احسان خانمحمدی

Considering the importance of the temperament genre in Iranian culture, in this research, the representation of the ethical behaviors of Iranians in these works has been examined and criticized. temperament genre with the aim of surveying and cataloging the cultural and ethical characteristics of Iranians is one of the special types of social writings that has a long life and is at least equal to the emergence of academic sociology in the country. The book "Az Maast Ke Bar Maast" by Reza Bahrampour is the sample studied in this research. To review and criticize the representation of ethical behavior of Iranians in this work, the method of critical discourse analysis based on Van Dijk's model has been used. The results showed that the the temperament genre use many ideological strategies to depict the moral behavior of Iranians. Rather than investigating and describing the cultural and ethical behaviors of Iranians, this discourse is constructing these behaviors. In this way, by directing the behavior of Iranians, it leads them to morally objectionable behaviors; According to Bahrampour's representation in this book, the ethical behaviors of Iranians are three times more than the moral behavior they like. In fact, the temperament genre makes this possibility available to Iranians to interpret their actions towards non-Iranians. Therefore, these works tell Iranians that they are inherently immoral and, on the other hand, Westerners are inherently moral people.

Strategic planning is necessary for success and creating competitive advantage in a complex and dynamic environment of today's organizations. Balanced Scorecard is a relatively new tool for planning strategies and implementing strategy. One of the main stages related to the Balanced Scorecard deployment in organizations or companies, is prioritization of strategic objectives in the strategy map. In this paper, prioritized strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the organization are considered as criteria for evaluating strategic goals. There are different approaches for strategic objective prioritization. In this paper, strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats were considered as criteria of a decision matrix. Then Fuzzy Technique for Ordering Preferences Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) technique, one of the best techniques in Multi-Criteria Decision Making, was used for prioritization of strategic objectives. Using Fuzzy TOPSIS needs to weight of criteria. According to the internal relationships between strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats, Analytical Network Process (ANP) was used to weight them. Finally, a case study is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

As a global widespread issue, corruption has deep roots in history of human being and human institutions and organizations. The World Bank states that corruption plays a cancer-like role that could kill the entire community. Understanding the importance and necessity of research about corruption would be made clearer by taking into account its effects, since corruption has adverse economic, social, political, and environmental consequences in all aspects of human life (e.g. political, economic, and social, to name a few). There are different indices to measure corruption: The Corruption Perceptions Index is one of several ways in which the International Transparency Organization systematizes corruption-related information. This index has been the most popular and applicable tool for measuring corruption. In this study, corruption perceptions index was used to measure the corruption in Sarpol-e-Zahab City.

This article was conducted using the quantitative method. The purpose of the research was descriptive-analytic and the method used in this article was survey. The statistical population used in this study was people of Sarpol-e-Zahabcity. The sample size was 400 people and cluster sampling was used in this regard. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the research were assessed using formal and structural validation, and Cronbach's alpha test, respectively. The dependent variable in this study was the perception of corruption, which was measured in three dimensions: attitude to corruption, trend of corruption over time, and prevalence of corruption in offices. Independent variables were: media consumption, political awareness, value orientation, and economic base. In addition, in this study, gender was examined as a contextual variable.

 The results showed that corruption has mostly occurred in the municipalities. However, the least corruption was seen in universities. According to results, the embezzlement increased in the community over the past ten years, while there has been little change in the level of bribery and gambling. In addition, men's perception of corruption was significantly higher than women. The results showed that perceptions of corruption differed between the two existing political trends in the country; in fact, the perception of reformist corruption was greater than the perception of fundamentalist corruption. The results of Pearson correlation test showed that Corruption Perceptions Index had a positive and significant relationship with the variables of political awareness, media consumption and modern value orientation, but corruption perception was not significantly correlated with socioeconomic status. Finally, based on the results obtained through path analysis, it was recognized that the variable of political awareness had the highest role in explaining the perception index of corruption.According to the results, the prevalence of corruption in all organizations was not equal; in fact, there was less corruption in cultural organizations. In addition, there was the highest corruption in organizations dealing with economic activities. An important point to note is the respondents' awareness of the state of the corruption process in the last ten years. This level of awareness seems to be influenced by the expansion of access to the mass media, a matter that was confirmed in this study. According to theoretical literature, there is a strong relationship between the perception of corruption and the actual rate of corruption in society. Looking at the statistics obtained in this study, it can be seen that in the last few years there has been a great deal of embezzlement. The mechanism of the link between political awareness and the perception of corruption is that individuals are better able to respond to the functioning of government by becoming aware of the political process. But, more importantly, there was the perception of corruption in political tendencies. Reformists are usually critical of the political system, but in contrast, the fundamentalists are in line with the political system. This is why, according to the reformists, corruption is high in the country. In explaining the relationship between the modern value orientation and the perception of corruption, it can be said that the tendency to modernize increases the tendency for transparency and rationality. Thus, with the increase in the level of modernization, people are becoming more sensitive to corruption and administrative transparency. Explaining the difference between men and women in their perceptions of corruption requires further investigation. However, in any case, gender still seems to play an important and influential role in the society. Another important and noteworthy point is that the socio-economic bases have no relation with the perception of corruption. However, the results of previous research contradict this finding. So, there is a need for more research to better understand this matter.

Today, the values ​​of various societies are subject to a wide range of changes. These values ​​include a range that varies according to the characteristics of each society. In addition, within societies, the degree of commitment to and following these values ​​among members of each society varies according to the division of gender, class, place of residence, generation, etc. One of these values, regardless of the type and level of commitment, is religiosity. In the definition of religiosity, it is said that religiosity has ‘religious endeavors’ in such a way to influence the attitude, orientation, and individual actions. This research sought to investigate religiosity among the youths of Sar-e-Pol-e Zahab city and its related factors.

The research methodology was a survey approach. The study sample consisted of 635 youths with the age range of 19-29 years in Sar-e-Pul Zahab. They were selected using stratified sampling. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire. The measured dependent variable was religiosity which had three dimensions: emotional, belief, and practical. Social capital as one of the two independent variables of the study had the dimensions of participation, solidarity, trust, socio-economic basis, and ethnic identity. Another independent variable of the study was media consumption. The results indicated that the level of religiosity among respondents was slightly higher than average. Among the dimensions of religiosity, the belief dimension had the highest average, and the practical dimension had the lowest average. Results in relation to gender differences indicated that in terms of emotional and belief dimensions, the level of religiosity of women is significantly more than men. However, there was no significant difference between men and women in practical aspects. But, in relation to the marital status, the results indicated that the level of religiosity of married people in all aspects was greater than that of single people. Pearson correlation test indicated that three variables of social capital, national identity, and ethnic identity had a direct and significant relationship with religious dimension. Media consumption also had a negative and significant relationship with all three dimensions of religiosity. But, the relationship between economic and religious aspects was not meaningful. Finally, the direct and indirect relationships between independent variables and religiosity were tested in the path analysis model.

The cinema and cinema consumption is one of cultural consumption of each society. This paper aimed to evaluate the cinema consumption style among men and women students and its relation with cinema literacy and knowledge. Using survey method, population of the study has been Ilam university students, from which 400 students were determined, based on Lin Sampling Table (1976) as the sample size and were selected by classified-multi stage random sampling method. A mixed self-administrated and standard questionnaire was used as the research instrument for data collection, in which face validity and Cronbach's alpha used for its validity and reliability, respectively. The findings showed that there is significant direct and moderately strong correlation between cinema literacy and knowledge, from one side, and cinema consumption, from another side. Totally, study showed that cinema consumption is transforming via following cinema literacy and knowledge.

This paper evaluates the changes in the ecological footprint index in rural areas by applying the replacement of renewable energy sources to fossil fuels. Population growth, and consequently increased use of fossil fuels, has resulted in various environmental degradation including climate change, global warming, and melting of polar ice. Detailed scientific analysis show that the buildings consume more than 40% of the total used energy, of which 70% is consumed as electrical energy. Therefore, it is essential to reduce nonrenewable energy’s consumption through particularly focusing on the substitution of renewable energy sources to achieve a far less environmental degradation. Although the rural areas are considered as locations contain a proportion of the population living in the biosphere with a less usage of nonrenewable resources, it should also be considered that the population living in the mentioned areas benefits from many economic, health and welfare facilities existing in their surrounding towns. Therefore, rural communities' participation in environmental conservation is crucial to the conservation of the living environment. In addition, rural areas have a wide range of potential uses of renewable energy sources than urban environments. In this regard, the Eco-villages have successfully supplied much of their energy consumption from renewable sources focusing on sustainable strategies and policies. For example, Ithaca eco village have reduced its ecological footprint to zero through using renewable energy sources and even transferred its surplus electricity to the national grid. The ecological footprint is an indicator that can be widely used for assessing the environmental impacts of human products, activities, and services on the Earth. This index specifies the amount of land needed to absorb carbon dioxide emitted through the consumption of a certain amount of fossil fuels. On average, at the global scale, one hectare of productive land is needed to absorb the emitted CO2 from consuming 80 to 100(Gj) energy resulted from combustion of fossil fuel. The index of the ecological footprint in Iran was 2.8 gha/capita/year in 2015. Comparing this index with the Iran's bio-capacity (0.9 gha/capita/year) reveals the excessive withdrawal of the biological capacity of natural resources in this country. The present paper proposes an efficient method for assessing the effect of using renewable energy sources in the ecological footprint of rural areas. A case study of "Nejobaran village" as an example of rural areas with rich natural potentials for using renewable energy sources is analyzed carefully using an analytical research methodology. The data collection has been done through observation, questionnaires and interviews, using statistics and research works along with the official websites and library resources. After assessing the feasibility of using a variety of renewable energy production methods in the Nejobaran village, the ecological footprint of the current situation of the electricity consumption is calculated and compared with the case of consuming renewable energy sources. The Nejobaran village is examined to determine how the substitution of available renewable energy sources can contribute to mitigating environmental impacts of using electrical energy supplied by fossil fuels. The detailed analysis show that the ecological footprint of consumed electricity in that village, used for cooling, heating, lighting, and other home appliances, as well as the communication equipment, is 6.893 (gha). The use of photovoltaic panels with a surface area of 1,000 (m2) and two small water turbines not only contribute to reduce the ecological footprint of this sector to 1,895 (gha) and 1,577 (gha), respectively, but also contribute to mitigate the total ecological footprint of the village comparing to the choice when all electricity supplied by fossil fuel. The use of these two systems together brings 1912.1 (Gj) of electrical energy, which is 1216.4 (Gj) in excess of the needs of the Nejobaran village, which changes this village into an energy plus rural area. Applying these two systems will be resulted to supplying the required energy as well as delivering the additional electricity to the national grid. As a result, this prevents the exploitation of 10,365 (gha) from the productive lands of the village and country.

"Self-alienation" is considered to be one of the most important anthropological issues; it is a subject that has been given attention in various fields from different perspectives, and has a special importance and significance in today's life. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to examine the concept of "self-alienation" from the perspective of two Western and Muslim scholars, Eric Forum and Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, with regard to their particular status in this area. For data collection, library and documentary methods have been used. According to the results of the research, in the view of these thinkers, the concept of "self-alienation" consists of four dimensions of nature, manifestations, roots, and ways to overcome it. In addition, it became clear that the description of various aspects of "self-alienation" by these two thinkers has both fundamental and outward differences and similarities. Finally, with regard to the view of the two thinkers, one can conclude that, firstly, a passive attitude towards the causal factors of "self-alienation" should be avoided. And secondly, liberation from "self-alienation" requires an adherence to collectivism values and cannot be achieved through individualism.

Objective Long-term strategic planning is necessary if an organization intends to go beyond its customers’ expectations and remain competitive. A balanced scorecard is considered as a mere scorecard without a strategic plan. Therefore, it will only report the important measures not a clear understanding of leading the whole organization towards success. Strategic planning as the rationale behind balanced scorecards can clarify the strategies in an organization, but it cannot show an optimal path towards success in that organization. Balanced scorecard system has tried to obviate such problem through strategic orientations, yet it has never provided a specific approach to determine success in an organization. It is also noteworthy that strategic planning helps managers create a comprehensive image of the strategies, but it does not consider the effectiveness of the relationships and the classification of those relationships. Therefore, the present study aims at proposing a systematic approach in order to draw a strategic plan and to rank the practical objectives of such plans.

Methodology Alpha company, producing tires and tubes, has been considered as the target company for this research. There are around 600 employees in this company among which around 30 are managers, directors, supervisors or executive managers. Documents, observation, interview and questionnaire are the data collection instrument used in the present study. In the first questionnaire, used in fuzzy cognitive approach, 30 experts will respond to some questions regarding the organization strategic objectives on a scale of 0 to 100. The second questionnaire used in statistical approach, the 30 experts will rate the extracted relationship from 0 to 50 to determine the relationship between the objectives. The third questionnaire, considers the previous data as the input for BORDA-OWA approach, 6 executive directors rate the objectives on a scale of 0 to 100 according to their expertise.

Findings Based on the proposed methodology, 4 main steps were taken in this study. The extracted strategic objectives through fuzzy cognitive approach were categorized and the key relationships were discovered. The experts were asked to select the key relationships and to evaluate them. The proposed relationships were analyzed based on statistical tests and were all approved except for two relationships. Strategic map was drawn based on the confirmed relationships. Then, executive directors analyzed and ranked the strategic objectives of the plan. Because of the effects of the directors’ personal beliefs, these objectives were ranked differently by the executive directors. The results showed that improvement in the tire profitable income, improvement in tire and tube sale and development of foreign market were ranked highest by the directors. Regarding the effectiveness on strategic objectives, promoting bicycle and tire products, evolution and distinction in after-sale-services and promoting employees’ motivation were ranked the highest respectively. Regarding the effects by the strategic objectives, developing foreign market, increasing tire export rate, increasing product sale and developing national market and agricultural instruments were ranked the highest accordingly.

Conclusion Based on the results of the study, some promotion projects such as “formation of a market evaluator team”, “formation of a research and development team”, “optimizing production line”, “reviewing the salary and payment system” and “formation of suggestion centers” were proposed to the company managers. The main focus of the managers might be toward developing foreign market and increasing export rate, developing local market and agricultural instruments and improving product sales. In fact, the results indicate that developing local and foreign markets are the most important objectives and there is a strong need to “market evaluation” and “research and development” teams. The proposed methodology offers the managers a comprehensive and accurate idea in order to make decision on the executive priorities within their organization.

The purpose of this study is to provide a dynamic system model for modeling the growth and learning perspective of a manufacturing company. The main focus of the model is on the company's human resources management process. In this study, an approach based on dynamic simulation has been proposed to evaluate the human resource condition. In order to do that, the researchers aimed to identify the most important variables in the learning and growth perspective of the balanced scorecard. Besides, two qualitative and quantitative models were designed and implemented. The qualitative model is describing causal relationships and the presence of system feedbacks between the variables and the quantitative model is based on the mathematical relations between them. The proposed model was implemented in an Iranian production company working in the food and beverage industry. Different scenarios were defined based on the human resource strategic objectives in that company. The future status of human resource indicators of the company was predicted and analyzed through running scenarios in the dynamics model. The company managers will be able to evaluate the effective factors and their impact on the most important human resource indicators using the proposed model and to make the necessary decisions to achieve success in the future.

The nature and the relationship between reason and religion have always been one of the highly controversial topics among theologians and theorists in the realm of research, especially epistemology and Theology. The different and paradoxical ideas proposed in this regard have aroused a lot of doubts. Martyr Motahhari`s views have always been viewed as one of the most reliable patterns regarding the relationship between reason and religion. The present study aims at exploring his views about the relationship between reason and religion.
A documentary method and note-taking were used for collecting the data. The findings show that, according to Martyr Motahhari, reason and religion are not only in consistency with one another but they are also inseparable from one another. Indeed, man cannot achieve real prosperity with one of these two. This aim connot be attained except through the correlation between reason and religion. However, religion has priority over reason because it points the way to reason.

Unlike the first modern era that "self" was established and identified at the level of nation states; today, globalization and deterritorialization have led to some sort of fluidity of social identification. In this situation, one of the most important scientific and policy making challenges is the discussion of the relationship between the national and the global social identifications and the degree individuals of any society feel belong and commit to each of these domains. The present paper has investigated the prominence and correlation of national and global collective identities among Lors students of Yasouj university in 1394- 95 educational year. From this population, based on Line’s sampling formula, 400 students were selected as the samples for the study. To reach a representative sample, the multi stage stratified sampling method was used. The research results showed that the respondents has known national literature and poety and western dress style as the most prominent components of the national and global identities respectively. They have had the most commitment and attachment to the national and global identities respectively. The correlation between the identities was significantly negative. According to the results, and considering the empirical and theoretical literature of the research, it can be said if we consider these identities as containing various components, the respondents act "selectively" in choosing every item related to the national and global identities and the relationship among these identities is not the conflictual/ coexistental kind of relationship. Inversely, if we consider the collective identities as the seperate solidarity and consolidated totalities, their relationship is based on the conflict, suppression/ ressistance one.

A kind of study shift from the mere focus on the modes of production to the modes of consumption, especially the cultural consumption occurred after 1970s, and by the same token a kind of explanatory turn happened from concentration on what are known as “hard variables” such as class to what are known as “soft variables” such as identity. Accordingly, music consumption, as one of the most important kinds of cultural consumption and explaining it based on collective identity came into focus. However, both realities of musical consumption mode and its explanation according to cultural factors have received little attention from the contemporary sociologists in Iran society.
Considering the mentioned limitations, the present study was done using quantity and survey method (description-explanatory) along with the researcher made questionnaire concerning the kind and the amount of musical consumption (dependent variable) and three modes of important modes of collective identity including ethnic, national and global ones (dependent variable). Lor students of Yasouj University were selected as the participants for some reasons: first by interacting with their families and in the city environment using Lori accent with their friends and relatives, they had access to ethnic talk. Second, they had access to national talk through their presence in the university, interaction with non-Lor friends, taking part in the classes and studying cultural texts with national and beyond ethnic content. Third, with the least skill in English and using new communication technologies like internet and new smart phones, they could have more access to global talk. Thus, for investigating the current study selecting students with Lori ethnic identity background who could also had access to national and global talks looked the most appropriate and logical strategy. According to Morgan table, 380 subjects were identified for the sample and this amount increased to 400 to increase the validity. To access the sample, the cluster random sampling method was also employed.
Discussion of results & The Friedman mean difference test results revealed that two kinds of pop music and western classic music had the most and the least musical consumptions respectively. Furthermore, the correlational test of different variables of the study showed that the relationship between ethnic identity and local, pop, and religious musical consumption is positive and significant while it is insignificant with western and traditional music. The correlation between national identity and western and pop musical consumption was significant and negative, while this correlation with religious musical consumption was significant and positive. The correlation between global identity and western, pop musical consumption was positive while this relationship with traditional, religious and local musical consumption was negative and significant. Finally, based on the findings it could be claimed that the degree of commitment and attachment to any type of collective identities shape the individual's musical consumption taste and leads him/ her towards consuming a particular musical type. In other words, people don’t select their musical consumption passively but this is an active process based on the identity assets of people. According to multiple regression test results all three kinds of collective identity played a role in the kind and the amount of musical consumption but in specifying one or more musical consumption mode and in different directions. Thus, it can be said that identity role in musical consumptions acts in two ways. First as a positive stimulator encourage people towards a specific musical consumption pattern and second as an inhibitor inhibit them from a specific musical consumption. Lastly, it was clarified that in investigating different musical consumption modes different factors should be taken into account and identical variables are not able to specify the variance and the diversity of musical consumption of different individuals.

This paper seeks to study the new qualitative methodologies, due to the importance of the method in science in general, and the humanities and social sciences in particular. Hence, considering Michel Foucault's position as a thinker, it has been trying to extract and study his specific methodology from his works and opinions. Using the documentary method and taking notes tool, the desired findings were obtained from Foucault's works as well as works that have been written about his thoughts. First, Foucault's fields of thought follow up among thinkers and philosophers such as Nietzsche, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty and Althusser; then, two specific Foucault’s methods, called genealogy and paleontology, were discussed. Finally, Foucault's ideas and methodological achievements were criticized and evaluated.

Vital decisions made at the strategic level in an organization are not only intricate but also costly to alter. It is therefore important to find a comprehensive approach to deal with such a possibility. One of the major problems of a common balanced scorecard (BSC)-based model in strategic management is lack of a ranking system for strategic objectives in order to enable prioritization of the operational actions for strategy development. In this paper, we have proposed an approach to apply the Logarithmic Fuzzy Preference Programming (LFPP) and the Fuzzy Ratio System (FRS) techniques to resolve this issue. To propose a comprehensive approach, the strategy canvas concept, the four actions framework of the blue-ocean strategy model, and the competitive strategy development techniques of the Judo Strategy model can be employed for problem formulation. To check for applicability, the proposed model was applied to a case of X Tile and Ceramics Company. This research applied a combination of the Judo Strategy and the blue-ocean model in the form of a BSC strategic planning to develop strategic objectives as well as utilized the LFPP and FRS techniques to rank the objectives based on their strategic goals.

The balanced scorecard framework with a hierarchical، multilayer، and causal-effect structure can shed light on the growth path and pave the development steps، which in addition to monitoring the financial goals. It also considers and controls the other effective and driving factors. In this study، after reviewing the balanced scorecard، a model was proposed in addition to extract the strategic objectives and strategic destinations. The importance of strategic sestinations was determined using Fuzzy Logarithmic Least Deviation method. The priority of objectives based on destinations was ranked through fuzzy similarity technique. In final step، the organization''s strategy map was drawn. Hence، ALPHA Company was selected and the proposed model was implemented with the cooperation of senior managers of the organization. The results of this investigation also indicated that the main strategic objectives were located in the learning and growth perspective of the company''s strategy map، which helped the organization achieve its strategic destinations.