ابوالقاسم باقری

Iran's economic sectors were affected by a set of external and internal factors during the Fifth and Sixth Development Plans (2011-2023) with different intensity and scope. Due to the withdrawal of the United States of America from the JCPOA agreement in 2018 and the return and continuation of economic sanctions in 2018-2023, along with the outbreak of Covid-19 in 2019 and 2021 and climate changes in many years over 2011-2023, Iran’s performance of the agricultural sector has faced serious challenges during this period. The dependence of a part of agricultural employment on the state of production (especially in the harvesting stage) has caused changes in the agricultural employment over the same period.

This study aimed at investigating the changes in agricultural employment by province, gender and regions in the IRI Fifth and Sixth Development Plans (2011-2023). It was conducted in a library method and the study results were analyzed in a descriptive manner. The study addressed employment in the agricultural sector; and the relevant statistical population was also considered at three levels of province, gender (women and men engaged in agriculture) and region (urban and rural).

The study results showed that according to SPEI, Iran's agricultural sector has experienced different degrees of climatic changes in the period of 2011-2023; the average seasonal growth rate of the agricultural employment of Iranian total, women and men during the studied period was estimated -0.7, -4 and 0.1 percent, respectively; there has been a decrease in the agricultural employment nationwide (with the exception of 8 provinces); between 2011 and 2023, the decrease in the employment of women in Iran's agriculture (311 thousand people) was more than the total decrease in the country's agricultural employment (288 thousand people); the changes in Iran's agricultural employment during this period have led to the loss of rural agricultural employment (624 thousand people decrease and -1.9 percent annual growth) and to the benefit of urban agricultural employment (336 thousand people increase and 3.3 percent annual growth). Also, the low or negative growth rate of agricultural employment in the rural areas of the country in the last decade indicates the beginning of a large-scale transformation in rural employment. The low share of women's employment in agricultural employment (about 19 percent), to a large extent, confirms the masculinity of agricultural activities in Iran.

Conclusion and Suggestions:

 Usually, in the process of economic growth, the share of direct agricultural employment decreases. Iran's agricultural employment rate has undergone several fluctuations over recent years. The decrease in the amount of agricultural employment in rural areas of Iran, along with the decrease in the women’s agricultural employment over recent years, indicates the beginning of certain changes in the structure of agricultural employment in Iran. The quality of the labor force leaving Iran's agricultural sector is uncertain. These developments can simultaneously affect the growth of the added value of the agricultural sector and the welfare level of rural households. In order to manage the consequences of climate change and the withdrawal of some of the labor force from the agricultural sector, it is necessary to establish purposively a climate change crisis headquarters in the Ministry of Agriculture-Jahad (MAJ). This requires policymaking in the cropping patterns to stabilize existing employment, support farmers affected by the climate change, and model the success of provinces in increasing direct agricultural employment.

Improving the production system in the agricultural sector requires defining and implementing a model for crop cultivation, based on the country's macro policies, market structure, farmers' knowledge and regional and climatic potentials to protect the environment, reduce water consumption and achieve The economic benefits are sustainable. The purpose of this study is to apply the gray fuzzy planning model with an environmental approach and reduce water consumption in determining the optimal cultivation pattern in Jiroft.

The present research is an applied research in terms of purpose, causal in terms of study method, and in terms of research method and nature and method of approach to inference. Gray planning is one of the methods of analyzing gray systems for decision making under uncertainty.

The results showed that the area under potato cultivation between 5292 and 5328.7 hectares in the region can change. The area under onion cultivation can be changed between 1547 and 2349.9. The area under tomato cultivation between 530.6 and 985.4 hectares in the region can change. The area under watermelon cultivation can be changed between 129.5 and 240.5. The area under corn cultivation between 840 and 1560 hectares in the region can change. The area under alfalfa cultivation can be changed between 1204.7 and 22237.3. According to the mentioned restrictions and with the aim of maximum profit, the farmers of the region can cultivate 4910.1 hectares of wheat, 1644.5 hectares of barley and 2063.6 hectares of cucumbers.

Since the development of infrastructure services has a great impact on reducing resource constraints, paying attention to this issue regarding the optimal use of resources to increase the profitability of regional activities can be effective.

Allied forces, including Soviet and British forces, occupied Iran in September 1941. After a while, American forces were added to them. After entering Iran and achieving their goals, these forces were stationed in various areas, especially in some cities, including Isfahan, and began patrolling. The deployment and patrolling of the Allied forces in Isfahan has inevitably led to clashes between them and the people of Isfahan. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reasons for the Allied presence and patrol in Isfahan and their dealings with the people of Isfahan. To investigate this issue, a descriptive-analytical approach has been used with the help of unpublished documents and newspapers related to the deployment of the Allied forces in Isfahan in World War II and also the petitions of the people of Isfahan to city officials to protest the behavior of these forces. The findings of the present study showed that the geographical and communication importance of Isfahan, the presence of German agents and supporters in it and its proximity to the Bakhtiari and Qashqai tribes, forced the Allies to deploy and patrol their forces in this city and surrounding areas. Also, the presence of Allied forces in the city of Isfahan, in addition to breaking the legal and real personality of the officials and people of Isfahan and their superior treatment of the people in this city, also contributed to the spread of phenomena such as insecurity and corruption in the city.

After the occupation of Iran by the Allies in World War II, public foodstuffs in Isfahan were faced with price increases, hoarding, smuggling and degradation of quality. This situation forced governmental and non-governmental departments of Isfahan to take measures to provide public foodstuffs and confront the hoarders. The purpose of this study is to investigate the success of Isfahan governmental and non-governmental agencies in providing foodstuffs during the occupation of Iran in World War II. To investigate this issue, a descriptive-analytical approach has been used.The findings of the present study showed that Isfahan offices, for provision of public foodstuffs, measures taken, such as : monitoring the entry and exit of food, rationing of public foodstuffs, punishing the hoarders and forcing the owners to sell their surplus wheat: however, as a result of some reasons such as : hoarding, the employment of Allied staff in Isfahan offices, the incompatibility of Isfahan offices with each other and with the central governmental and administrative problems, the measures taken by these offices in providing public stuffs were insignificant and they did not manage to meet the expectations of the people.

The present inquiry is an attempt to examine critical-structural theorems through the views of Ibn Khaldun, the philosohoer, historiographer, and the theoretician of civil sciences. As a prominent critic, he has put forth a number of theories with respect to literary criticism. In his book, Muqaddimah (Prolegomena), he points out certain criticism criteria not as a philosopher, but as a critic; his comments and opinions can be explored in brief across these criteria. Ibn Khaldun has addressed, expressed and interpreted a number of critical and rhetorical criteria which demonstrated his inspiration from former philosophers of Andalusia. Critical criteria in his book, Muqaddimah, include the poetic queen, words and meanings, style, poetic style, prose, and the Holy Quran; accordingly, the following question can be posed: What are the criteria set by Ibn Khaldun in his critical theories? Given the hypothesis of the study, Ibn Khaldun has been able to formulate new theories and present new ideas in areas of defining poetry, explaining the concept of words and meanings, and differences between poetic devices, natural words, and artificial words, similar to the old critics. Subsequently, the purpose of this study is to examine Ibn Khaldun’s literary approaches and opinions in order to explain critical-structural theories through his point of view. As a part of the Arabic literature history, it appears necessary to address the critical perspective of this well-known author in the area of literary criticism.

Review of Literature:

The only available text on the criticism of Ibn Khaldun’s views written in Persian is titled, “Ibn Khaldun and Literary Criticism” which includes a short inquiry translated by Abbas, published in Keyhan Newspaper. In a paper titled, “al-Dhouq kima yarah Ibn Khaldun”, the author defines the concept of taste among critics and rhetoricians whilst pointing out Ibn Khaldun’s ideas in this regard. In the second section of another article titled, “Qira’ah fi Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun an al-Adab va Naqdah”, the author writes about the concept of literature and its criticism from the perspective of Ibn Khaldun; being similar to another paper titled, “Ibn Khaldun Adiban Naqidan”, the author addresses the concept of literature and defines literary techniques such as poetry and prose as well as examining Arabic poetry and its conventions in different historical periods. In the fourth chapter, the author investigates Arabic poetry during various historical periods and then discusses Ibn Khaldun’s definitions on poetry. In a thesis titled, “Ibn Khaldun Naqidan”, the author presents a biography of Ibn Khaldun; in the third chapter, he addresses Ibn Khaldun’s views on the criticism and Arabic language sciences which involve syntax, linguistics, rhetoric, and literature. In another thesis titled, “al-Qazaya al-Naqdiyah ind filasifah al-Andelus”, the author ultimately addresses Ibn Khaldun’s critical-philosophical comments. Following the study of related literature and focusing on the most important points in similar research, the present study attempts to examine critical theorems of the old critics and their definitions in this context; next, Ibn Khaldun’s opinions are examined and the differences between the ideas of other critics before him are discussed. The approach adopted in this study is a comparative approach between Ibn Khaldun and other contemporary and former critics; subsequently, the present inquiry involves a set of comprehensive discussions.

In this study, it is attempted to describe and analyze Ibn Khaldun’s views on the areas of literature and criticism and study discussions related to the criticism of the Andalusia period with respect to the ideas of this 8th century (A.H.) prominent writer and critic, using credible literary and historical research. The conduct of the study through said approach can yield valid results which could be beneficial for other scholars in the area of literature.

According to the results of the study, in addition to areas such as history, civil sciences, and philosophy, Ibn Khaldun was also an expert in literature; he is an advocate of prioritizing words over meaning and has special insights around the definition of taste and style as criticism criteria as well as the styles of poetry, prose, and Quran. Examination efforts into Ibn Khaldun’s set of critical approaches and the accumulation of his views can offer a relatively comprehensive account of his literary-critical character.

Ibn Khaldun has drawn boundaries for each type of rhetorical and spoken techniques (poetry, prose, and Quran); according to his descriptions, each technique involves its own special styles. One of the innovative ideas of Ibn Khaldun in criticism is his rejection of a gift that most believe is granted to a writer or a poet. He uses the word “queen” as a replacement for this word.
Regarding the subject of words and meanings, Ibn Khaldun believes that verbal structures, whether in prose or in poetry, lie within words rather than meanings; subsequently, meaning is a function of words and the latter becomes the primary aspect. This shows his preference of words over meaning. Ibn Khaldun believes that as a criticism criterion, taste is not an inherent virtue to measure beauty and enjoyment; rather, taste is an acquired value for humans. He also believes that style is not created unless language compositions are completed; according to Ibn Khaldun, style is similar to a social phenomenon and he expresses its social aspects in poetic examples such as the beginning of ode with crying over homeland, whining, questioning and also poetic elements such as metaphor, similes, examples and descriptions. As for the relation between poetry and religion, he believes that there are very few, if any, imaginations in divine poetry; he expresses their meanings as common and clear in which no technique is used. The reason behind such an observation is that there is no need for poetic rules such as fantasies.

The present research studies the evaluation of the maturity of electronic human resource management and its impact on the optimization of intellectual capital in the organization (Case study: Telecommunication Company of Tehran). Therefore, it is applied in the field of applied research and considering the field information used to test the research hypothesis, it is included in the research group. The research method is descriptive. The statistical population of the present study is the total number of 1,000 employees of Tehran Telecommunication Company. For collecting information, two matrixes of human resource management electronic questionnaires including dimensions (communication, automation, application, analytical software, software coordination, creation, alignment) and optimization of intellectual capital including dimensions (human capital optimization, structural capital optimization, customer capital optimization), interest It has been taken. In order to test the hypothesis of the research, the structural equation test was analyzed by SPSS and PLS software. The findings of the research indicate that the maturity of electronic human resource management has a significant effect on the optimization of intellectual capital

Irregular consumption of groundwater resources in the northern Mahyar plain that is located in Zayande Rood basin river has considerably decreased the water’s level of aquifer of this plain and groundwater resources as important resources of water supply for agriculture of this region have been faced with a negative balance. On this basis, Aquifer management in terms of preserving and sustainability of water resources is very important. The regional economic dependence on irrigated agriculture and the decline of the Mahyar Aquifer due to agricultural pumping have been much of the basis for the relatively recent governmental interest in developing policy alternatives for conserving water in the aquifer. Especially, for the area's economy is based on agricultural production. Although governments supportive payments to agricultural activities are fulfilled for the purpose of increasing of social benefits, it will cause some economic and environmental externalities. The objectives of this study were to analyze and evaluate the outcomes of water price increment as specified water conservation policy alternatives on groundwater consumption and cropping patterns on the aquifer of northern Mahyar plain in Isfahan province, using non-linear optimization models.
The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of irrigation water pricing scenarios on groundwater balance and the modification in farmer's cropping patterns in the northern Mahyar plain. The objective function in this study is to maximize net present value to land, management, groundwater, and irrigation systems over a twenty years planning horizon. For these purposes, A Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) model is considered in a dynamic framework and was calibrated to land use data for a base period of 2004-2005. The effects of the eight pricing scenarios of water in the range of zero to 1800 (IRR) on parameters over a period of twenty years were simulated by the model. PMP approach produces a constrained non-linear optimization model that mimics the land and water allocation decision facing producers each year The choice variables in the model are the acreages planted to each of the major crops and the water use by crop. This method is a useful approach in the determination of planning strategies and policies for groundwater systems. This method was intended to collect data and survey-based study of 250 questionnaires, documents, and use of views and experiences of experts.
The results derived from the model employed in this work showed that water pricing alone can potentially reduce considerably the consumption of aquifer groundwater, and adjust the trend of overexploitation of groundwater by irrigated agriculture. This effect is generated mainly as a result of water pricing providing incentives to the modification of farmer's cropping patterns through the substitution of crops with higher water requirements by others which use less water. Therefore, another modification in farmer's cropping patterns is substitution of crops with traditional irrigation by modern irrigation system. In fact, it has been analyzed that under certain structural and economic conditions, the effect of pricing policies can generate significant levels of water savings. The chief generalization is that the high water price scenarios significantly decreased the rate of decline in saturated thickness. Regardless of the price scheme, the saturated thickness will increase so long as the rate of recharge exceeds the irrigation rate. Therefore, it stands to reason that we should observe an increase in the saturated thickness than a base price scenario. A limitation of this proposed model regards the assumption of constant technology for both irrigation systems and pumping engines, which is significant in affecting the results.
Water pricing policies can affect water saving, at least in some situations, depending on water tariff rates, external conditions, and type of consumer behavior. Given the initial volume of groundwater in the northern Mahyar plain, it is imaginable that critical conditions will be reached in the near future by continuing the base scenario. A non-linear dynamic programming model in the framework of PMP techniques has been built to analyze the effects of water pricing scenarios on groundwater conservation of northern Mahyar plain. The Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) method proved to be very effective. As seen in the data section there was not a plethora of information (data) on this subject. Therefore, it was important that the method chosen for this study could use a minimal amount of data while still maintaining accuracy. The PMP method was able to take the minimal data, calibrate to it, and then effectively reproduce the observed results. Additionally, the production function was able to be incorporated into this process seamlessly while maintaining accuracy. The result shows that under the high price scenarios, water application per acre decreased significantly during the early years of the simulated period. This suggests that high water prices have a significant effect on the rate of increment of the northern Mahyar aquifer stability. This is one of the first times that the PMP method has been incorporated into an applied groundwater management problem such as this, while also incorporating hydrological and agronomic information over time.

Although government’s supportive payments to agricultural activities is fulfilled for the purpose of increasing of social benefits, but it will cause some economic and environmental externalities. So that today the development of agricultural activities lead to decline in groundwater level in most of these aquifers. This topic has increased the interest of related governmental sectors in developing and application of water conserving policies in aquifers. The objective of this study was to analyze and evaluate the outcomes of energy subsidies decline as specified water conservation policy alternatives on groundwater consumption and cropping patterns on the aquifer of Mahyar plain in Isfahan province, using non-linear optimization model. A Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) model was developed and calibrated to land and water usage data for a base period of 2004-2005. The PMP approach produces a constrained non-linear optimization model that mimics the land and water allocation decision facing producers each year. The choice variables in the model are the acreages planted to each of the major crops and the water use by crop. The result showed that water application per acre decreased significantly under the high price scenarios, during the early years of the simulated period. This suggests that high energy prices have a significant effect on the rate of increment of the Mahyar aquifer stability.

In this study, three irrigation methods, namely, clouding tape, sprinkler and furrow in Rozveh Agricultural Research station (Fereidan Region in Isfahan) were evaluated. This study was conducted as randomized complete blocks design as a split-split strip plot layout with three replication during two years. Three irrigation systems were considered as main plots, two planting methods (one- row planting and two-row planting) as split subplots and two potato cultivars (Marfuna and Agria) as split-split subplots. Significant difference way observed between irrigation method treatments and planting method by analyzing two years results. Results of the 1st year showed the advantage of production mean in sprinkler and tape methods comparing to furrow method while the second year results showed the advantage of sprinkler method to tape method and tape method to furrow method. Comparison of yield mean of cultivars indicated that although Agria cultivar was preferred to Marfona cultivar in the 1st year, two year comparison of yield mean showed no significant difference between Agria and Marfuna cultivars with yield means of 24083 kg. and 23233 kg., respectively. The two year comparison results of yield means using different planting methods indicated that one row planting with mean yield of 24839 kg. was preferred significantly compare to two row planting with mean yield of 22927kg.. One row planting showed significant preference in the 1st and 2nd year. Two year interaction effect of treatments showed that, except cultivar × year source, other interaction effects were not significant. Tape irrigation led to highest mean of WUE equal to 4.92 kg/m3. Economic evaluation of the project was carried out using benefit -cost ratio and present value of net benefits. The results indicated that sprinkler system was more beneficial. Tape and furrow methods for potato planting stood in the next place.

Sugar beet is one of the main crops in Iran that provides primary materials for sugar industries and so, its economic aspects are very important. One of these aspects is employment; it has begged to draw policy maker attentions. Nevertheless, there hasnot been any survey study on this matter in Iran yet. In this study, the current value of labor use in sugar beet cultivation (direct employment) in Isfahan, Khorasan, Fars and Kermanshah provinces was identified. Data were collected through stratified random sampling and complete farm accounting questionnaire for different technologies levels. Then, the labors needed to transfer of sugar beet to sugar industries and produce the products (sugar, Molasses and so on) from sugar beet (forward employment) were calculated. Data for these steps were gathered by completion of the questionnaires for each step. Results showed that the average use of labor was 140.48 man-day per hectare. This value was 153.31, 144.85 and 133.81 man-day in traditional, mechanized and semi-mechanized, respectively. Maximum uses of labors were in thining and weeding(41.43%), harvesting(39.11%) and irrigation(34.28%) activities. Also, the average use of labor in all of studied provinces was 43.68 man-day per ton of gross sugar yield from which 31.03 man-day (71.04%) was used in production step, 3.322 man-day (8.08%) in transfer step and 9.119 man-day (20.87%) in conversion step. Furthermore, the average use of labor was 7.15 man-day per ton of gross sugar yield in all steps and provinces. Therefore, 253207 people have been employed in sugar beet industry of Iran.

This experimental was conducted to investigate the efficiency of polyethylene mulches and suitable sowing method on row, for cucumber in field in Isfahan during 2000 and 2001. Cultivar of cucumber was Super dominos hybrid. Statistical design was split plot on randomized complete block with four replications. Soil cover in three levels (black mulch, transparent mulch and without mulch) were considered as the main plot and sowing method in two levels (single and double rows) as sub plot. Field management and data collection from different treatments were done during growth period. Results showed that transparent polyethylene mulch had a positive effect on early germination of seeds and precocity production. Yield in transparent, black and non mulch treatments were 57.5, 40.2 and 33.6 (tha-1), respectively. Maximum plant vegetative growth and minimum weed were obtained from black polyethylene mulch treatment. Polyethylene mulches had a favorite effect on soil moisture maintenance in bed. Maximum yield was obtained in double row sowing method, but single row sowing increased the marketability of fruits, length and weight of plants.

This study was conducted to determine the problems of marketing channels of damask roses and to seek appropriate solutions to enhance marketing efficiency. The results of the study revealed that traditional and industrial rose production lacked the quality demanded by the market. The efficiency index was % 92.9 in traditional and %55 in industrial production. In addition, with regard to the marketing parameters for each type of production, the share of the factors was calculated. So we can conclude that the reducing units have the most important roles in this process. According to the study, traditional units with %47.2 had a greater share compared with the industrial units (%44.5). The results have also shown that production retailer wholesalers and middlemen shares were in the lower ranks respectively. Marketing cost coefficient results showed that %70 of the retailer selling price for 1 kg of the product was related to the marketing costs. The costs for industrial units with high and low capacity were %67.7 and %65.4, respectively.