احترام رضایی

Khawajegi is one of the powerful and unknown poets of the Safavid era, whose manuscripts have not been corrected and analyzed in terms of stylistics. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to introduce and examine Divan"s manuscript and analyze the most important elements of his poetry so that researchers can get to know him and the stylistic coordinates of his poems in linguistic, literary and intellectual fields.

Progressive research, theoretical study and library method and analytical-descriptive method have been done. The studied collection is a unique manuscript of his divan, with the number of acquisition 9015 in 204 sonnets and 36 quatrains and a total of 1528 verses, which is kept in the manuscripts and documents section of the Central Library of Tehran University.

Divan"s poems are arranged in two sections, sonnets and quatrains, in alphabetical order in rhyme. The said divan has been attributed to Khawaji Shirazi, a prominent theologian of the Akbari period, but there is no evidence of it in the text of the copy. The presence of a beautiful single title and decorated tabular pages shows the importance of the copy in the time of its writing. Except for two sonnets and scattered verses in praise of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and four consecutive quatrains, in each of which the poet described one of the rightful caliphs, Divan does not provide any information about the life and circumstances of the poet.

The examination of the manuscript of Divan Khajagi shows that the manuscript has the characteristics of the 10th and 11th century manuscripts. Both Iraqi and Indian styles can be seen in the court of Khojagi. In the linguistic field, in some sonnets, the use of new or rarely used words and compounds, popular and everyday compounds, many allusions, partial and miniature imagery, etc. It shows the influence of Indian style. From an intellectual point of view, romantic and mystical themes and Khayami"s thoughts are among the most important poetic themes of Diwan Khajagi.

There are many researches and reports about Cup of Jamshid and its features, most of them have relied on literal, historical, comparative and mystical resources. Also, gemology textbooks (manuscripts of Ma'arifat-ul-Java'ahir) have some evidences and documents which are neglected and obscured by literary men and researchers, but their investigation may yeild new points about Cup of Jamshid. Java'ahir-ul-Asra'ar, a book composed by Rashday-e-Tabrizi who is known as Rashid Abbasi and Rashiz Zargar, is a scientific- literal work of Safavids time on gemology. The poet in this book introduces some jewels and, meanwhile, relates some stories and narrations. One narration, also quoted shortly in some other known gemology books, is related to Alb Arsala'an and Estakhr City Conquer during which the Turquised Cup and Ganj Na'ameh were found and attributed to Jamshid. This narration is first to describe characteristics and structural features of Cup of Jamshid exactly. Also, it seems that temporal and spacial circumstances of Alb Arsala'an's seeing the Cup have brought it to a historical prominence. Reviewing relevant literature on this narration by referring to the most important and valid gemology resources, this article introduces some points and new found evidences about form, type, size, and writtening font of words engraved on Cup of Jamshid . Investigations show that the image provided by Jawaharlal Asrar of Jam Jam, i.e. a turquoise cup with a capacity of two men, on top of which there is a golden seal with an image of Jamshid's face; He considered it possible and acceptable.

The Malik National Library houses a collection of nearly 4,850 lines of poetry under Access Code 6240. This manuscript is attributed to Mohammad Hossein Saqib in the library's records and is referred to as both "Kaliat Saqib" and "Diwan Saqib" in reference to Shahabuddin Saqib Dehlavi. However, it lacks a title and direct information regarding the poet's identity, aside from the poetic surname "Saqib". This study aimed to introduce the manuscript and its stylistic significance while addressing the question of which poet bearing the surname "Saqib" authored these verses.The article analyzed the bibliographic details of the manuscript using library and document research methods, highlighting its notable features. The findings indicated that the poetry reflected the poet's engagement with new themes, particularly Indian romantic stories. Additionally, the text included Turkish verses and referenced to Fath Ali Shah Qajar, as well as elements of Indian culture. An examination of the biographies of poets known as "Saqib", especially Mohammad Hossein Saqib and Saqib Dehlavi—both listed in the Malik National Library's records—suggested that attributing this work to Mohammad Hossein Saqib was unlikely. Instead, Shahabuddin Saqib Dehlavi might be the more plausible author until further evidence would emerge.The manuscript comprised a preface, sonnets, quatrains, masnavis, odes, humorous pieces, and compositions of stanzas. Key themes included romantic tales, anecdotes, didactic and moral topics, descriptions, debates, and praise of the Imams. The variety of poetic forms and the originality of the subject matter, particularly in the fictional masnavis, warranted significant attention.

Mathnavi of Javahir- al- Asrar, written by Rashid Zargar Tabrizi who known as Rashid Abbasi, Rashida-ye Tabrizi and Rashid Zargar, is one of the most important literaryscientific works on gemology during Safavid Dynasty. This Quatrain- Mathnavi work including about three thousand couplets is written by its author in eigth parts describing eigth worthy jewels and one part named as "the Spell of Eigth treasures" which describes characteristics of 22 other valuable stones. This work provides valuable information about jewels and precious stones and, further, introduces new and rare compounds and words.

This is a basic and theoretical study which is conducted by using of library books, perception and reading of manuscripts. The research scope includes Javahir-ul-Asrar manuscript maintained in Malek national library.

The author of Javaher al-Asrar is one of the writers who introduced and recorded dialect words, local names, new and rarely used terms, and also created new concepts and contributed to the enrichment of the Persian language.

Some of these words or compounds aren't noted in dictionaries and some are cited without any evidence or example. The original applications introduced and discussed in this article may be better to considered by authors working on development of Persian Comprehensive Dictionary.

AbstractThe dialectic book of "Aljavāhir Li- Maserrat-ul-Khavātir" is a mathnavi written in 759 verses on the jewels debate with each other to show their superiority. This work is composed by Basiri in his journey to Roman city on 907 Hejira calender. He presented it to Ottoman king Bäyazīd or his boy, king Mohammad. There is only one manuscript (No. 10143) of this book hold in Marāshi Najafi library. The text is handwritten by Nastaliq calligraphy with fantastic headlines and golded tabular pages. The present descriptive- analytical article was done by using of library references to, firstly, analyze the manuscript features and, then, describe its thematic, literal and linguistic style. Results showed that in respect of writing style, it follows the styles common on 10th and 11th centuries. Its thematic style involves debates or discussions on gemology, instructive and moral issues and the poet's life story. The author's ethical attitude and his life circumstances disclose some hidden aspects of his life. From a lexical viewpoint, it includes some new coined or less applicable words, as well as extensive using of gemology- related words. Homonymy, anagram, metonymy, simile, phonotactics, letterplay especially to prettify, reference to verses and poems of the precedent poets are some techniques used by the author to make his work tuneful and more affluent.

In his work on gemology known as "Mathnavi-e Javahir-ul-Asrar", Rashid Tabrizi has introduced types of jewels and named a worthless and yellow coloured jewel (garnet) referred to as "La'al-e-Sohrabaki". He has stated the reason of such naming which is related to Sohrab's armlet. He hold that this jewel’s infelicity is the cause of Sohrab's death and the reason of its reputation.This librarian study has two parts. The first part tries to review reliable texts and, in this way investigates characteristics of beads and armlets, particularly those of Rostam's family. The second part is about features of garnet (La'al) and La'al-e-Sohrabaki and tries to state Rashid Tabrizi's opinion about this jewel. According to findings, it is likely that Sohrab's armlet has been adorned with a garnet. However, there is no mention of its colour and price. It seems that tragedy of son killing by the Iranian superhero, Rostam, is never removed from the Iranian minds and this is the reason for this jewel's infelicity in the opinion of Rashid Tabrizi or the people of 10th and 11th century. Thus, the accusation of infelicity attributed to Sohrab's bead of armlet is a popular justification for the exculpation of the hero.

Seyfi Neyshabouri, a 6th century literary man, has compiled the oldest complex of romantic letters known as "Rasāyel-ul-Oshāgh va Vasāyel-ul-Moshtāgh". He has provided one hundred letters in different subjects for all lovers to select their own oppropriate one and send it for their beloved. He has used of a way known as "sending convenants" (Ohud-e-Estersāl) to write friendly and romantic letters. The authors in this article have tried to introduce this work and, by referring to persian books on writing and composing techniques, especially those related to this work, discuss about the construction of letters included in it and its author's opinions on writing letters. Findings showed that Seyfi has composed letters by considering elements such as preface (including title, citing God's name (Tasmiyeh), introduction or "Sadrnāme", prayer for the Prophet and its family), main context (including a part referred to "Ammā Baad" and main text) and conclusion of the letter. In conclusion, he has suggested that one may delete Tasmīyeh and poet's name, if he/she want to send a letter for his beloved.

In the treasury of Persian manuscripts, there are many books on the subject of mineralogy under the name of ‘Javāhir-nāmeh’ or ‘Marifat-al-jawāhir’. The subject of jewelry is the introduction of gems, the description of traits, types, mines, flaws, maintenance methods, their medical properties and prices, and even the recognition of some of the least valuable gems, metals, and sometimes perfumes. Similar to other works in the field of natural sciences, they are written in a scientific, simple and fluent prose and their contents involve repeated themes adapted from Al- Jamāhir’ and ‘Javāhir nāmeh’ by AbuRayhān Al-Biruni and Nezāmi, respectively. A unique version of ‘Monazere-y-e Goharha’ (Debate of Jewels), which is held in the Islamic Consultative Assembly Library, is written in a completely different style. Its unknown author has used an inventive format of debate to introduce twelve jewels. In this way, he/she has shifted from a scientific style to a narrative and attractive one and has created the most comprehensive Persian prose debate. It’s exact and, sometimes, unique information about some jewels and their Indian synonyms have added to the distinctiveness of the work.

Allegory has been discussed in both the old and new rhetorical books. In ancient books, it has been considered as compound simile and allegorical metaphor, while in modern times it is a subset of imagination and imagery. Structurally, the Persian allegories can be divided into two groups of descriptive (short or compact) and narrative (extensive) allegories. The narrative allegory includes stories about humans and animals, symbolic stories, fables, parables, and so on, the best examples of which are found in the Persian mystical and didactic literature. In contrast, descriptive allegory typically consists of only one or few more sentences and its most important types of which are: allegorical simile, allegorical metaphor, proverb and oslub-e-moadeleh (techniques of sameness). In this article, types of compact and descriptive allegories and their footprints in the early Persian poetry as well as the role of poets in development of allegory in the 3rd and 4th centuries are studied. To this end, about 2000 lines of verse composed during the two centuries were studied. It is argued that the history of different types of compact allegories is as long as the Persian literature.

The conversation between the pumpkin bush and the plane tree is one of the most beautiful, sweet and famous debates of Persian literature which has used as a proverb since Hijri 5th century.It is about conversation and debate between a young, crude and pretentious pumpkin bush and an experienced, steady, old plane tree that is composed in the form of a literary piece (stanza) in 5 verses and in bahri (measure) of muzari akhrab makfuf, mahzuf.This conversation is found in the literal works collection of Nasir Khosro, the 5th century prominent poet, and the manuscripts and printed versions of Anvari Abivardi’s literal works, the well-known poet of 6th and 7th centuries, with a few changes. Both of them are among experienced figures of composing stanzas and debates. however, poetry symptoms obtained from Anvari’s literal works and other previous poets indicate that the above- mentioned debate is a Nasir Khosro Qobadiani’s work, the well-known poet of Khorasani style of poetry.