ابوالمحمد بندری

One of the desirable solutions to overcome environmental challenges is the education and training of academic-educated human resources holding an environmental perspective. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to model the relationship between concerns and environmental attitudes of students at the Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. The statistical population of this study included students enrolled and actively studying at this university during 2022-2023. The sample size of 161 was determined using the Cochran formula, and sampling was done using the proportional stratified-random manner. Findings indicated that 72% of the variance in students' environmental attitudes was predicted by environmental concerns. Moreover, environmental concern variables significantly modeled students' attitudes toward the environment. Therefore, to improve agricultural students’ attitude, influential figures such as pro-environmental academic members and other well-known individuals could hold seminars at universities discussing the importance of environmental conservation. and by delivering speeches at university seminars on promoting respect and environmental conservation. This could potentially shift students' perspectives on the environment, leading to an increased positive attitude towards environmental protection.

Educational institutions, including universities, play a significant role in generating environmental knowledge. Students are regarded as influential and informed individuals, and identifying and explaining their existing environmental attitudes is the first step in training and educating specialized human resources with environmental views. Therefore, the present research aimed to model the influence of information sources and knowledge on the environmental attitude of students studying at the Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. This research was of a descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population of this research includes 1753 agricultural students of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan. Stratified random sampling method with proportional assignment in the educational level (bachelor's, master's and doctoral), the study subjects were selected and information was collected through 161 questionnaires. Statistical tests of Spearman's correlation coefficient and path analysis (structural equation modeling) were used for data processing. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the variables of information sources and knowledge predicted 61% of the changes in the environmental attitude of agricultural students. Given the potential role of information sources and knowledge in shaping the environmental attitudes of agricultural students, it is essential to establish the necessary foundations for increasing their environmental knowledge and awareness through social institutions such as family, mass media (including virtual platforms, the internet, etc.), and by encouraging collective movements and activities focused on environmental conservation. Hosting scientific and public events like conferences and seminars at universities should be facilitated to promote a conducive environmental attitude among students as valuable human resources in society

Chemical inputs in agriculture are the most important inputs that cause environmental and groundwater pollution. This is why agricultural activities and farmers' behavior can have direct effects on the environment. On this basis, a research study was conducted with the aim of analyzing and investigating the willingness to accept and consume biological inputs among farmers living in the villages of Meidawood sector of Baghmalek County in Khuzestan province using the survey method. The statistical population of the research included all the farmers of this region, among whom a sample size of 302 people was determined based on the Karjesi and Morgan table and by a simple random method (N=1400). The data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed based on experts' opinion and its reliability was confirmed by calculating the composite reliability index. Data were analyzed using SPSSv22 and Smart PLS3 software. The results showed that the studied farmers have a relatively favorable willingness towards the consumption of biological inputs. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between farmers' attitude and willingness to accept biological inputs. In addition, the chi-square test between the willingness to consume biological inputs and different age levels of farmers was significant at the 1% level, and the results indicated that younger farmers were less willing to consume these inputs. The greatest willingness was among farmers aged 30 to 40 years.

Rural development is one of the important bases of national development of any country and people's participation in this process is important. Different countries have paid attention to this issue in the form of local governments and by delegating powers and responsibilities. With the approval of the law on the establishment of self-sufficient in the country's villages in 1998, there have been changes in the country's rural management. Since 2004, the villagers have taken charge of the village administration as the new trustees. The goals of this research was to investigate the role of rural assistants in the process of management and development of rural with an emphasis on environmental protection issue. The current research is of applied research type and analytical-descriptive method. The findings showed that the most crucial factors affecting the role of rural assistants in sustainable rural development are economic, cultural and social, environmental and infrastructure variables. Therefore, the village councils, with the participation of the people and the use of the power and talent of women and men in the councils and village councils, pay attention preventing the destruction of pastures, to the protection of forests, monitoring water harvesting.

The present research was conducted with the aim of applying the theory of planned behavior in investigating the intention of farmers to use pressurized irrigation system. To achieve the goal of the research, the descriptive-correlation method based on the structural equation model was used. The statistical population included farmers in the central part of Baghmolek county (N=3005). The sample size was 343 people using Morgan's table and sampling was also done in a stratified method with proportional allocation. The instrument of data collection was a questionnaire, the validity of which was based on the opinion of the university faculty members and its reliability was through Cronbach's alpha, also, in order to determine the validity of the structure, the average variance extracted index (AVE) was also confirmed in determining the reliability of the model from the composite reliability index (CR), the homogeneity reliability index (Rho). The results of the structural equation model showed that the variables of attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control predicted 76% of the changes in the variable of intention to use pressurized irrigation system. According to the findings of the structural equation analysis, the variable of knowledge predicted 87% of the changes of the variable of attitude towards the acceptance of pressure irrigation system. Since there is a significant relationship between the research constructs and the farmers' behavioral inclination towards using the pressure irrigation system.

In conventional agriculture, there are more than three hundred types of chemical inputs such as pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and chemical fertilizers which are used to control the vulnerability of agricultural products and soil fertility. This research was carried out to identify Factors affecting hygiene behavior of greenhouse owners on pesticides in khozestan province Statistical population consisted of all active greenhouse owners in khozestan province (N=90). The sample size was determined by Kerjesy and Morgan table (n=80) The research tool was a questionnaire which its validity and its reliability was confirmed. Data were analyzed using the software of spss and Smart PLS. The results of structural equation showed that variables attitude, knowledge, information source, , background of poisoning can predict 76 percent of changes of hygiene behavior of greenhouse owners on pesticides. According to the results knowledge of greenhouse owners on pesticides was the most important variable affecting their hygiene behavior. In fact, improvement of greenhouse owners knowledge on danger of pesticides can result in their safer and more hygiene behavior Achieving safety and hygiene in the use of pesticides through greenhouse farmers' attitudes towards the dangers of chemical pesticides requires the correct knowledge and awareness of greenhouse farmers about the dangers of chemical pesticides.

The relationship between human and nature has become one of the most important topics of the world community because it seems that natural resources are consumed and destroyed by humans faster than the time they need to recover, and due to unethical behavior with nature, many environmental problems have been arisen. Agricultural extension experts play a key role in informing and influencing farmers through education and development efforts. Understanding their attitude, behavior and ethics towards the environment can be effective on their practical strategy behaviors to change the attitude and environmental ethics of people including farmers. Considering the importance of the subject, this research aimed to investigate the environmental ethics of agricultural experts. The current research was carried out as a descriptive-cross-sectional census survey. The statistical population of interest included the agricultural experts worked at Dezful’s Agricultural Jihad Administration in 2023 (N=70). . The data collection instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by consulting with a panel of experts and its reliability was approved by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient, composite reliability, homogeneity composite reliability and average variance extracted. Findings showed that the level of environmental ethics of agricultural experts is at an optimal level in termsof Anthropocentrism, Ecocentrism, and Theocentrism dimensions.The results of the Pearson correlation analysis showed that there were significant relationships between different dimensions of environmental ethics and the variables of use of informational resources and satisfaction of working in agricultural jihad extension and services centers. Also, there is a direct relationship between human-centered and eco-centered ethical dimension with the God-centered ethical dimension of experts.Therefore, the main focus of planners and policymakers on the human-centered and ecological-centered dimension improves the God-centered moral dimension of the studied experts in the field of ecology.

The village is considered as the smallest unit of country divisions. One of the most important dimensions of rural development is local administration which plays a very important role in coordinating rural development activities. One of the important issues in the field of rural management in the country is the establishment of decimalisation. decimalisation and investigating their performance in rural development is one of the important issues in the field of rural management. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to review the role of rural governance decimalisation in rural development. The current research is and applied research and in terms of analytical-descriptive research method and it is in the form of documentary-library study and scientific resources. The results of this research showed that the economic, cultural and social, environmental and infrastructure factors with an emphasis on the education of villagers and the formation of different local groups, Cultivation and promotion of group participation are the most important effective and influencing factors on the role of villager governance in rural development. It is suggested that one of the limitations of the sustainable development of villages is the financial resources of the decimalisations; Therefore, government financial assistance, use of financial facilities of banks, and local and public participation should be strengthened to provide sustainable financial resources in the rural areas of decimalisations.

Forests as one of the basic renewable resources they play an important role in creating a suitable platform for the development of economic and social activities. The role of the forest in maintaining water, soil and the balance of different ecosystems is very clear and effective from the economic point of view. Iran due to being located on the dry belt of the world, it is poor in the field of forest cover and it ranks among the last forested countries. The forests of Zagros, as the largest vegetation area of Iran and with an area of 5 million hectares, have about 40% of the total forests of Iran. These forests play a very important role in water supply, soil conservation, climate adjustment and economic and social balance in the whole country. The economic and social conditions governing this vegetation area have caused the residents of the forest areas to depend heavily on the forest resources of these areas to meet their livelihood needs. In many cases, it is stated that poor people in forest areas destroy forests because they have no other means of livelihood except the environment therefore, protecting them is very important. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to investigate the effect of rural poverty on the destruction of Zagros forests. The current research is of applied research type and in terms of analytical-descriptive research method and in the form of documentary-library study and scientific resources. The findings of this research showed that the low economic level of the village and the low income of rural households is one the reasons for the destruction of Zagros forests. Therefore, in this research, in order to reduce the amount Zagros forests, it is necessary to implement poverty alleviation policies in order to reduce the destruction Zagros forests.

Today, rural areas in the country are facing challenges such as environmental pollutio, water and soil erosion, outbreak of new plant pests and diseases, malnutrition and other diseases in humans, decreasing the food quality, Extinction of some animal species due to environment pollution. Regarding the fact that the rural people deal directly and in different ways with the inputs that pollute the environment and also the important role of their behavior in environment pollution, this research is seeking to investigate the factors affecting the environmental behavior of rural people in the central district of Ardabil county.  The statistical population of this research included the rural people of the central district of Ardabil county. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula and a total of 200 people were selected as the sample. Research instrument for collecting data was a Questionnaire that its validity was confirmed by a panel of university teachers and Reliability of the instrument was calculated through Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data analysis of the Research was done using descriptive and inferential statistics methods. Data were analyzed using SPSSV 22 and Smart PLS 2 software. According to the results of this research 52 percent of the studied people had a negative and relatively negative attitude towards environmental protection. The findings of structural equation model indicated that variables of attitude, concern, knowledge and values can explain the changes in environmental behavior of the studied people up to 79 percent.  Besides, 52 percent of the changes of the variance of environmental concern are related to the variables of environmental values, knowledge and attitude.

The purpose of this study was use of model of programmed behavior in study of tendency and behavior of potato farmers towards use of integrated pest management.

To get the objective of research descriptive- correlation method and based on structural equation model was used.The statistical population included potato farmers in the central part of Ardabil county (N=3484). The sample size was estimated according Cochran's formula (200) and samples were selected using proportional multi-stage assignment. Data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of 6 sections and 47 questions, the validity of which was confirmed based on the opinion of faculty members and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (for different sections from 0.82 to 0.93). Data were analyzed by two software SPSS and Lisrel.

According to results from structural equation analysis variables behavior tendency and control of perceived behavior predicts 82 percent of changes of variable potatos behavior towards integrated pest management.

As there is a significant correlation between behavior tendencies with behavior of potato farmers about integrated pest management it is suggested that scientific visits, demonstration farms, and extension and education classes on integrated pest management increased.

Chemical pesticides are the most important pollutants in the environment and groundwater. Accordingly, the objective of this survey research was to explanation of factors affecting the pro-environmental behavior of apple gardeners in Meshkin Shahr County in Ardabil province. Statistical population of the study consisted of 1492 apple gardeners out of which 200 gardeners selected as sample using Cochran formula and multi- stage sampling technique. Data were collected by applying a questionnaire developed for the study and were analyzed using SPSS23 and Smart PLS2. Validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of experts and construct validity using AVE Index. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability (CR) were calculated. The results showed that, the information Resources variable explained 25% of the variance of apple gardeners' environmental knowledge; environmental knowledge and information Resources variables explained 71% of the variance of their environmental attitude; and finally, environmental attitude and knowledge variables explained 58% of the variance of apple gardeners' pro-environmental behavior.

Nowadays, environmental challenges are one of the major and critical issues confronting humanity. One of the main causes of this crisis is lack of attention and environmental education. Understanding the attitudes towards environment of students as one of the most influential community could be basis for future planning in order to improve knowledge and awareness of the environment. So this study was aimed to investigate the agricultural student’s attitude towards environment and identify strategies to improve it.

This study is an applied research which utilized survey method. Target population was agricultural student of the university of Mohaghegh Ardabili (n=1929) which applying Cochran formula sample size determined as 140 people and using stratified sampling method information gathered. Research tool was a questionnaire which its validity approved by panel of expert and its reliability evaluated by Alpha Cronbach coefficient.

The result of study showed that participants had a relatively positive attitude toward environment. Also the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficient indicated that there was significant relation between attitudes and some independent variables. Regression analysis showed that 5 variables including strategies improvement, information resources, GPA, current educational semester and age defined 51% of dependent variance.

Although students had a relatively positive attitude toward environment but to lead this attitude to responsible environmental behavior, several actions must be performed on micro and macro levels. Prepare basis to provide necessary training by the responsible educational agent could lead student attitude to suitable level. Also by creating a supportive environment NGOs and supplying them, improving their environmental attitudes as well as actions carried out in order to protect the environment are accessible.

Among different industries in each country, tourism industry is directly related to the environment. Tourism is not a clean and non- destructive industry, so that tourists’ behaviors in addition to positive effects can also have many negative consequences on the environment. The purpose of this study was to analyze factors affecting environmental behavior of tourists in Susan Plain, Izeh county. Statistical population of the study consisted of tourists traveled to Susan Plain during Nowruz Holidays in 2019. The sample size was determined by available sample and they were randomly selected (n=150). The research tool was a questionnaire, which its validity was verified by a panel of academics and its reliability was approved through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The data were analyzed by SPSS (Ver. 22) and LISREL (Ver. 8.80) software. The results showed that variables of environmental knowledge, attitude, and values had positive and significant correlation with variable of environmental behaviors. Furthermore, according to the results, variables of environmental knowledge, attitude, and values could describe 83% of tourists’ environmental behavior changes. As a recommendation, it is worthwhile to use environmental topics in the textbooks from primary school to university.

Misbehavior of farmers when preparing pesticides can lead to environmental degradation, including surface and groundwater pollution, and the destruction of living organisms in the water; therefore, it is necessary to explain farmers' behaviors regarding the use of chemical inputs on the environment and humans. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental behavior of farmers in Moghan plain (Ardabil province) in the use of pesticides. This study was a descriptive-correlational research, and in terms of data collection, it was a survey research. The statistical population, includes all farmers of irrigated farms in Moghan Plain (2017-2018) (N = 9996). Sample size was determined by using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table and by multi-stage sampling with proportional assignment, 400 persons (n =400). The research instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was verified by subject specialists and university professors and finally approved. Reliability of the research tool was also confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The findings showed that farmers had a relatively positive attitude toward environmental protection, totally. Correlation analysis also showed that there was a significant relationship between farmers' environmental behavior with attitude, knowledge, the village distance to agricultural service center, agricultural experience and spray experience.  According to regression analysis, four variables of attitude, knowledge, the village distance to agricultural service center and records of spraying, explain 57.1% of the variance level of environmental behavior of farmers in applying agricultural pesticides. Considering the relationship between attitude and knowledge on the environmental behavior of farmers in the use of agricultural pesticides, attention to the implementation of the theory of the process of transferring innovation (knowledge, attitude and skills) in the form of agricultural extension and education programs in the research area can play an important role to improve farmers' environmental behavior.

Unhygienic disposal of pesticide waste after use on the farm has very dangerous consequences for the environment and agriculture. The purpose of the study was to analysis of factors affecting management behavior of rural wheat producers towards pesticide waste in Qorveh County. Statistical population of the research consisted of irrigated wheat producers (N= 1700). Sample size was determined 170 using the Cochran formula. Cases were selected through random proportional stratified sampling. The main research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed by citing Cronbach's alpha, CR and AVE coefficients. The findings of the structural equation model showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between farmers' knowledge and information resources and their attitudes toward the use of chemical pesticides. Besides, knowledge and attitude variables were able to explain 71% of the changes in wheat farmers' managerial behavior towards pesticide wastes.

Organic agriculture is one of the most important agricultural systems that is quickly developing throughout the world. The main cause of attention towards organic agriculture is necessity of production of healthy agricultural products and free from chemicals. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the attitude of Ardabil province's farmsteads towards organic agriculture . The research method is descriptive and survey. The statistical population consisted of all the petty farmers in Ardabil city. (6380) The sample size was determined by multi-stage sampling method and using Cochran's formula for 230 people. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to determine the reliability of the index (AVE), which was at least 0.50 calculated. To determine the reliability of the combination method (CR), the minimum value was calculated to be 0.91 and the alpha value of 0.88 for the research tool was also indicative of its reliability. The findings showed that the majority of farmers had a relatively positive attitude toward organic farming. the results of structural equation modeling showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between knowledge and information sources with the attitude of the apple cultivars towards organic cultivation.

Farmers in agricultural activities deal with various forms of chemical pesticides and thus their knowledge level can have a positive or negative impact on the food health of a community and the environment. Understanding their knowledge about the consequences of poisoning will provide an effective extension for promoting environmentally friendly methods in farms and maintaining food security. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the farmers' knowledge of Moghan plain about the consequences of chemical pesticides use for community health, the environment and food security in 2017.

The method of this study is descriptive and survey. The statistical population consisted of all farmers (water cultivation) in the Moghan plain. The sample size of 400 was determined by multi-stage sampling method and using Kerjesi and Morgan table (1970). The study tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient.

The findings showed that the majority of the farmers had relatively poor knowledge about the consequences of using chemical pesticides. The results of structural equation modeling (using Lisrel software) showed that the use of information resources, in total, predicted 24% of variance of farmers' knowledge about the consequences of chemical pesticides.

Given that more favorable safety behavior and cultivation of more healthy crops are based on the farmers' knowledge about the use and consequences of chemical pesticides, hence, the attention of authorities and planners for conducting various workshops in line with farmers' perceptions about the use of knowledge and the consequences chemical pesticides are needed.

Today, the use of chemical pesticides in the world is considered to be the most effective, fastest and cheapest pest control method. Although, chemical pesticides are essential components of modern agriculture, it is also considered one of the most important sources of environmental pollution and its exposure is one of the most common and serious health-safety hazards faced by farmers. The purpose of this study was to analyze the health-safety behavior on the use of chemical pesticides among farmers of Moghan plain. The statistical population of this study was farmers of water crops in Bilesavar, Parsabad, Germi counties in the years of 2017-2018 (N = 9996). The sample size was determined by multi-stage sampling method and using Kerjesi and Morgan table (1970), (n= 400). The content validity of the research tool was confirmed by panel of faculty members and its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha. According to the findings, the attitude of the majority of farmers (34%) was relatively positive on the use of chemical pesticides. Also, farmers with a job satisfaction from agriculture, lacking a second job and higher education, had higher health- safety behaviors than using chemical pesticides. Based on the results of the structural equation model, variables of knowledge (the most important variable), attitude and experience of poisoning by chemical pesticides have predicted 88 percent of the changes affecting the health effects of farmers on the use of pesticides.

Regarding the importance of employment in the rural areas, as one of the most important policies in agricultural higher education programs, nevertheless a significant proportion of graduated does not involve in rural activity. So this study was aimed to investigate the attitudes of agricultural students towards occupation in rural areas. The study was a correlation- descriptive survey and target population consisted of agricultural students of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in the 2016-2017 educational year (N=1192). Sample size determined using Cochran formula as 170 people and stratified random sampling method was used as a sampling method. The main research instrument was questionnaire which its validity confirmed by the panel of expert and reliability approved by AVE with the value of 0.40 to 0.48 and CR coefficient with a value of 0.77 to 0.88. The results indicated that almost 55% of respondents had the positive and relatively positive attitude towards occupation in rural areas. Also based on comparative analysis significant differences were found regarding gender and living place in term of attitude as boys and rural students had more favorite attitudes towards occupation in rural areas. Based on correlational analysis there were a significant statistical relationship between families’ income, years of living in rural areas and students’ interest with attitude. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) also showed that three factors of "entrepreneurial individual characteristics", "social and economic factors", and "government supportive policies" explained about 86 percent of variance in dependent variable of attitudes toward occupation in rural areas.

the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of evaluation of major on academic satisfaction and mediating role of academic motivation, among agricultural students. The statistical population of study consisted of all undergraduate students in 2016-2017 academic years, in the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili (N=740). In This causal-correlation study according to Cochran formula, sample size obtained 275 people (n= 275) which were accessed through random stratified sampling method. The research instrument was a questionnaire consisted of 3 sections of evaluation of major, academic satisfaction and Academic Motivation Scale (Vallerand, 1992). Construct validity and composite reliability of the research instrument were tested by estimating the measurement model and sustained after making necessary corrections. The data were processed using SPSSwin20 and LISREL, then analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The findings revealed that among the academic achievement (GPA) with academic satisfaction, academic motivation and field of study evaluation, there was a significant positive correlation among students. Structural equation modeling results showed the effect of evaluation of major on students’ academic satisfaction, 64% (directly); and by effectiveness of academic motivation (mediator variable) in the model (25%) was confirmed. Among the indicators of student's evaluation about field and academic satisfaction of field, respectively, the amount of importance to field in society (coefficient of determination: 0.3041) and tend to be employed (as main job) in field of study (coefficient of determination: 0.2601), accounted the major parts in study model.