فهرست مطالب احمد بهشتی

The goal of this study is to analyze the literary-exegetic content of Abu Muslim Isfahani – his literary view in the process of exegesis – derived from Majmaʿ al-Bayān considering the view of other exegetes with the intent to refine some of the acceptable central content in the exegesis clearly and distinctively. In the present paper, through a descriptive-analytic method of research, we have strived to answer the following questions: which of the literary content of Abu Muslim in Majmaʿ al-Bayān is general, which of the addressed literary content is different or consistent with the views of Abu Muslim and other exegetes, and which is specific to him. The result of the study is that the effect of the selected literary content has been investigated in Abu Muslim’s exegesis of these verses and their differences with other exegeses. Among the views that are specific to him, some that can be indicated are the following: the referent of the Arabic pronoun hāʾ [2: 74], allegory [2: 230], and his belief in exaggeration and emphasis [2: 90 & 7: 150] and some of the content that is not different from the views of most exegetes and is common with them is the following: the type of alif and lām (Arabic letters that may come at the beginning of a word and can have different meanings) and their meaning regarding the word “human being” (insān) [76: 1], content such as the combination and meanings of lā (letters lāʾ and alif of Arabic) [56: 75 & 75: 1], the tone and combination of the phrase “then Allah increased their sickness” [2: 10] (Qarai translation), and the referent of the pronoun in [2: 74].

How to see the object and the occurrence of sensational errors is one of the leading questions in any epistemological system, including Tusi's epistemology. The importance of this case in the opinions of Islamic philosophers is due to the fact that the senses and their data initiate the process of realizing certain and true wisdom about objects. Questions around this case just like the other philosophic matters have always been a great worry for Nasir-Aldin Tousi and he's tended and paid attention to them in his works. This article tries to express how sensational errors occur in his opinion by considering differences between emotions and sensational cognition. The negative aspects of Tousi's vision towards things expresses that errors do not occur among feeling that is related to outward attention, because visions are limited to getting placed in the middle of the sight. But the positive aspect of  his opinion expresses that errors are just related to sensational knowledge and the judgments made by the wisdom which is earned under the influence of the imaginary power. In the other words, the stems of errors in the senses and sensational matters are in tangible matching with the outward reality that this action is just placed among the borders of wisdom.

Human being has two existential dimensions, body and soul. In other words, they are the physical and the metaphysical things. The soul is considered as the first perfection of the body. This is the perfection on which the humanity of the mankind depends on. That is, without the soul, man will be nothing but a lifeless inanimate object. Therefore, the most important aspect of human existence is his/her soul. Furthermore, the soul is related to the body and there is no doubt that the soul relates to the body. That relation of the soul is managing the body, not immanentistic. The soul is self-conscious and perceives its own existence in a self-evident way. The body is the carrier of the soul. As long as the soul needs the body, it manages the body and when the powers and talents of the soul are actualized, the soul abandons the body. Death means the beginning of a new movement towards another destination. What causes the life is not the cause of death; rather, what causes the death is the cause of life. After the worldly life, death comes. Worldly death is a precursor to life in Barzakh (i.e. purgatory life: the period between death and resurrection) and the death in Barzakh is a precursor to life in the hereafter. In all these stages, the soul is the managing master of the body, both the worldly body and the one in purgatory life; And according to Sadra's accurate explanation, it is the carrier of the body. In this study, a descriptive analytical method is employed in order to deal with the relationship between the soul and the body.

Shihab al-Din yahya Suhrawardi, illuminationist philosopher, explaining his epistemological views, proposed a new point of view that known as illuminationist relation and in this way he considers the acquisition of many perceptions, including vision, of through of intuitive knowledge.The present research focuses on the nature of knowledge by presence and its role in the problem of “vision.” It considers the following key question: Does Suhrawardī mean the same thing by “knowledge by presence” in all degrees of perception from the most primitive external levels—that is, vision—to the deeper levels? Then, given his epistemic model, can we treat him as a phenomenologist? The present article considers the nature of knowledge by presence in the process of vision according to Suhrawardī and presents a different approach to it. By reference to Suhrawardī’s discussion of issues of vision and a conceptual clarification of “presence,” we show that Suhrawardī could not have used the term “knowledge by presence” in the case of vision in its common sense as opposed to “knowledge by acquisition” (al-ʿilm al-ḥuṣūlī). Instead, this is a different notion, and thus the term is equivocally used in his work. Moreover, we argue that his epistemological model for vision is phenomenological. The method of research in the present article is qualitative and analytic

Philosophers believe that as the existence of the possible beings needs a cause and their survival also needs a cause. One of the most important mystical and religious subjects is the role of the perfect man in the world. In the following article, by using analytical-descriptive method, the essence of the perfect man is analyzed first. It has been discussed that the perfect man is the emanation of the Divine characteristics and names and then by citation of the verses of the holy Quran and the Hadithes of the infallible Imams, this fact has been proved that the existence of the perfect man (i.e. absolute vicegerent of God) on earth has been continued since the existence of prophet Adam. Then it is pointed that the scholars of mysticism and philosophy believe that the perfect man is the cause of the survival of the world, because they believe that the perfect man protects human beings by God's permission. He is also the focal point of existence and a medium of Divine's grace, and everything was created because of the perfect man, and the world’s order is originally managed by him. He is the ultimate goal of the creatures. The necessity of the infallibility of the perfect man, as God's absolute vicegerent, is inevitable because he must be a perfect copy of Divine characteristics and names and the synthetic existence. In the current era this important duty is fulfilled by Imam Mahdi (PBUH).

Raj’a (return), an indisputable Shiite belief, is the eternal power of God, based on the illuminating verses of the Qur'an and the hadiths of the Masumeen (the Infallibles) (Peace be upon them). The current study aimed to investigate and analyze Raj’a in the important Shiite interpretations based on the thoughts of Allameh Tatatabayi. The methodology is descriptive-analytical with a conceptual analysis approach. Library-based sources have been also used. Investigations show that the philosophy behind Raj’a is more than just punishing the unbelivers and rewarding the good. The main reason for that is to fulfil God’s promise, supporting God’s religion and forming global justice and the appearance of truth’s power and its spreading. Therefore, there are no restrictions for returning the spirit to the same body it had belonged to, from the viewpoint of logic, religion, and biology. Furthermore, according to the principle of (the reason behind the possibility of occurrence of something is the reason for its occurrence), the best reason for the possibility of Raj’a is its occurrence. The whole criticisms about the Raj’a are due to the lack of a correct understanding of Raj’a, and perhaps they do not want their leaders, who have done cruelty to Ahl-ul-Bayt (Peace be upon them), to be punished.