stomach، small intestine، and colon was investigated and compared. Acid washing was efficient in removing most endogenous minerals from samples with the exception of Fe. Barley showed the highest mineral binding capacity for Mn (5. 16%)، Zn (11. 07%)، and Cu (44. 48%) in small intestine. Perlite had lower mineral binding capacity (Mn (0. 76%)، Zn (1. 74%)، and Cu (1. 41%)) than wheat and barley. Organic sources had an affinity for Fe>Cu>Zn>Mn. Dietary Fiber had a negative impact on mineral bioavailability.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of inbreeding on semen qualitative and quantitative traits in Iranian Holstein bulls. Data of 309 Holstein bulls from two animal breeding centers (Jahed Co and Iran’s North West breeding center) that collected from 1989 to 2013 years was used. The under-investigation traits included sperm volume, sperm concentration, motility to post-thaw motile ratio, post-thaw motility, motility, and total number of motile sperms in milt ejaculation. The average inbreeding was 0.003 and 0.013 in inbred animals. The effect of inbreeding was evaluated using a random regression model via Proc REG in the SAS software. The analysis of variance of effective factors showed that the effects of animal, station-year-season and age were significant on all traits (p˂0.05). The estimated regression coefficient of inbreeding (inbreeding depression) was not significant on all traits. The mean comparison of semen quality traits in different inbreeding levels showed that bull reproductive traits decreased with an increase in the inbreeding level.

Monuments and historical fabrics of each country are like a comprehensive mirror of all the principles and values of the community to showcase its ruling. One of most important principle in traditional architecture of Iran, especially after entrance of Islam, is privacy that has been deep impact on the formation of historical urban and rural spaces. Therefore the recognition of this principle in the formation of neighborhoods and homes and spaces associated with them are particular importance as the territory of residence.
The entrance which is located on the border between inside and outside of the House measures has the most important privacy impact on the shaping of residential space that it’s neglecting under the influence of developments in urban and rural area of the country, leads to several problems in residential space. To the best of our knowledge, there are a lot of studies in the context of entrance space in hierarchical fabric. The most of these studies have reviewed the visual and functional features, but none of these studies have considered the interaction of entrance space with the most important adjacent public space, i.e. passages and their function in the hierarchical access network. The study of this issue is important in two ways first, this study considers the impact of different levels of generality of passages on the formation of entrance space according to protecting interior space privacy second, this study mentions the impact of this space and its location on protecting adjacent space privacy and surveillance of the public realm.
The aim of this paper is to identify and introduce the homes entrance space of the Laft harbor as an example of a village with historical fabrics of country, which is including two feathers of compression and restriction as its characteristics for investigating of position and the role of entry spaces in articulating of the privacy principle.
In this regard, in addition to pondering of written resources, discovery and field studies in order to take samples and determine the species has been used.
Based on these findings, there are three general types of entrance space under, the entrance space formed in the main passage, the entrance space formed in the narrow area of main passage and main entrance located at the side and dead-end street was identified. Pir-Neshin pattern is the first and the most complete entrance type in wide area of main passage with the width of 4-7 meters. This pattern prevails in the historical fabric of Laft. The second type of entrance space that includes a variety of patterns without Pir-Neshin is observable in the narrow area of main passage with the width of 2.80-4 meters. The third type is the simple entrance which is observable in the side and dead-end streets with the width of 1-3 meters.
In this paper, privacy is studied from physical viewpoint in three forms first, entrance space location in public passages second, physical component and its proportion and their impact on visibility control from adjacent passage third, the role of entrance as a community entrance placed on the joint point of side passages and public space. Then with preparing of privacy principle and control the vision, principles of positioning, performance and proportions of each species were investigated and consequently principles and innovations in this space were defined. Following as a result of this research was presented:Check the physical developments in relation to the width of the input space and place it against the password field in the access network hierarchy, indicating that whatever adjacent space width and general ferryboat is decreased, the components and key dimensions of input space are also reduced.
With exploring the physical effect of written forms in the realm of General ferryboat, the ability and any particular role of component to control in the sight of the entrance door of the House was exhibited as a starting point of private realm. The deep impact of some simple forms on increasing of homes realm as one of the unique inventions of ancient architecture of loft was revealed to overcome the limitations of network communication and the creation of the related input space.
With clever positioning of public inputs in the public realm, in addition to preserving the privacy and strong ties to the neighborhood, the entrance of certain area can be defined as well as public realm.

Black seed (Nigella sativa L.) is one of the most revered medicinal plants which has been used to treat many diseases including hypercholesterolemia in some folk medicines. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of dietary supplementation with crushed black seed on serum lipid profile, body weight and food intake in hyperlipidemic rabbits. Twenty-four New Zealand male rabbits after 2 weeks of adaptation received a hypercholesterolemic diet with 0.5 % cholesterol for 1 month. Then the rabbits were randomly assigned into two groups, the control group was continued on the 0.5 % cholesterol diet and the black seed group received 7.5 g/kg bw/day crushed black seed along with the 0.5% cholesterol diet, for 2 months. The diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Fasting blood sampling and measurement of body weight was carried out at baseline, after hyperlipidemia, 1 month and 2 months of treatment and the levels of serum lipid profile were determined. Daily food intake also was measured by subtracting the given food from its residues. The concentrations of serum TC, TG, LDL-C, TC/HDL-C and LDL.C/HDL-C were significantly lower in black seed group as compared to the control group during the 2 months of treatment, but there was no significant difference in body weight and food intake between the two groups. According to these findings, dietary black seed favorably decreased serum lipid profile in hyperlipidemic rabbits therefore, black seed may be used as a useful therapy for hyperlipidemia.