ابوالقاسم شریف زاده

Delphi was the principle procedure used to conduct this study. In its most basic form، the Delphi consists of at least three different instruments which in the present study will be referred to as round one، round two and round three. Brooks (1972) stated that the number of rounds could either be predetermined by the researcher or continued until group consensus is reached. The primary purpose of this study was to identify strategies regarding commercialization of academicals research findings in dealing with agricultural food Industry. Seventy-Four faculty members of Agricultural Food Industry Departments employed at public universities were identified to serve as a panel of experts for this study. However، 25 faculty members responded to our e-mailed questionnaires. From the review of literature، an open-ended questionnaire consisting of one question was developed for round one. This question was validated for content regarding its appropriateness to the objective of the study by a panel of faculty members in the Departments of Agricultural Extension and Education and Food Industry at Tarbiat Modares University. Seventeen strategies regarding commercialization of academic research findings in Agricultural Food Industry were collected from the panel of experts as the result of round one. Consensus was achieved for 15 of these statements in round three. The data in Table 3 shows the level of agreement of panel of experts in commercialization of academic research findings that more than (80%) of them reached consensus.

Introduction Industrial development strategies which presented in 1950s، is one of most popular strategy to increase the development level of undeveloped regions. In fact development of industrial pole which include large urban، industrial areas and large companies can become a growth center for economic activities and encourage growth in periphery areas. Accordingly، Mazandaran wood and paper industries initiate their activities in 1997 have had positive and negative impacts on periphery rural areas. Since previous study ignored the investigation such impacts، current research aimed to assess the economic، social، environmental and physical impacts of Mazandaran’s “wood and paper complex” on periphery rural areas. Research method This applied research was carried out by questionnaire survey method. The statistical population consisted of 2625 heads of household in 18 villages around the “wood and paper complex” which 350 samples randomly selected by Krejcie and Morgan table. Content validity of the research questionnaire was confirmed by a panel experts and faculty members. Calculated Coronbach Alpha coefficients as indication of questionnaire’s reliability were as equal to 0. 68، 0. 88، 0. 86، and 0. 92 respectively for economical، social، physical and environmental impacts. Using SPSS and EXCEL software، the gathered data was analyzed. Theoretical framework Theory growth pole and growth center formulated and developed by many scientists. According to the concept of growth pole and growth center، public investment programs will have maximum effects on a regional growth if concentrated in a small number of favorable locations in regional development policy. Growth pole and growth center concept has become popular because of its orientation towards ‘dynamic industry’ (i. e. dynamic propulsive firm & leading propulsive industry) ‘polarization and agglomeration’ (inter-industry linkages of external economies) and the promise of ensuring “spread effects”. One of the important characteristics of a leading propulsive industry or growth centers is different effects on periphery areas. Such effects are of two types.  Backwash effects: These include all the negative effects of growth centers. It promise capital، skills and people moved out of backward regions to the developed regions، leaving the latter poor and dry. So growth centers can’t cause of development for periphery areas.  Spread effects: These include all the positive effects of growth centers. These spread effects were those which gave expansionary momentum from the centers of economic expansion to other regions، and were centrifugal in nature. So growth centers can cause of development for periphery areas and the main cause of economic forwardness and regional development has been the strong spread effects and the weak backwash effects Current paper aimed to investigate backwash and forward effects of wood and paper industries in Mazandaran province. Results Results of prioritizing items of physical impacts showed that «development of educational services and facilities in rural areas was most important according to rural people viewpoint. Also “increasing tendency of rural people to work in wood and paper complex” was most social impacts،» increasing employment opportunities in rural areas” was most economical impacts and “reduce in rangeland«was most environmental impacts of “wood and paper complex” on periphery rural areas. The results of on-sample t-test showed that all the four impacts of Mazandaran wood and paper industries were lower than means. Findings of factor analyzing indicated that six factors namely; “social benefits”، “infrastructural benefits”، “environmental costs”، “economic benefits”، “recreational-services benefits” and “social costs” explained %68. 804 of the total variances for impacts of “wood and paper complex” on around rural areas. Current results revealed that; “social benefits”، “infrastructural benefits”، “economic benefits”، “recreational-services benefits” indicated positive effects and “environmental costs”، and “social costs” imply negative effects of “wood and paper complex” on periphery rural areas. Moreover %72. 081 of total effects was positive and %27. 919 was negative effects which revealed that positive effects were more than negative effects. Moreover the results of compare mean tests showed that different groups of rural people didn’t have consensus on the positive and negative impacts. Recommendations  Establish training centers inside of complex to train local people and increase its skill and providing them as expert workers.  Management with cooperation of rural council can introduce activity of complex and attain more support from local community.  Transforming management of training، sport and health center to local people and improve its attitude and satisfaction.  Using infiltration technology or finding location explosion can decrease waste and increase of environmental protection.

This research was carried out with the aim of identifying learning outcomes of hidden curriculum in higher agricultural education in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. This qualitative research was done through descriptive phenomenology method. Semi structured deep interviews were implemented in order to collect data. Statistical population of this research consisted of all senior agricultural students Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Through purposeful sampling, 40 students were selected as sample or interviewee. The data collection process was continued until reaching theoretical saturation and usefulness threshold of available information. According to Colaizzi's method, qualitative thematic content analysis was carried out to analyze the collected data. Research findings in various behavioral fields are described and summarized in tables. The constructive and unconstructive impacts of hidden curriculum were categorized in 17 and 14 subjective category and descript by a group of representative codes. Also, 10 sources were identified for emerging behavioral impacts of hidden curriculum, including behaviors of students on campus, behaviors of faculty members, personal experiential learning, dormitory environment, behaviors of staff and administrators at the university, extracurricular activities, participation and membership in student organizations, attending mosque and religious circles, the community around the university, and scientific, cultural and political environment of the University. Overall, the results indicate that the effects of the hidden curriculum on student learning and attainment of knowledge, perception and required skills which received less attention in formal curriculum development.

In spite of the importance of academic entrepreneurship، universities and higher education institutions lack accurate information and measures to monitor and evaluate activities of academic entrepreneurship. Indicators of academic entrepreneurship could be used as units of strategic information for planning entrepreneurial university development. Thus، this research aimed to identify and validate a set of representative indicators of academic entrepreneurship in higher agricultural education. To that end، the Delphi technique was designed to be developed in three rounds. Finally، using AHP and TOPSIS، the five categories of indicators of academic entrepreneurship was ranked، including: (1) investment in academic entrepreneurship (9 indicators)، (2) total activities of academic entrepreneurship (10 indicators)، (3) performance of academic entrepreneurship (19 indicators)، (4) productivity of academic entrepreneurship (9 indicators)، and (5) impacts of academic entrepreneurship (16 indicators).

According to the evidence, Shahriar Cooperative Company is one of the successful rural co-operatives in the field of innovation and entrepreneurship. Therefore, investigation of entrepreneurial approach of this company and its determinants seems useful in order to introduce an empirical model of entrepreneurial rural co-operatives. This case study research aimed to investigate corporate entrepreneurship in Shabahang Shahriyar cooperative company. Statistical population of this research consisted of all the managers and staff of this company (N=250). According to Krejcie and Morgan table, size of the sample was determined (n=152). The respondents were chosen through simple random sampling technique. Content validity of the questionnaire as research tool was confirmed by a panel of experts in mentioned company. Calculated Coronbach alpha coefficients were between α=0.71 to α=0.97 revealed that the reliability of the questionnaire was suitable. According to the results of Friedman test, some components of corporate entrepreneurship, such “management support” and “work discretion” get higher prioritiy. Explanatory factor analysis led to extract six factors which named as: “institutionalized interactions”, “budgeting”, “credit allocation”, “social supports”, “customer orientation” and “management performance”. These factors explained 67.835 variance of corporate entrepreneurship, totally. The results of compare means tests showed a significant difference between two groups of respondents which received pre-service training and whom not received pre-service training regarding corporate entrepreneurship. These results revealed a significant difference between members and non-members of the cooperative regarding corporate entrepreneurship. Also, respondents who have intended to self-employment and respondents who have not indented to self-employment have significant difference regarding corporate entrepreneurship. According to the results of stepwise regression, linear function of “marketing, product supply, customer orientation, job satisfaction and social supports” explained 51.1% of variance of “corporate entrepreneurship”.

This study aimed at identifying and analyzing issues and challenges on the agricultural research and technology development under the national innovation framework. The survey consisted of two groups: agricultural researchers of Agriculture-Research and Education Organization and all faculty members of public agricultural faculties of Ministry of Scientific، Research and Technology. Using Cochran sampling formula and multi-stage sampling method، 188 researchers and 205 faculty members were selected in order to fill in the survey questionnaire. Using the SPSS، collected data analyzed based on explanatory factor analysis. Totally، factor analysis of three sets of issues and challenges on the agricultural research and technology development under the national innovation framework led to extract 13 factors، including agricultural structure and policy، infrastructure and resources of agricultural development، supportive services for agricultural development (level of agricultural development)، investment and capacity building in research and technology، management of research and technology development، research and technology productivity، research culture، networks for research and technology development (level of national innovation system)، agricultural research policy، impacts and effectiveness of agricultural research and technology development، integrated management of research and technology، institutional development for agricultural research and technology and systematic synergy of agricultural research and higher education (level of agricultural innovation system). Totally، these three sets of factors explained 64%، 75% and 73% of the total variances. Finally، using conceptual clustering for the extracted factors، a conceptual model of issues and challenges of agricultural research and technology development under the national innovation framework was presented.

Current research aimed to analyze intention for self-employment, identify requirements for starting own-business and has explained factor contribution on self-employment intentions among students. This applied research used quantitative paradigm and carried out based on survey strategy. The statistical population of this study consisted of all agricultural who study in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in term 2011-2012. (N=1618). The sample size (n=192) was determinated by Cochran's formula and respondents was selected by stratified sampling technique. A questionnaire was used as research tool in order to collect data. Results showed that 64.1% and 8/43% of respondents have high preferences for "recruitment for governmental sectors" and "intention to start an own- business" as intended options to do after post-graduation. Result of ranking requirements for self-employment revealed that, "have physical resources and infrastructures for production", "benefiting from special business trainings" and "having job experience in related field" have high important while respondents have low advantages in this factors. Findings of factor analyzing indicated that six factor namely; personal and professional motivations, job and professional preferences, job and professional advancement, financial and welfare needs, personal capability and social usefulness explained 78.72 of the total variances for determinants of self-employment intentions.

The present study aims to analyze the cultural capabilities of agricultural students. This descriptive research is done by survey method in order to assess cultural capabilities of agriculture students. Statistical population of the research included all agricultural students of gorgan university of agricultural sciences and natural recourses.(n=1114)through stratified sampling 120 students were selected as sample of the research. Validity of the questionnaire as research tool was confirmed by a panel of members and experts and managers of cultural deputy of Gorgan University of agricultural sciences and natural resources. The reliability of the questionnaire, including three scales of cultural intelligence, cultural awareness and cultural skills, was verified based on cronbach, s alpha coefficient. (.81,. 74 and. 79).collected data through questionnaire was analyzed by SPSS. The results of the survey indicate that the cultural capabilities of most students are low and very low. Factor analysis extracted five factors for cultural awareness, named: career literacy, artistic literacy, political-civil literacy, religious literacy and ethnic literacy. The factor analysis of cultural skills led to extract four factors, titled communication-language skills, personal healthy life skills and technical skills and responding to social values.

In the recent years، significant changes have been occurred in rural areas. These changes are mostly concerned in agricultural employment and the necessity to transform its labour force to other sectors. Within the context of these developments، the governments have attempted to stimulate the economic diversification and the integrated development of rural areas، especially through the so-called “small enterprise”. There is consensus that the keys to promote rural progress are lied in development of rural enterprises in order to create new employment in rural areas and make diversification in the rural economy. Therefore، enhancing rural enterprises seems as a main strategy of fostering the sustainable rural development. Strategic policy-making for enhancing all types of rural enterprises، including family enterprises need to consider the constructed inter-correlated components of «rural family enterprise development» as a complex system، contextual variables، and related dynamics. This qualitative research was done with the aim to diagnose the development of rural family enterprises in Golestan Province. In order to obtain appropriate data to allow detect the obstacles and barriers for development of rural family enterprise، a qualitative exploratory study was undertaken using semi-structured interview with a low level of moderation. This qualitative study was based on a ‘‘grounded theory’’ approach، which provided an interactive framework for data analysis. Information was gathered through semi-structured interview with a selected sample (n=37) of family enterprise managers in rural areas the province. Purposed sampling technique by interviewing typical cases (such experienced and famous people)، snowball (persons who introduced by other samples)، opportunistic، and intensity cases (interview accessible samples and repeat interview to find completed information to ensure theoretical saturation and conceptual enrichment) were used. The in-depth interviews were digitally recorded and fully transcribed. Multiple coding process of grounded theory was used to analyse contents of the interviews. The data were initially coded into concepts and ideas emerging from the data and the literature review. In the first stage the interview texts were analysed and pertinent excerpts were assigned provisional conceptual codes. The next stage involved the search for relationships between conceptual labels and categories. The goal was to systematically develop and relate categories. In the final stage، categories were integrated and refined. Findings were formatted in a matrix structure، including open codes (105 codes)، axial codes، and selective codes. According to the subjective categorized codes (7 categories)، the main issues and constraints of development of rural family enterprises can be explained as: non-prosperous milieu of enterprise development in rural areas (unsuitable milieu for development of business in rural areas، unfavourable change in environmental conditions، undeveloped infrastructures)، un-developed market for rural enterprise (weak in marketing، inefficiency in local market، unfavourable trend in market)، inter generational transition and gap in transfer of values، skills and culture of rural family enterprises (lack of tendency among rural youth، problem and consequence of inter generational transition، inter generational gap in supplying business)، lack of formal institutionalized support (lack of solidarity and guild support، identity and formal position، educational services، formal support covering، integrated supportive plan and policy، and institutional inconsistency for supporting the business)، unsuitable interaction and synergy of family and the enterprise (improper influence of business on family structure and function، family conflicts and pressures influencing on business، unfavourable family evolution for business)، inefficient enterprise functions and production management (scant and unsuitable investment، weak ability in creating innovation، unfavourable capacity and bad conditions for production، inefficient management of labour force، problem to provide input for production، unfavourable productivity and inefficiency in performance، increased production costs، problem to provide enough capital)، and social pressures (reduced social capital in business milieu، unreasonable social expectations، effective social conflicts). Finally، the recognised conceptual constructs of rural family enterprise development was linked and the model of «diagnosis of rural family enterprise''s development» was diagrammed. This qualitative study has highlighted some key inhibitory factors influencing development of rural family enterprise. The results of this research revealed that diversity of influential dimensions and components are important for development of rural family enterprise. In fact، rural family enterprises didn’t act just as a economical firm، while they have socio-economic function which represent multi-functionality of the rural family enterprise. It should be noted that family enterprises in rural areas are affected enormously by the function and structure of families in different regions. Whereas the family in different regions doesn’t have the same function، so establishment conations، process and structures of family enterprise are different in the communities. It is clear from this research that there are distinguished differences between the family enterprises in the different communities، so there are context-based strategies to strengthen business and encourage entrepreneurship in rural areas. On the basis of this research results، we would argue that there is a need for a more strategic and coordinated approach towards building the entrepreneurial capacity in rural areas، based on a clear vision of the role that entrepreneurship can play in future a role for rural development. Given the structural and regional processes affecting the traditional economic activities of these areas، the case for producing rural entrepreneurship and enterprise strategies for rural regions has been given additional urgency.

This descriptive-correlational research was done to investigate the relationship between organizational intelligence and organizational learning in Bushehr Agriculture Education Center and Agricultural and Natural Resources Reasearch Center. The statistical population of research consisted of all experts of the two Centers (N=118). By using random sampling technique and applying Cochran formula، 70 experts were randomly selected as research sample. Tools for data collection were standardized questionnaire of Organizational Intelligence (Albrecht، 2003) and Measuring Organizatonal Learning Questionnaire (Lorraines، 1997). Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed based on Cranach’s alpha coefficient which ascalculated as α=0. 82-0. 42 for two main parts of the questionnaires، respectively. The results showed that there is significant difference between organizational learning in the Education Center and Research Center at P=0/05. Also، findings showed that there is a positive significant correlation between all components of organizational intelligence and organizational learning at P= 0/01. So، there is a strong relationship between the pressure of performance and organizational learning. Also، there is a significant relationship between desire to change، unity and agreement، common، the spirit of enterprise، applied science and perspective strategic vision and organizational learning.

This research aimed to identify and analyze the influential factors on member's participation in management of rural co-operatives in Gorgan Township. This descriptive research has been done by survey method. Populationincluded all the members of rural co-operatives in Gorgan Township. Sample size has been determined by Cochranformula (n=140). A researcher-made questionnaire was used in order to collect data. Face and content validity were established by a panel of experts. Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed according to calculated Cronbach's alpha (r=0.76). The results of correlation coefficient showed that there was a significant relationship between members’ participation rate in public conventions and membership background as well as their interest to participate in conventions. Factor analysis of the "influential factors on members’ participation in management of rural cooperatives", extracted three factors, named "management potency", "cooperative performance" and "mechanism of participative management", explained 60.63% variances of analyzed variables. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that probability of participation in conventionsincreased through "management potency" and "cooperative performance" while increase in years of experience and member's age decreased their participation in various conventions.

1-1- Problem statement and purpose Tourism has the potential to create both positive and negative impacts. For tourism development to be successful it must be planned and managed responsibly. Similarly، communities that use or plan to use tourism as an economic development tool to diversify their economy must develop policies for the sustainable development of the community. One key to sustainable development of tourism in a community is the inclusion of local people and host communities. Without local residents support in the community it is nearly impossible to develop tourism in a sustainable manner. Assessing the perceived impact of tourism development in rural area is one of the main predictors for local support for sustainable tourism development in their community. Therefore، a clear understanding of the attitudes and interests of host communities is a necessary precursor to the planning and management of sustainable tourism. Therefore current research aimed to assess impacts of tourism development in rural area that carried out in Zyarat village in county of Gorgan from Golestan province. The decline of traditional rural industries such as agriculture، livestock، and forestry over the past three decades has required many rural communities to explore alternative means to strengthen their economic base. As a result، rural communities have investigated alternative industries to strengthen and diversify their economies. Tourism has been identified as one of the primary industries with the potential to assist local communities in developing economic diversity. 2-Study area Zyarat village as main destination of tourism is a stair-village between mountains and jungles that located at 7 kilometers south of Gorgan، the center of Golestan province. This small forestry village has permanent resident population 1964 people according to Iranian 2006 national survey. The village and its surrounding forests are well used by national tourists during the peak spring and summer months. Currently development of the tourist industry in the village are motivated by attractions such: twin waterfall، Mud spring geysers، handicraft، local livestock products and sparse settlement pattern. This applied research used quantitative paradigm and carried out based on survey strategy. The statistical population consistent all local people in Zyarat village، which 192 samples selected by Krejcie and Morgan table and multistage random sampling. To collect data، the questionnaire employed as research tool and then interview used as complete data gathering phase. More specifically، each impact domain (economic، social، environmental and physical) was represented by some attributes. Content and face validity was ensured through an extensive literature review and evaluation by tourism experts in province of Golestan and some faculty members who interested in tourism research in university of Golestan. Item related to different impact were prioritized base on coefficient of variation. Factor analysis، independent t-test، one-way ANOVA، Spearman correlation coefficients was used for data analysis. Result and Standard demographic questions were asked of each respondent، including age (16 to 73 years old، with a mean age of 39. 84 and majority 38. 54% are in 30-40 category)، gender (about 80. 21% men and 19. 79% women)، marriage status (21. 35% single and 78. 65% married)، education (46. 35% only possess a high school diploma، 23. 44% had attended some college)، civic membership (71. 4% as members) and job category (farmers; 23. 96%، animal husbandry; 16. 67%، supermarket and other business: 15. 10%، government clerks; 12. 5%، workers; 9. 38%). Results of prioritizing tourism impacts showed most important of economic impacts were «create new business opportunity for local peoples»، «create new market for farm and local product» and «increase cost of living». Social impacts are emerged under items include; «caused overcrowding problems for residents»، «deteriorate traditional culture and local costume» and «increase vandalism and social conflict in community». Regarding environmental impact the result revealed that items such; «change in farm land use to housing and commercial use»، «demolish agricultural land and rural farm» «increase in sewage، waste and rubbish» were prioritized as most important impacts. Items include; «develop in infrastructure (road and communication)»، «increase in house building»، develop in recreational facilities (hotel، motel، restaurant، promenade camps and …) «and» change in pattern of rural house«were related to physical impacts of tourism development in rural areas. Findings of factor analyzing indicated that four factors namely; physical، economical، environmental and social explained 64. 691% of the total variances related to impacts of rural tourism development. Current results revealed that physical and economical impact indicated positive effect of rural tourism development and environment and social impact imply negative effects. Also 56. 380% of total effect related to positive and %43. 620 is associated negative impacts. In this survey، attitude on the tourism development were partly gender based. It appeared that women were generally more concerned than men to the negative impacts of tourism development in the community. In addition this study found that high-educated people aware of tourism negative impacts and they are more likely to be negative to the tourism effects while less-educated people were stronger supporters for tourism development. Following، the current study concludes that those residents (farmers and owners of tourism business) who benefit from tourism perceive on average greater economic advantages than those (clerks and workers) who do not receive any benefits، since employed people who benefit from the tourism industry had more positive opinions toward tourism. 5- Conclusion Although this study is a snapshot of a particular time and location، similar to those prevalent since the early tourism impact studies، it is important because it is representative of community attitudes prior to the development of significant tourism interests. The Zyarat village used in the sample was in its pre-development phase of tourism، and this is why most residents expressed a quite strong support for tourism development، although some concern was expressed. While the results of this study are encouraging for the tourism industry، because of the positive attitudes expressed by the local residents to tourism development، attention should be given to the fact that a segment of residents، some groups expressed concern about the environmental and social impacts of tourism. Therefore، it is suggested that decision makers and planners should take into consideration the views of this segment of the rural population and direct increased efforts toward environmental protection and social welfare in future tourism strategies. Finally this study was subject to several limitations، mainly limited time، small size of study area and low budget، it was possible to understand people grant considerable importance to economic objectives. Future research should be conducted that examines local economic alternatives for the people that will have both a development impact and serve as incentives to empower social culture and conservation of environment. Moreover، the supportive service of the Organization of Tourism and Cultural Heritage should continue to provide information about and demonstrate the potential benefits to be derived by local people from tourism activities.

As nations and governments call for economic growth، regional development and job creation in agriculture sector، it is increasingly expected from the higher agricultural education''s institutions to contribute to relevant and appropriate entrepreneurship education. Using a three-round Delphi technique، this research identified and prioritized alternatives and criteria of integrating entrepreneurship education in higher agricultural education curriculum. According to the research findings، five alternatives and five criteria were identified. The criteria were prioritized as: institutional/logistic feasibility; educational and pedagogical feasibility; accordance with vision and strategy of university development; enhancing entrepreneurship and self-employment capabilities of agricultural students (entrepreneurial capacity-building); and government''s policies of entrepreneurship in higher education and graduate employment. Also، based on coefficient of variation (C. V.)، the alternatives was prioritized as: an elective course of fundamentals of entrepreneurship and self-employment (for some majors)، a 3- credit course of agriculture entrepreneurship and enterprise development (for all majors)، a major in agriculture entrepreneurship and enterprise management (M. Sc. level)، establishment of an interdisciplinary department of agricultural entrepreneurship and agribusiness in agricultural faculty، andextracurricular training and counseling services in entrepreneurship and enterprise. Finally، the alternatives were categorized in three main alternatives of entrepreneurship education in higher agricultural education.

This research aimed to explain idea submitting behavior in organization suggestion system in Telecommunication Company of Khorasan-Razavi province. Social cognitive theory (SCT) was used to conceptualize a research model as the basis for our research. For this purpose, a theoretical model designed and developed to investigate and explain the relationships between contextual factors, personal perceptions of idea submitting, and idea submitting behavior. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 147 randomly selected contributors to suggestion system in Telecommunication Company of Khorasan-Razavi province. The collected data then tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) to verify the theoretical hypothesis. The results showed that trust have positive significant influence on idea submitting behavior. Furthermore, the study found that the norm of reciprocity does not significantly affect idea submitting sharing behavior. Also, positive impact of personal perceptions factor; idea submitting self-efficacy, perceived relative advantage and perceived compatibility on idea submitting behavior was confirmed.

Training students to have entrepreneurship spirit to become futures entrepreneurs is the first step to prepareentrepreneurship agricultural graduates. This study aimed at comparing entrepreneurship spirit of undergraduatestudents of agricultural majors in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources.This was descriptive-correlational research and its statistical population consisted of all 220 undergraduatestudents at their last semester of their education. Appling systematic classified random sampling method andusing Krejcie and Morgan table, 142 students were selected. The research instrument was a standard questionnaireto measure personality characteristics of entrepreneurs. Cronbach's alpha coefficient different partsof the questionnaire ranged from α1= 0.85 to α8=0.71. Data processing was performed using SPSSWin16.Results showed that entrepreneurial characteristics such as: balanced risk taking, internal locus of control,need for achievement, intellectual clearness, pragmatism, dreamers seeking and challenging in majority ofrespondents were low and very low but tolerance for ambiguity was strong. Also, there was no significancedifference between male and female respondents in terms of internal locus of control, pragmatism, tolerancefor ambiguity, dreamers seeking, challenge, need for achievement and entrepreneurship score. But, there wassignificant difference between male and female aspects in balanced risk taking and intellectual clearness.Also, there was a significant difference between attitudes of students in different majors in terms of entrepreneurialcharacteristics such as: internal locus of control, intellectual clearness, pragmatism, challenge, needfor achievement and entrepreneurship score. At the end, few suggestions to enhance entrepreneurship spiritamong students are presented.

This survey research was conducted to analyze and prioritize a set of driving and restraining factors influencing academic entrepreneurship. A researcher-made questionnaire was developed with two main parts, consisting of driving and restraining factors. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was established using a panel of agricultural faculty members who were experienced in academic entrepreneurship. A pilot test was conducted to determine questionnaire reliability based on Cranach’s alpha calculation (calculated for two parts α =.71 and α =.76, respectively). The statistical population consisted of faculty members of public agricultural faculties under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Scientific, Research and Technology (N=2030). Using Cochran’s sampling formula and multi-stage sampling method, 145 faculty members were selected to fill the questionnaire up. Using SPSS, collected data were processed on the basis of explanatory factor analysis. Factor analysis of driving factors, extracted six components. The first factor, professional approach to academic entrepreneurship, explained 17.32%, the second factor, institutional development for academic entrepreneurship, explained 13.650%, the third factor, provision of supportive services for academic entrepreneurship, explained 10.00%, the fourth factor, promotion of entrepreneurial culture, explained 9.50%, the fifth factor, teamworking in academic entrepreneurship, explained 7.54% and the last one, regional capacities of academic entrepreneurship, explained 6.46% of the total variances (64.50%) of drivers. Also, theexplanatory factor analysis of restrainers extracted five factors called non-institutionalization of the academic entrepreneurship in university management strategy, none-entrepreneurial approach to career development, lack of support for academic entrepreneurship, lack of utilization of entrepreneurial opportunities in agricultural sector and deficiency of resources and infrastructures for research and technology development. These factors, totally, explained 55.61% of the variances of restrainers.

Using Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP), this research was done with aim of prioritizing alternatives and criteria of integrating entrepreneurship education in higher agricultural education. At first, respecting these alternatives and criteria, a three-level decision making tree was outlined. Required data was collected through pair wise comparison through 27 questionnaires filled by samples that experienced in entrepreneurship and agricultural education, then Expert Choice software used to analysis data. the alternatives prioritized as: 1. Extracurricular training and counseling services in entrepreneurship and enterprise, 2. A major in agriculture entrepreneurship and enterprise management (M.Sc. degree), 3. An interdisciplinary department of agriculture entrepreneurship and enterprise in agricultural faculty, 4. A 3- credits course of agriculture entrepreneurship and enterprise development (for all majors), and 5. A 2-credits elective course of fundamentals of entrepreneurship and self-employment (for some majors), with weighted mean of 0.274, 0.204, 0.196, 0.182 and 0.145, respectively. Finally, based on illustrating the five introduced alternatives, some mechanisms were suggested for promoting entrepreneurship education in higher agricultural education.

Enhancing opportunities for experiential learning and practical education، such as internship course، seems an appropriate mechanism for improving quality of agricultural education. This research was done with aim to investigate methods to promote student''s practical skills through analysis of improving mechanisms of internship course in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. This applied research was carried out by survey method. The statistical population of this study consisted of all agricultural students of the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources who passed the internship course (N=378) and sample size (n=123) was determinated by Cochran''s formula. The sample was selected by stratified sampling technique. Content validity of the research questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of agricultural education experts and faculty members. Calculated Coronbach Alpha coefficient as indication of questionnaire’s reliability was equal to. 77 main part of questionnaire، including improving mechanisms of internship course. Using SPSS and EXCEL software، the gathered data was analyzed. According to coefficient of variation the «improving mechanisms of internship course» was prioritized. Explanatory factor analysis of the «improving mechanisms of internship course»، extracted 5 principal components، named «managing internship course»، effective involvement of education institute «،» effective contribution of participant institute «،» complementary educational measures during course «، and» effective endeavor of intern students«، which totally explained 75% variances of analyzed variables.

The main purposes of current research is zoning of agricultural development in Fars province in order to identify spatial pattern of development explain causative factors of differences of regional agricultural development. So a set of 87 agricultural development indices is constructed and selected, consisting five dimensions 1) social;-cultural, 2) structural-performance, 3) technical-management, 4) economical, and 5) infrastructural-services. Data gathered from result of agricultural census 2003, statistical yearbook of Fars province from 2004-2006. Then via application of Composite Index approach zoning techniques of GIS spatial pattern of agricultural development in county level is mapped both for final composite index and five sub-indices. Final result indicated that the whole province is divided into three macro agricultural development regions named based on their basic and common characteristics of its counties and causative factors of its development and underdevelopment as follow: first level consisted two counties named agricultural development area based on urban market, services and industry, second level included five counties labeled peripheral agricultural area and third level consisted 15 counties named peripheral nonagricultural area, as high developed regions reflect direction for achievement future advance in sustainable agricultural development of low developed regions.

In some rural areas، due to the lack of public water supply systems، water supply rationing، and high costs of water transfer from other locations on one hand، and the proved sustainability of traditional surface water harvesting in the arid environments on the other hand، storage of temporal surface water flows through these systems could plays an unique role in supplying water to local communities. This two-phase research was done with aim to explain optimization mechanisms of the traditional water harvesting systems in rural areas، Bousher Province. In first stage of this research، the different aspects of the traditional local water harvesting systems were recognized exactly. Then، quantity and quality structure of the traditional local water harvesting systems were surveyed based on Ortiz model. Also، analysing the water quality samples of Ab-Anbar (a local traditional water reservoir) introduced parameters 17 situated in Iran water standard allowable and nice limit، than measured parameters 18 for drinking and can improvement in water quality of Ab-Anbares by increasing Perchlorine. According to this research findings، often can use from simple and cheap methods and indigenous stuff for optimization of the traditional local water harvesting systems. Beside، sometimes can use from the systems truly by physical and economical justifiable implements and stuff and also with preventions timely. Therefore، integrating these indigenous techniques with the modern knowledge and tools will definitely lead to successful results and their efficiency will especially increase with public acceptance، support and participation.

This survey research was conducted to identify and analysis appropriate mechanisms of participation and collaboration of Agricultural Consultant Engineers or Farm Advisors (ACEs) in agricultural research and technology development. The statistical population of this research consisted of all agricultural consultant engineers in Golestan Province (N=380). Using Cochran sampling formula and random sampling method، 105 agricultural consultant engineers were selected in order to fill a researcher-made questionnaire as research tool. Face and content validity of the questionnaire was established using a panel of agricultural extension experts and consultant engineers. A pilot test was conducted to determine the questionnaire’s reliability based on Cronbach’s alpha (that calculated for two parts were α1=0/74 and α2=0/86). Using SPSS، collected data analyzed applying explanatory factor analysis. Altogether، Factor analyzing of mechanisms of participation and collaboration of ACEs in agricultural research and technology development regarding two aspect (importance and feasibility) led to 9 extracted factors، as: contribution in organizing and implementing agricultural research، participation in planning agricultural research، coordination and setting up operational linkages، facilitating farmer research، communicating research findings، integrating extension and research، facilitating field and on-farm researches، need assessment، monitoring and evaluation of agricultural research، and information exchange in agricultural research process. Two groups of extracted factors explained 79% and 65% of the variances of analyzed mechanisms، respectively. Based on the findings، some mechanisms were suggested for participation and collaboration ofACEs in agricultural research and technology development.

This research aimed to identify learning styles and entrepreneurial traits and relations among agriculture students by using a survey method. The statistical population of consisted of all agriculture students of the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (N=1618). The sample size (n=180) was determined by Cochran's formula and respondents were selected by stratified sampling technique. Data was gathered by an instrument consisting of Index of Learning Styles Questionnaire and Measurement Instrument of Personality Characteristics of Iranian's Entrepreneurs. Research results showed that most students had active learning style (in processing dimension), sensing (in perception dimension), visual (in presentation dimension) and global (in perspective/understanding dimension). Calculated correlation coefficients revealed a significance positive relationships between learning styles of students and some personal and academic variables such as age, taking course in entrepreneurship and self-employment, hopeful of receiving skills and occupational preparation, grade point average, scientific field trips, doing scientific projects and preparing articles. The results also showed that most of students were weak and very weak in terms of entrepreneurial traits. According to correlation coefficients, there was a significance positive relationship between age, experience of part-time job, hopeful of skill and occupational preparation, grade point average and doing scientific projects with entrepreneurial traits.

The spatial economy of Iran، like that of so many other developing countries، is characterized by an uneven spatial pattern of economic activities. The problem of spatial inequality emerged when efficiency-oriented sectoral policies came into conflict with the spatial dimension of development (Atash، 1988). Due to this conflict، extreme imbalanced development in Iran was created. Moreover spatial uneven distribution of economic activities in Iran is unknown and incomplete. So، there is an urgent need for more efficient and effective design، targeting and implementing interventions to manage spatial imbalances in development. Hence، the identification of development patterns at spatial scale and the factors generating them can help improve planning if development programs are focused on removing the constraints adversely affecting development in potentially good areas. There is a need for research that would describe and explain the problem of spatial development patterns as well as proposal of possible strategies، which can be used to develop the country and reduce the spatial imbalances. The main objective of this research was to determine spatial economic development level in order to identify spatial pattern of development and explain determinants of such imbalance in Iran based on methodology of composite index of development. Then، Iran provinces were ranked and classified according to the calculated composite index. To collect the required data، census of 2006 and yearbook in various times were used. Theoretical bases: Theories of regional inequality as well as empirical evidence regarding actual trends at the national or international level have been discussed and debated in the economic literature for over three decades. Early debates concerning the impact of market mechanisms on regional inequality in the West (Myrdal، 1957) have become popular again in the 1990s. There is a conflict on probable outcomes between the neo-classicalists and structuralists. The neo-classicalists، optimistic about market forces، regarded regional inequality as a passing phase and postulated that market forces would ensure that the returns to all factors of production would approach their marginal products. Regional inequality initially arises in the process of the allocation of resources، but factor mobility and efficient market forces would eventually ensure regional equality (Smith، 1975); although a prerequisite of efficient markets is the existence of fully competitive markets، which are not present in most developing countries. Similarly، the inverted U hypothesis predicts that regional inequalities within developing countries will eventually be reduced through factor mobility. In contrast، the structuralist school of dualism postulates that regional inequality is an inevitable outcome of capital accumulation and profit maximization and that market forces tend to increase rather than decrease regional inequality. Myrdal’s (1957) circular and cumulative causation thesis proposes that the creation of a favored region may have its origin in a historical accident، but there is a natural tendency for all economic activities with higher than average returns (such as industry، commerce، banking and insurance)، know-how and all the social amenities that go with these، to cluster within such a core region with backwash effects on unflavored regions. There may be some centrifugal spread effect (like trickle-down effects)، but these do not point to the achievement of equilibrium. On the contrary، “even in a rapidly developing country many regions will be agging behind، stagnating or becoming poorer; and there would be more regions in the last two categories if market forces alone were left to decide the outcome” (Myrdal، 1957،p. 32). In order to measure spatial development، composite index is developed based on nine phases method including: Selection of Indicators، Grouping Selected Indicators، Validating Indicators، Judging the Indicators، Transforming the Indicators، Normalizing the Indicators، Weighting the indicators، Calculating the sub-indices and Combining the sub-indices into the Composite Development Index. In this research، 41 indices in which data were available were used and grouped in three categories including: social، population and cultural (14 indicators)، economical (13 indicators) and infrastructural and service (14 indicators). Calculated weights for development components revealed that infrastructural and services and economical components have more weight to spatial disparities analysis of development. The results of calculated composite index for social، population and cultural group showed that Tehran، Guilan and Mazandaran are ranked in the first position. In this context Kordestan، Hormozgan and Sistan-Baluchestan are at the bottom of ranking scale. Economical composite index results indicated that Khuzestan، Esfahan and Markazi are top and Lorstan، Kohkiloyeh-Boyrahmad and Sistan-Baluchestan are bottom of ranking scale. Based on composite index of infrastructural and services، Semnan، Qom and Esfahan have the highest rank and North Khorasan، Lorestan and Sistan-Bluchestan have the lowest rank. According to final calculated composite index، Tehran، Semnan and Esfahan were ranked in the first position and Kohkiloyeh-Boyrahmad، Lorestan and Sistan-Bluchestan were ranked in the last position. The spatial pattern is divided into three development categories: high (9 provinces)، medium (16 provinces) and low (5 provinces)، based on Geographical information system (GIS). Such pattern confirms core-prophecy in Iranian spatial economic development. Suggestion: Decentralization policy and giving more attention to less developed province such as Sistan-Baluchestan. - Development of regional markets، supply networks and export in less developed provinces. - Improvement and development of infrastructural service especially transport system in periphery areas. - Development of commercial and industrial cropping system to save non-renewable resources. - Extending and strengthening cooperation between stakeholders of planning in national level. - Formulating policies aimed at reducing regional inequalities and population concentrations in the urban areas of a few richer.

The aim of this research is to analyze the scientific effects of sabbatical leaves from agricultural faculty members's view. Methodologically, this research was carried out based on survey strategy. The sample of this research consisted of 166 faculty members of public agricultural universities and colleges of Ministry of Scientific, Research and Technology that were selected by randomized stratified sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data and its face and content validity was established using comments of a some researchers and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed according to calculate Cronbach's alpha. Some items in Likert Scale measured research constructs. Based on calculated coefficient of variations each item of research constructs were prioritized. In order to determine direct and indirect effects of independent variables on finally usefulness of sabbatical leaves (as independent variable) the path analysis techniques by calculate multiple regression was employed. The results of path analysis showed that "international professional interaction" has most impact with path coefficient 0.835. "Perceived process of sabbatical leaves" (0.821), "perceived personal benefits" with direct effect (0.735), "scientific professional performance" with indirect effect (0.451) and finally "perceived negative impact" (-0.231) are ranked in other positions. Finally, according to research findings some recommendations are provided to promote effectiveness and usefulness of sabbatical leaves.

The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize syllabuses and contents of entrepreneurship training program based on business functions. The current applied research is carried out according to survey cross sectional methods. Statistical population contained all candidates who participated in business and entrepreneurship skills training program (N=1000) held by Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs in Kermanshah province. 176 people were randomly selected from this population. Research tool was a questionnaire containing two parts. The first part includes identifying essential skills. And the second part contains demographic characteristics of respondents. Results showed that dimensions include; "human resources management", "information and technology management", "marketing management", "operational issues management", "risk management", "strategically management" and "financial management" are respectively ranked from one to seven. Also the most important components included: "organizing", "staffing" in the frame of “human resources management", and "compiling and recording information" and "information gathering" in the frame of "information and technology management".