ابوعلی ودادهیر

Institutional ethnography (IE), as one of the qualitative approaches, focuses on the everyday work processes of individuals. In this study, we aim to introduce the IE for explicating the relations in the healthcare institutions. This study will investigate the key terms, concepts, and insights of IE through examples by reviewing the related studies.

This methodological study involved a search in databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, the Iranian Scientific Information Database (SID), and Google Scholar using the keywords institutional ethnography, IE, healthcare system, and delivery of health care, without any time limit until January 2024.

The IE has four steps: identifying the disjuncture and problematic, data collection, data analysis, and recommendations and conclusions useful for changing practice. In this approach, the institutional ethnographer utilizes a wide range of data collection techniques, including interviews, observations, focus group discussions, document collection, and reflexivity to create a description of what people do in their everyday lives.

The IE is used to identify and understand how higher-level processes and policies impact daily clinical work. Achieving a proper understanding of how texts and individuals function together within an organization (what actually happens) enables the formulation and implementation of practical strategies for addressing issues in the field.

History, Anthropology, and Psychoanalysis are three areas of knowledge that have intersected in various ways over the past few decades. While their interactions have been synergistic in some cases, they have also given rise to numerous ambiguities and complications. This article focuses on the enduring and controversial phenomenon known as "Psychohistory," which represents the convergence of these three disciplines. Initially, we explore the Freud’s own approach to engaging with historical subjects, followed by an examination of the later epistemological and methodological adjustments that have contributed to the emergence of Psychohistory. Additionally, we scrutinize the challenges faced by Psychohistory in terms of institutional recognition and its marginalization within academic traditions. We also discuss the reasons behind its notorious popularity. Ultimately, we explore the current potential of Psychohistory, despite its marginal status. Our argument posits that, although Psychohistory has not achieved official recognition as a distinctive discipline, it has provided an opportunity for fields such as History and Anthropology to critically assess their own positions. To put it differently, Psychohistory has transmuted into a form of Meta-history. The inclusion of the concept of "transferential processes" within the framework of Psychohistory was pretty essential in order to effectively increase its capacity. Psychohistory now more than ever provokes contemporary anthropologists and historians to place great significance on their reciprocal exchanges pertaining to the materials and subjects under their examination.

The present research objective to reach common themes and a deep understanding of the lived experiences of the experts in the field of maritime transport to explain the process and develop the strategy control model with a resource-based view in the Ports and Maritime Organization. The research is based on the qualitative method and Strauss & Corbin (2015) Grounded Theory Method. To collect data, the in-depth semi-structured interviews were used with 24 participants, as maritime transport experts.The research findings show that strategy control is very context-oriented and affected by the aspects and factors resulting from the contextual factors including the identity of the organization, the context of the organization and individual variables. The starting point of the strategy control process with resource-based view is the category of managerial systems and infrastructures. The category of human resources is raised following the systems and infrastructures and finally category of main and support processes occur resulting in consequences. Quality of services or products, quality of processes and balanced consent of the stakeholders are due to the strategy control. Their outcome will determine quality of an organization as a major outcome resulting from the consolidated data and results.

Family life and professional life are two inseparable components in people's lives;in such a way that the secret of people's success depends on advancing their goals in these two areas.If a person faces problems and challenges in his professional or family life, their side effects spread through the individual, organization, and the society. The aim of this research is to analyze the narrative inquiry of workaholic programmers from the work-family interface through a gender approach.

The current qualitative research is a research narrative in terms of interpretive paradigm, inductive theory development approach, and narrative research in terms of research strategy.The data collection instruments are a semi-structured and an open-ended interview. To reach the required data, the interviews continued until saturation was reached, and finally, according to the defined standards and based on targeted sampling, a maximum of 30 participants (15 female and 15 male participants) participated in the current research. Thematic narrative analysis was used to identify the themes and describe the experiences of the participants.

The results uncovered that the general narrative of workaholic women and men differ in the factors affecting work-family relationships, and some factors lead to the strengthening of work-family relationships and others result in addiction to work increases. According to this research, among women, family factors including family orientation, work-family fit, work-family integration, and supportive family lead to more balance between work and family since women have more roles, duties, and responsibilities in home affairs. Also, from the point of view of male programmers, organizational factors such as work addiction, forced overtime, extreme work, income generation, and lack of support from the organization lead to more work addiction and disrupting the work-family balance.

Due to the fact that men are the breadwinners and provide the living expenses, which have been entrusted to them for a long time and in a traditional way, if they find themselves in unfavorable economic conditions and are unable to provide for the expenses, they tend to become more addicted to work

In this research, we present a model of the physician-patient relationship in contemporary Iran by analyzing extant models of the physician-patient relationship.Research data was collected through interviews with physicians, patients, medical students, and healthcare professionals. We also conducted a document analysis of laws, development plans, and legislation of the health sector after the Iranian revolution of 1979. The document analysis allowed us to examine the lawmaking process and its cultivation in modern times. To prevent potential bias, we analyzed the data based on multi-grounded theory. It was validated using the triangulation method.We reviewed the literature on physician-patient relationships in Iran. Emanuel, Emanuel, and Ozar’s theories served as the basic models for theorization. Our findings are categorized as paternalistic and commercial relationships between physicians and patients in Iran. In the context of a paternalistic relationship, we examined how medical students internalize the paternal model within the educational system. Discussed are the conduct of professors, the lack of health ethics instruction, and the academic hierarchy. These are institutionalized as a paternal physician-patient relationship. The paternal model is implemented with patients through the physician habitus, which consists of patients’ ignorance, non-communication, and an obtuse manner of speech. In addition to the paternal culture, economic factors play a significant role in the physician-patient relationship, as demonstrated by the privatization plans and tariffs examined. The nearly 40-year process of privatizing healthcare through legislation and regulation has made medicine a lucrative profession. The surge of inductive demand is a point of intersection between financial profit and moral well-being. In addition, the use of physician disagreements over tariffs as a pretext to increase salaries is another issue that calls medical ethics into question.The combination of these two cultural and economic patterns is producing a new model of the physician-patient relationship in Iran, termed the “invasive medicine model.” In this relationship, the physician assumes the role of a controlling, dominant father over the patient. The patient participates minimally in the medical procedure. Additionally, the physician is a salesperson in a competitive health market to promote health products. Patients are not only excluded from the medical process but also confronted with an intrusive healthcare market. The reason for using the term “invasive,” comparable to invasive medical procedures, is the similarity between invading the patient’s body and mind

Production and use of complete and reliable data is the first step in providing optimal services and reliable weather and climatology studies. Incomplete data makes meteorological services and researches face a challenge. There are many ways to improve and restore data that one of the most important of which is the correct process management of collecting, transferring, storing and using data. The most important field that deals with this issue is the management information systems and information technology. The way of managing this area and coordinating it with the main strategies and other sectors plays a significant role in reducing the data gaps and insufficient data and also improving the quality and quantity of meteorological and climatological data and information, and improving the services of the organization. In this regard, it is considered to identify the strategies of information systems and information technology and its main subsystems to create more coordination between the various components of the organization and finally to produce and use valid and sufficient data. In this article, in order to optimally manage the production and analysis of meteorological data, the design and exploration of the model was discussed with the in-depth and semi-structured interview method. This process was carried out with the participation of 20 data and information experts of the country's meteorological organization, who were selected purposefully and with the help of the content analysis method, with the aim of achieving various aspects of information systems and information technology function. Then the basic concepts and also the reliability of this method were studied. The method of data analysis (Manual and software with MAXQDA10) is a combined content analysis with an inductive and deductive approach, and the acceptability and objectivity of the data is done by combining data collection, multi-dimensional, diversity of research participants, frequent review and revision of data. The final findings of the research with 61indicators, 20categories and 5 themes include "information systems & information technology", "meteorological information infrastructure and technology", "meteorological data and information management", "meteorological service management" and "meteorological information and communication security" and in each of them four subclasses with the help of strategic reference points method was determined. In the end, with the re-review and opinion of respected professors of the university, the relationships of the main themes in the form of information systems and meteorological information technology with the four subsystems and the strategies of each one were drawn in order to create more coordination in decision-making to improve data management and meteorological services

Considering the rich social, cultural and moral school of Zurkhaneh and Pahlavan sport, it is necessary to explore this rich sport from the perspective of social well-being perspective. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain Zurkhaneh sport from the perspective of Keyes well-being theory. In this research, content analysis was used. Participants in semi-structured interviews included; Expert wrestlers who were both practically and scientifically familiar with the culture, history, and customs of the Zurkhaneh were selected by snowball method, and the interviews ended with a theoretical saturation of the themes in the sixteenth interview. According to the findings of the present study, Zurkhaneh sports show five dimensions of social well-being theory, namely; social integration, social acceptance, social contribution, social actualization and social coherence. Zurkhaneh sport can promote social well-being. This means that the correspondence between the dimensions obtained from the study of Zurkhaneh sport and the actions of its companions shows its high potential in the growth and development of interpersonal communication, social well-being, which can ultimately help to improve society.

In order to study the evolution of the country's insurance industry, this article has gathered data from emerging companies Bimetis, Bimebazar, Bimito, Azki and Bimeh.com. This research, which aims to increase productivity due to the digital transformation of the country's insurance industry, seeks to answer the following questions:What is the digital transformation trend in the insurance industry?What strategies are proposed to increase the success rate of insurance startups?This research is important because all industries will be transformed with Digital Trends. These developments are such that the insurance industry will be radically transformed with technologies such as blockchain, big data mining, the Internet of Things, and so on. In the country's insurance industry, start-ups have been launched with mobile technology, but despite other industries, the start-ups of the insurance industry have not been able to develop this industry. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research on the failure of the digital transformation of this industry in Iran.

This research is descriptive in terms of applied purpose and is qualitative in terms of the type of input data. Due to the in-depth study of the mentioned cases, the comparative case study method has been used. In this study, in-depth interviews and participatory observation and review of documents were used to collect data, and content analysis was used to analyze the data. Purposeful sampling and library and fieldwork have been used to collect initial data. In the library research, in addition to sources based on books and scientific articles, Internet resources have also been used. In the fielwork, specialized interviews, observation and participation in the implementation process have been used to collect information. A total of face-to-face interviews were conducted for start-up companies Bemtis and Bimebazar, and for other start-ups, online interviews at Elecamp events and online resources were analyzed as complementary data.In face-to-face interviews, interview questions are designed in five dimensions: cause of occurrence, contexts, intervening factors, strategies, and consequences based on a comprehensive or systematic approach. The interviews were then conducted and then coded by MaxQuMedi12 software using theme analysis method. Line-by-line method has been used in coding conceptualizing themes. In conceptualization, words that reflect a common meaning are put together and labeled a basic concept.Then the second stage of coding the theme is done and the relationship between the concepts and categories is formed. Then a classification is made in one of the categories of cause, phenomenon, context, intervening, solution and consequence. After categorizing the previous interview, concepts that have not been constructed will be considered, and in subsequent interviews, the focus of the interview will be more on that part. In the case of Bimebazar, in addition to face-to-face interviews, information from Internet sources has also been used. In the case of Bemtis, the researcher had a participatory observation and the information was collected observationally and participatory.

After conducting each interview, from each case studied, a model was extracted in the six dimensions mentioned. These models were compared with each other and finally a comprehensive model was presented. In terms of the reasons for the formation of the insurance market backward gap, the gap in justice in the payment of premiums, technological pressure, ideation, the founding team, the initial capital.In terms of economic factors such as economic instability and inflation, arrival time, global trends in insurance industry development, society's tendency to technology, weak sovereignty in the insurance industry, barriers to entry against foreign competitors, traditional market resistance, regulatory support, technology for Insurance, the existence of legal barriers to data access, include major technical problems of data integration.In the dimension of intervening factors as the most important sectors that have hindered the transformation of the insurance industry, the cases of insurance culture, lack of contractual view to insurance, communication-oriented pricing, mandatory pricing of third party insurance, significant price difference in optional insurance, calculated on Algorithm basis, lack of creativity in the insurance industry, repeatability rate, paper insurance logistics, lack of awareness, recruitment of experts, low added value in online shopping, product market adequacy, slowness of government systems and service providers, entry of major competitors from industries Another is the exit of investors from the innovation ecosystem, the lack of motivation of employees, competition with the traditional market, the personal nature of insurance demand.In terms of strategies used by start-ups, factors such as performance appraisal and incentive system, prioritization of partner representatives, effective marketing and receiving feedback, insufficient telephone consulting, agility, intelligence of start-ups, selling risk-based insurance, establishing OK system R, Sensitive event logging system, product development, partner agent prioritization, effective marketing and feedback received.In terms of implications, two initial deployments of the business model, customer selection as a measure of survival, have been explored.

Finally, a theorized model of insurance start-ups is presented and suggestions are made to help this evolutionary process. Creating the necessary infrastructure by the Insurance Industry Regulatory Authority to facilitate the field of start-ups in the digital transition phase can provide a clear path for market participants by designing an industry transformation strategy and drawing a map of the digital transformation of the insurance industry.The results of this study show that the necessary conditions for the transformation of the country's insurance industry are not fully prepared and start-up companies are facing very serious challenges to achieve digital transformation in this industry. Creating the right technical infrastructure and agreeing on a macro-digital strategy in the insurance industry is one of the most important proposals. Considering the conflicts of interests of the actors in this industry can facilitate this process by creating a value-added sharing model resulting from the establishment of digital developments. It seems that the complete elimination of physical insurance can separate the behavior of insurance service from commodity behavior, and this is seen as a suggestion.

This study is an attempt to reflect on and analyze the cow feast (İnek Bayramı) in Mulkiye taking approaches in anthropology of science and under the concept of authoritarian modernization in the context of Turkey. The cow feast is an academic ritual that was held annually in May at the Faculty of Political Science (Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi) of Ankara University in Turkey before the Covid-19 epidemic and the emergence of some security, political and health issues and considerations. In this article, we seek to theoretically formulate the role and function of such a ceremony in the establishment and stability of a new epistemological system based on the collected data about this feast, and interviews with key informants, and of course referring to historical and contextual sources. Our reflection reveals that the cow feast is a compensatory ritual in the face of the epistemological crisis of the late Ottoman and early Turkish Republics, and can be understood and analysed with integration of components of Sharon Traweek, Emily Martin, Tony Bechter, Peter Trowler, Bruno Latour and Victor Turner’s ideas largely from anthropology of science.

In this study, we followed the structural causes of some physicians' habits such as not looking at the patient and seeing the patient as an object, using Multi Grounded Theory. To achieve holistic perspectives, the baseline data were obtained from interviews with physicians, patients, medical students, and health professionals. Our findings show three main factors: First, the power structure in the healthcare system through two mechanisms of communication-language, namely, continuous silence and intermittent speaking in specialized language, emerged in the doctor-patient relationship and became cultural sediment and medical habit. The second factor relates to health policies, in which the workload of physicians, in practice, leaves the least possible time and energy for interaction. Eventually, the development of the logic of capital in this area was recognized as a factor that has turned medical facilities, equipment, and knowledge into a powerful and independent force against patients and the healthcare forces.

The aim of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is to ensure receiving essential health services without financial hardship. Good governance in the health system guarantees success in UHC. Meaningful public participation in the health policy-making cycle is one of the vital and challenging aspects of good health governance. Considering the role and importance of legislation in formation and sustainability of participatory decision-making and good governance approach in the health sector, this study endeavors to survey the alignment of the 1st-6th development plans with the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) Constitution regarding public participation approach in the health sector since 1989.

This study is designed and implemented as a qualitative Study. Data was extracted from legal documents including the development plan laws from 1989-2016, and IRI Constitution Law approved in 1989 and its subsequent amendments. Content analysis was carried out in a summative method.

During the years under review, governments have always received the necessary legal mandate in their program to attract public financial participation in the construction sector or to pay part of health care costs, which is in accordance with the 29th Article of the Constitution based on health rights for the Iranian population. According to various constitutional principles such as; Paragraph eight of the third principle, paragraph three of the forty-third principle and the one-hundredth principle, the engagement of the population in identifying issues and making appropriate decisions in the administration of the country, including the health sector, is recognize, but there is no legislation in the government development plans to implement these laws.

Despite the emphasis on upstream legislation and the existence of two structures, the High Council for Health and Food Security, the High Council for Health Insurance at the national level and the Islamic town and village councils at the local level, governments have focused on participatory budgeting in health rather than participatory policymaking, during the years under review in this study. Given the importance of social participation in health sector decisions in eliminating or reducing inequalities in use of health services, suggestions for the government and Ministry of Health and Medical Education are represented

Sport is a phenomenon that has always had social and cultural effects in human societies. Such results make addressing the dimensions of social psychology in zurkhaneh sport more prominent due to the combination of rituals and patterns of social behaviour in zurkhaneh sport culture. Therefore, the present study sought to analyze the functions of zurkhaneh sport from social psychology. This study was done with the qualitative data method of the grounded theory and the analysis of interviews with experts. Finally, the theoretical model of social psychology functions in zurkhaneh sport formulated with four categories; Zurkhaneh sports subculture, heroic identity, influential social networks and leadership characteristics were formed. According to the findings, in the Zurkhaneh sports subculture, leadership behaviours, communication patterns, and behavioural expectations are well accepted, and a high level of trust is established. They indicate that zurkhaneh sports have important functions in socio-sports psychology, which can be used at the community level by planning to take advantage of its capacities.

Anthropological demography has emerged as a new field aimed at a deeper study of demographic phenomena. Researchers seek to achieve what John Caldwell called the “illuminating experience” by integrating qualitative and quantitative data. The purpose of this paper is to examine the demographic changes and increasing aging in the historical city of Naragh. In terms of anthropological demographic approach, this paper used several data such as ethnography and historical studies as research method. The results of this study show that historical reasons such as famine, Hossein-Kashi rebellion in Naragh, earthquake and religious conflicts are related to macro-demographic approach and other factors such as culture and disadvantages of a social institution such as gender and economy prevailing in this region are related to micro-demography. In summary, all the above reasons have led to the emigration of many people (mainly men), negative population growth rate, age structural transition (AST) and increasing aging in Naragh over time.

Digital entrepreneurs create creative startups in a segment of a market or industry by starting a company. This study compares two cases of Alopeyk and Hampa with applied, descriptive approach and comparative case study strategy. The two startups have been formed in the transportation industry, one with the idea of Ride Sharing and the other by using the shipping platform. The data from these two startups were collected qualitatively through deeply one and one interviews with the founders of these startups. The questions in this interviews are based on a systematic approach to data theorizing of the foundation. After conducting interviews using MAXQDA 12 software, approximately 1188 codes were coded for categorizing the concepts. The results of this study declare a final model by using the real industry data. Based on the findings of this study and the factors stated in previous researches, strategies have been proposed in order to increase the probability of success of start-ups initiated by entrepreneurs. These include in-depth industry inspections, emerging macro trends, gaining experience, reinforcing beliefs, team building, reviewing needed contexts, learning agility techniques, using control and motivational systems.

Zurkhaneh has played an important role in teaching heroic temperament and human character during the ups and downs of Iran's history in leading liberation movements and promoting the ritual of beauty and chivalry. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design and explain the Zurkhaneh sports model with a school-building approach. In this study, the constructivist grounded theory methodedology (developed by Kathy Charmaz) was used. Statistical sample for semi-structured interviews; Experienced and experienced wrestlers who were fully acquainted with the culture, history, and customs of Zurkhaneh both practically and theoretically, as well as researchers with a history of research were selected by snowball method and sampling ended with 19 interviews and reached theoretical saturation. In the interview analysis method, three coding stages included; Axial phenomenon, contextual factors, and consequences. Finally, in the theoretical coding stage, it can be said that the Zurkhaneh school can be divided into three clusters: a) Axial phenomenon: (actions, reactions and current interactions in the Zurkhaneh space), b) contextual factors or conditions affecting the actions, reactions and interactions, some of which are facilitators and others are deterrents, and also from the perspective of c) components of the consequences and effects of actions, reactions and interactions in the Zurkhaneh space, which include; Analyzed and explained the atmosphere of Zurkhaneh, the atmosphere of sports as an intermediate environment and society as a macro environment.

The growing tendency of health service consumers to use a variety of complementary and alternative medicine has led to dramatic changes in the experience of the illness and its socio-economic attachments. Reflexive behaviors that are observed with the normalization of alternative medicine have not been thoroughly studied in social research in Iran. The present study uses narrative analysis to study the trend of such behaviors in retelling the experience of patients. For this purpose, twenty-nine narrative interviews with patients with extensive experience in this field were selected based on five criteria, that are, (1) “the health status” of those who have sought for or tried any types of alternative medicine, which also implies the reason for their referral in most cases, (2) “type of alternative medicine” to which they have referred, which may be either one or more courses of treatment with possibly different medicines, (3) “the organizational type” of the provider of medical services, whether academic, popular, based on religious beliefs, etc., (4) “age” categorized as young or middle-aged, and (5) “gender”. The interviews were rewritten and compiled as coherent linear narratives, from the beginning of the patient’s story to its end. After that, the narratives were coded by thematic analysis. The results showed that “feeling of powerlessness” was one of the most frequent themes in the narratives of the experience of illness. Major dimensions of the feeling of powerlessness can be seen as (A) institutional powerlessness, which is summarized as (A-1) powerlessness in prosecuting medical malpractice, (A-2) dissatisfaction with hospital services, (A-3) inequality in access to health care, and (A-4) insulting the private sphere and personal information, (B) weakness in the narrative of the illness, which is described by two subcategories (B-1) denial of the patient’s symptoms, and (B-2) the specialized language of physicians, and (C) powerlessness in the prescribing process, categorized as (C-1) being unaware of what the drugs might do, i.e., their side effects or in a number of cases what the patients call drug addiction, and (C-2) having an unbalanced relationship with the physicians. Reviewing these findings, the present article addresses how the “feeling of powerlessness” affects the experience of illness and uses Ulrich Beck’s idea of the late modernity to show how patients’ powerlessness is in part the inevitable representation of physicians’ powerlessness due to the faltering position of science. The findings also show that without considering patients’ understanding of the treatment process, heterogeneous power practices underlie the failure of health policies towards complementary and alternative medicine. Furthermore, managing this field in the interests of maximum health is possible only by recognizing the patients’ need to have a balanced relationship with the medical staff and briefing the patient on the side effects of the prescribed drugs.

Patients' trust in physicians and the treatment system has been a major issue in medical sociological research for the past two decades. With the rapid expansion of the demand for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) services worldwide, many research have been conducted on this issue and examined the grounds and reasons for trust in non-conventional medicine. In Iran, a similar trend is experienced towards different types of complementary and alternative medicine, which is worthy of sociological research. In this regard, the present study used the narrative method and conducted twenty-nine interviews with patients who had experience in treatment with CAM to spot what types of trust in CAM can be identified. For this purpose, using Giddens's views, the challenge of trusting modern medicine as an expert system and rebuilding trust in an alternative health care system has been examined. "Institutional", "therapist-based trust", "epistemological trust" and "trust based on the lived experience of others" are distinguished from each other. The construction of alternative medicine as "harmless medicine" and "easy medicine" has also been considered as grounds for trusting in non-modern medicine.

In the last few decades, the significance and emergence of environmental crises and discourses has led to the rise of a number of interdisciplinary studies and anthropologists, considering culture as the intersection of the environmental and the anthropological discourses, has addressed the environmental issues particularly water as the most vital element of the environment. In this view, water is at this time considered as one of the greatest challenges faced by the human societies in both natural resources and social justice. Anthropology with the holistic and inter-disciplinary and environmentally sustainable approach, provides an appropriate ground for studying various aspects, cultural meanings and crises of water, as it is reflected in its subject, i.e. culture. This study was conducted using the ethnographic methods including ethnographic interviews, participatory observations and collective interviews among three clans of Qashqai nomad groups in Fars Province of Iran. The findings of this study reveals that for Qashqai’s people, water is vital not only for living and environmental sustainability and livelihood, but also it is important from a wide variety of cultural, political, economic, psychological, vacation, legal and gender-related functions. Hence, Crisis in water has multiple implications for their live and for the cultural meanings of water.

Advances in the assisted and selective reproductive technologies have changed the meaning and significance of the fetus and child in the world. For the first time, reproductive selection takes place before birth in order to prevent the birth of children with fetal abnormalities and allowing only "healthy" children to live. These technologies, which migrate to developing countries over time, are not neutral products. Rather, as Foucault asserted, they are “apparatus’’ that are situated at the heart of the figuration of indigenous culture as “cultural form”. Usually, medical pioneers legitimize, normalize, and standardize these innovations in a temporal and historical process, removing barriers and taboos. This is where birth changes from a purely biological matter or a personal choice to an economic, political, cultural and social one. In other words, governments have moved beyond quantity of population control over the past few decades to control the quality of population. Therefore, having a healthy child is not just an individual fantasy, but its realization depends, to a large extent on government policies. The purpose of this article is to pay attention to the necessity of anthropological studies in this field, and to this question whether application of these technologies is necessary or useful.  We also intend to propose related study methods and theories to study this social process, which changes the cultural meanings and implications of the concept of fetus and child, and government policies which routinize the implementation of this technologies in Iran.

One of the most important issues in public health is violence, which affects people around the world. Therefore, a qualitative study was conducted to explain the consequences of student violence. 

This study was part of a qualitative exploratory sequential study conducted in Ruodsar in 2017. This study was carried out using conventional qualitative content analysis method. The data were collected through 50 individual in-depth interviews using purposive sampling. Data analysis was done using the Landman and Grahaim method. 

Data analysis in the first phase of research resulted in the extraction of 98 initial codes, two subcategories and one main category. At the end of this stage, the consequences of adult violence according to the findings were as follows: "The harmful consequences of violence are conceptual, dynamic, and multidimensional. The harmful consequences of violence point to changes that occur within the violent person or the people around them after the violence, which are divided to interpersonal and intrapersonal consequences. 

The present study revealed some new dimensions of the concept of harmful consequences of violence, especially in student girls. This definition is based on the Iranian context and culture. Violence prevention requires attention to these dimensions at different interpersonal and the intrapersonal levels.

The purpose of this research was to comparatively study academic socialization among university students in Ilam. This research was a causal-comparative type and its statistical population(N= 8541) included students studying at Ilam National University, Payam Noor University and Islamic Azad University- Ilam branch in the first semester of 2018-19.  The sample size was determined (n= 348) based on Cochranchr('39')s sampling formula and stratified sampling method. The instrument used was a researcher-made academic socialization questionnaire. In order to determine the appropriateness of questionnairechr('39')s items, confirmatory factor analysis and AMOS20 software were used. The SPSS22 software was applied for data analysis. Based on the results of factor analysis, academic socialization was identified in 5 dimensions including early socialization, educational socialization, environmental socialization, socialization affected by student engagement, and normal and ethical socialization at the university. Descriptive findings indicated that in general, the rate of academic sociability (total of five components) among the three studied universities was equal to 2.99 and at an average and desirable level. The results of variance analysis test showed that there was a significant difference between the academic socialization level and its dimensions among the three sample universities. The findings showed that performances of the three universities in Ilam were somewhat different depending on the type of academic tradition and mission and their ways to attract, educate and socialize students.

The lack of comprehensive understanding of the policyholders' buying behavior as a process and aspect of social and human interaction is one of the main reasons for the undeveloped life insurance market in Iran. The purpose of this study is to explain the life insurance buying behavior (LIBB) role as a cognitive, psychological and behavioral process based on the lived experience of individuals.

The qualitative approach and the grounded theory strategy of Corbin and Strauss (4th edition) was used as the research method. In-depth interviews with 27 participants including prospect and actual policyholders, sales representatives and life insurance experts have been conducted using theoretical sampling. Open coding, axial coding (for themes) and selective coding (for context, process and integration) was applied using the strategies of questioning, comparisons, and the memos, diagrams and paradigm tools (Through MAXQDA 12 software) concluded to the LIBB model.

The result of this study represents a model of Life Insurance Buying Behavior(LIBB) in Iran.

The result of this study represents a model that considers LIBB in Iran as a dialectic between skepticism and trust and a process towards building trust. In this context, the superiority of doubt or trust at each stage of the process leads to different behaviors. 

Although mothering is widely believed to be a biological and natural stage of women's lives, feminism tells us that not all women have the same experience of mothering. They perceive and act upon it, depending on different cultural contexts. In this research, which includes my reflexive narrative of maternal experience, I attempted to challenge the involvement of dominant ideologies of mothering by narrating the cultural aspects of my own maternal experience. I related this personal story, which challenged my situation alongside others in a social context, to the maternal experience of a marginalized mother. In this regard, I attempted to link our story, which included two small local narratives, to the main body of society by writing a motivational and testimonial text. The story of each of us is full of considerations related to the intersection of gender, ethnicity, social class, language, and other domination systems that determine our privileges, inequalities, and proximity to power. In other words, when the linguistic nature of the word "mother" is replaced by its historical and social reality, it leads to the reproduction of social inequality and marginalizes the maternal experiences of many women.

This article examines the concept of pain and its relief among Kurdish people living in Mukrian,, Kurdistan . The objective of this study is to examine indigenous and ethnic knowledge of pain and pain relief Kurdish people in Mukrian using the ethnographic research methods including narrative interviews, observation and Key Informant Interview. Multi-sources data obtained from prolonged engagement in the research filed (nine months) were analyzed using thematic narrative analysis and Miles and Huberman's flow model. The findings show that Despite the variety of local and traditional therapists in the Mukrian area, and the management of pain and disease using their own healing methods, pain as a difficult issue is unacceptable and personal to the Kurdish people, and they use the strategy of denial to express it, and this has been confirmed in most of the stories, narratives, and proverbs in the region. The environmental and geographical conditions of the Mukrian region provide a fertile ground for training strong and tireless people, and the culture that accompanies these conditions prevents any weakness and disability, so that people do not become weak in pain and disease as leaning against pain is not a symbol of masculinity.

by saying the word of interest, the first thing that comes to mind immediately is economic interest and this is while different fields of life have their own interests which are not necessarily economic interests. the present study uses the documentary method to investigate the diversity of levels and non-economic meanings of the concept of interest from the perspective of sociologists and intends to provide for researchers a conceptual tool for explaining social phenomena by emphasizing Bourdieu's understanding of interest. This study shows that Alexis De Tocqueville, Marx Weber, Gustav Ratzenhofer, Albion Small, Edward Alsworth Ross, George Simmel And James Coleman have used profit in its micro and individual form. However, there is a difference between these thinkers regarding the concept of interest and that of Tocqueville, Weber, Coleman and Simmel. The later have considered the concept of interest as a social element and have used it in the analysis of relations between people in society. But Ratzenhofer, Small, And Ross have a pre-social understanding of the concept of interest, and see it as an element that shapes society, not a factor through which relationships between individuals in society can be analyzed. The study also suggests that thinkers such as karl Marx, Arthur Bentley, And Pierre Bourdieu used interest collectively. However, with a deeper look at the empirical application of the theories of the above thinkers in relation to the concept of interest, it may be said that Marx's sociological view of the concept of interest in the form of class interests, although has a sociological burden and does not consider interest specific to the individual. It considers the economic meaning of interest for a group of people of the same class and in a way closes the way for thinking and reflecting on other various and non-economic forms of interest. Bentley's view leads to the tautology by uniting the interest and the road group and for this reason; the possibility of experimental application and testability is limited. In his analysis, Bourdieu showed that the fields of academia, art, etc., have interests that are not necessarily economic interests and are governed by rules other than those of the world of economics. The process of segregation of social worlds, each of which has its own interests or spheres of power, requires that social researchers be equipped with a conceptual and theoretical tool to discover the interests, the relationships between field actors, and the internal rules of these social fields. This conceptual tool, in addition to being more in line with social reality, unlike the Marxist concept of benefit, is not limited to the economic and possibly political sense, and can also discover non-economic interests that govern human life and measure people's relationships with these types of non-economic benefits in addition to the above, the advantage of Bourdieu's understanding of interest over Bentley's understanding is that it is free from the flaws of tautology. And he does not equate the benefit with the field and states that the interest belongs to the field and not the field itself. It also has this advantage over micro-level theorists. In addition to the micro level (at the level of family and group friendship, etc.), it also has the ability to be applied at the macro and collective level. With these interpretations, the author believes that Bourdieu's sociological application of the concept of interest can be a practical tool for social science researchers to understand the social world.