احسان فتحی

continuous monitoring and assessment of water quality are key issues for its sustainable protection and management. The aim of this study is to evaluate the water quality of springs in the Ilam Dam Watershed, located in Ilam Province, using the Water Quality Index (WQI), WHO standards, and an analysis of Schuler and Piper diagrams. In this study, ten water quality parameters, including sulfate, chloride, bicarbonate, pH, TDS, total hardness, potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium, were measured in four selected springs over a six-month period, from April 2023 to September 2023, using standard methods. The results of this study indicated that, according to the WQI method, the water quality in the sampling stations was rated as excellent, with scores ranging from 38.07 to 45.45 during the study period. The findings also showed that, according to WHO standards, all parameters were within the acceptable range. Additionally, the water quality was classified as good according to the Schuler diagram and as calcium bicarbonate type according to the Piper diagram. Despite the excellent water quality, it is essential to implement continuous monitoring and more precise management to prevent potential future contamination. The analyses conducted using WQI, Piper, and Schuler diagrams demonstrate that these tools are useful and effective for analyzing and interpreting complex data sets, assessing water quality, and understanding the spatial distribution of water quality for effective water quality management. These tools can serve as a solid foundation for management decision-making and the implementation of protective policies.

The comprehensive management of watershed resources is considered as a new principle for planning the development and management of water and soil resources with an emphasis on the social and economic characteristics of the region in order to provide a sustainable livelihood for the vegetation and users of a basin without vulnerability. Although each country has its own conditions, there are similarities in the challenges faced by watershed management, in particular water resource management. Therefore, it is important to examine the experiences of other countries. In this research, the experiences of comprehensive watershed management approaches at the national and transnational levels were reviewed. The main aim of these plans was to improve and preserve water and soil resources, taking into account the improvement of the livelihood of local communities. According to these studies, a comprehensive watershed management approach has resulted in achievements such as attracting people's participation in projects, protecting water and soil and preventing land degradation, increasing the income of basin residents, women's participation, reducing soil erosion, reducing pollution, etc. The use of successful experiences of countries and the presentation and implementation of the compiled model can serve as a guide for decision-making and action in the field of watershed management, thereby promoting the stability and development of the country's watersheds.

Various indices are used to assess the suitability of water quality for drinking and agricultural uses. The aim of this study is to investigate the water quality of rivers in Beheshtabad watershed for irrigation purposes. Some water quality parameters were measured in 4 selected stations monthly during spring and summer 2013 and 2019 with using the standard methods. Then, SAR, RSC, SSP, KR, PI and MAR indices were calculated. According to the results, the water quality of the stations was in good condition in terms of PI with values less than 80 mg/l, was in good condition in terms of KR with values less than one and in terms of SSP with values less than 200. The water of the studied rivers was hard in terms of total hardness, sweet in terms of total dissolved solids, and had a good condition in terms of permeability index, residual sodium carbonate, soluble sodium percentage, Kelly’s Ratio, magnesium adsorption ratio indices. According to water quality indices, water quality did not change in 2019 compared to 2013. According to the Wilcox diagram, the water of these rivers were in class C2S1, suitable for agricultural use, and according to the Piper diagram were located in Bicarbonate-Magnesium-Calcium group, in the category of water with temporary hardness. In general, evaluation of water quality of these rivers showed that the water of these rivers did not have limitation in terms of agriculture and were almost acceptable and suitable for irrigation.

Information resources and communication channels, can Informing and notifying role, as an agent of change in knowledge, perception and attitude, the most important role to play in preventing the degradation of natural resources. The aim of this study was the role of pastoralists resources and communication channels in attitude towards the reform and rehabilitation of rangelands in the Qorveh city (Kurdistan), respectively. The population of 400 people were pastoralists who are using Morgan table, 196 individuals were selected in this study. For data evaluation SPSS version software was used 22. The data collected in this study was by a questionnaire. Was used to determine the validity of a panel of experts. In order to estimate the reliability of the test Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used. To assess the relationship between independent variables (national channels, local channels and international channels) of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used. Also, to assess the relationship between independent variables and the dependent variable of the statements of each of Kendall's tau b rank correlation coefficient was used. The results showed that the national channels, local and international pastoralists attitude positive and significant relationship. Also, the findings demonstrate that local variable with the most channels and international channels with the lowest relative importance of the independent variables. In addition, results showed that the results of the study showed that the index of communication channels and information sources to account for 56% of the total variance of attitude towards the reform and rehabilitation of rangelands were pastoralists.

Medicinal plants of the Asteraceae family are important genetic resources due to their high echological flexibility in diverse climates,. Yarrow (Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium) is a self-pollinated plant belongs to the Asteraceae which produce a wide varieties of plant secondary metabolites such as terpenoids and phenylpropanoids. In the present work, gene expression patterns of genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of terpens and phenylpropanoids were studied to understand the regulatory mechanism behind them. 1-deoxy-D-xylose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) and geranyldiphosphate synthase (GPPS) are important genes in the biosynthesis of monoterpenes in the 2-C-methylerythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) genes are important in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. In the present study, semi quantitative RT-PCR of these genes was carried out in different developmental stages, also in response to methyl jasmonate treatment in leaves and flowers. Results showed that expression of these genes were higher in flowers and methyl jasmonate treated plants, also the expression of these genes affected by developmental stages of leaves but with different intensity.

Surface water, especially rivers, are the important sources for drinking water, agricultural and industrial uses. These reservoirs are easily affected by pollution and various activities. The vulnerability of surface water is greater than that the groundwater. Therefore, the importance of water quality evaluation, especially for drinkable water, has increased due to the reduction in its quality and quantity in recent years. Optimal use and conservation of water resources in terms of quantity and quality are the principles of sustainable development of any country. Water quality indices are among the useful tools in water quality assessment and management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality of the Beheshtabad River in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran by using the Liou Pollution Index and selecting the most important parameters based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

In this study, 7 water quality parameters including temperature, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, and potential hydrogen were measured by standard methods along the river in 7 selected stations for 6 months (April to September 2016). Some of these parameters were measured at the sampling site and others in the laboratory. Then, the values of the Liou Pollution Index were calculated to evaluate the water quality of the Beheshtabad River in different stations. In this study, SPSS software was used to analyze the principal component. In the next step, the appropriateness of the statistical universe was assessed using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test.

The results of this study showed that the water quality was good during the study period at sampling stations\, according to the Liou Pollution Index. The value of Liou Pollution Index was in the slightly polluted class in March in station 4. Then, the average of Liou Pollution Index in the Beheshtabad River was compared to different rivers. The result showed that the average of Liou Pollution Index in the studied river is higher than rivers outside Iran. In addition, according to the statistical technique of PCA, two components were introduced as the main component. The first component expressed 57.26% of the total variance and included dissolved oxygen, ammonia nitrogen, biological oxygen demand, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids and potential hydrogen parameters. The second component, temperature, expressed 21.3% of the total variance. Furthermore, the result of comparing the measured quality parameters with the standard value of surface water showed that biological oxygen demand, electrical conductivity, and total suspended solids parameters in some stations were within the standard range and in some others were higher, which indicated a negative result. The best and worst water quality in terms of biological oxygen demand was observed in May and June, respectively. The electrical conductivity in April and May in all stations was within the standard range. However, electrical conductivity was higher than the standard level in June in stations 4 and 5, higher again in July and August in stations 4 to 7, and higher as well in September in stations 2 to 7. The fish farming workshops, industrial pollution and geological survey may be the reasons. The value of potential hydrogen in all of the stations was within the standard range of 6.5 to 9.5. The value of dissolved oxygen was high because of increasing rainfall and stream flows due to the snow melting.

The results of this study showed that the water quality in the Beheshtabad River did not change during the last 6 months (April to September 2016), and water quality was good. In addition, PCA plays an important role in prioritizing the importance of each parameter in the pollution. Therefore, PCA places more important parameters in the first component and less important parameters in the subsequent, respectively. On the other hand, the measurement of physicochemical parameters is important for the study of water quality. This research demonstrates the usefulness and efficiency of the multivariate statistical technique of PCA and the use of indicators for effective management of surface water quality. Therefore, using water resources in the future is possible, and does not endanger their management based on sustainable development

Rivers are important as one of the main sources of water supply for uses including agriculture, industry, and human consumption. This study evaluated the water quality of the Beheshtabad River (Shalamzar Spring - Jointing to Koohrang River) located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, using the National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI). Using standard methods, this study determined nine water quality parameters: nitrate (NO3), temperature (T), phosphate (PO4), turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), electrical conductivity (EC), total solids (TS) and pH, at five selected stations along the river for three months, July to September 2015. Results showed that water quality fluctuated between medium and good quality during the investigation. In addition, according to the mean values of WQI, water quality was classified as medium quality for the three months. Water pollution increased from upstream to downstream in the end of summer because of agricultural fertilizers and wastewater discharge from upstream fish farms and recreation service centers

In this study, the adsorption of gallic acid onto poly ( ethylene terephthalate ) fibers grafted 2-hydroxy propyl methacrylate and acrylamide as a new adsorbent has been achieved through batch technique. The effect of pH, adsorbate concentration, adsorbent dose, temperature and contact time were studied. The best condition of removal of gallic acid was recorded ( pH = 10.0 , t = 80 min, cation exchange capacity = 128 mg/L ). The adsorption data were best fitted by langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic models, as well.

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of sowing dates and weed interference on some qualitative and quantitative seed characteristics of chickpea cultivars. The experiment carried out as factorial split plot in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at research station of Kurdistan University in 2012-13. Sowing dates (autumn, Entezari and spring) and chickpea cultivars (Arman, Azad, Pirouz, ILC482 and Kaka) assigned to main plots as factorial and weed interferences (weeding and non-weeding) as subplots. Results showed that planting dates had significant effects on all studied traits. Weed competition resulted in severe reduction of seed number. In autumn sowing, weed interference reduced seed number by 78%. The reduction of seed numberswere77 and 99% in Entezari and spring sowing dates, respectively. Weed interference increased 100 seed weight as compared to weed free treatment. The highest seed yield observed in Entezari. ILC482 cultivar produced the highest seed yield (132.4 g/m-2). Under weed interference conditions,Kaka was the best grain yield. There was a significant difference between the cultivars for all seed quality traits, but ash, crude fiber and zinc content. The amount of phenolic compounds increased as growth period prolonged. The autumn and Entezari sowing dates were affected not only by cold stress but also encountered with more intense weed interference. Kaka had the highest amount of tannin.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to evaluate the resistance of chickpea genotypes to low temperature stress in seedling growth stage in growth chamber condition. In this experiment temperature levels include -15, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10 and 15 °C applied on five chickpea genotypes such as Arman, Azad, Pirouz, ILC482 and Kaka as factorial based on completely randomized blocks design with three replications. in the of chickpea genotypes With increasing stress cold(Reducing the temperature from 15 to 0 ° C) Level of electrolyte leakage increased and the temperature a 0 ° C reached to maximum This average increase was 21.32%. The temperature range is applied, respectively Azad and ILC482 genotype have the highest and lowest electrolyte leakage were. With decreasing temperature to 0 ° C peroxidase and catalase enzyme activity increased in all genotypes. For temperatures less than 0 ° C genotype was different answers. The highest peroxidase and catalase enzyme activity was related to the genotype ILC482, while genotypes were Azad and pirouz has the lowest enzyme activity. different answers at low temperatures probably due to the influence of of enzymes and other materials that cause reduce damage that reactive oxygen species. Overall, compared to other genotypes ILC482 genotype seems to are the more resistance to cold. According to the results, it is recommended In areas where air temperature in the cultures winter and is waiting to reduce severe The genotypes that are more resistant to cold stress should be used such as ILC482.That Less damage to the In effect of cold on the plant.

ABSTRACT An experiment was carried out as a factorial based on completely randomized design in three replication to determinate damages caused by weeds in three different planting dates and identification of dominant weed species in chickpea farms in Kurdistan University Research Farm located in Dehgolan during the cropping year of 2012-13. The three experiment factors were conducted as follows: the first factor, sowing date in three levels of autumn, waiting and spring, the second factor in two levels of weed interference and non-interference and the third factor was chickpea cultivars including ILC482, Azad, Arman, Pirouz and Kaka. Abundance of weed species in autumn sowing was higher than waiting and spring planting. Galium tricornotum, Turgenia latifolia and Geranium tubrosum were dominant species in pea farm. Galium tricornotum and Turgenia latifolia were the most abundant species in autumn sowing. Turgenia latifolia and convolvulus arvensis were the most abundant species in witing and spring planting, respectively. The highest relative density in autumn sowing date was obtained from Turgenia latifolia. Turgenia latifolia had almost 50% of relative importance of all weed species in autumn sowing. Turgenia latifolia, Galium Tricornotum and convolvulus arvensis make it difficult to harvest chickpea because of their morphological characteristics and growth traits. The highest density of weed species was recorded in autumn sowing date. Due to high density of weed species in different plantings, if they were not controlled, remarkable reduction in chickpea yield would be predictable, especially in spring sowing which is faced with moisture deficiency during growth.