احمد زندوانیان نایینی

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions and lived experience of primary school teachers of the strengths and weaknesses of virtual education in the corona virus pandemy in the academic year 2020-2021. The research approach was qualitative and phenomenological. The instrument used was a semi-structured interview. The target group included all fifth grade female teachers in girls' schools in Yazd, that 12 of whom were selected by purposive sampling. After the eighth interview, theoretical data saturation was obtained, but interviews were continued up to 12. Data were analyzed by coding and categorization methods and used seven-step Colaizy pattern. The validity of the data was obtained through triangulation method, in the form of referrals to the participants and also the analysis of the group of colleagues. After analyzing the data, 15 sub-themes were identified as strengths and 25 sub-themes as weaknesses, which were classified in to 8 main themes: educational, social, media mediation, parental mediation, cultural, ethical, environmental and economic. Then, contextual factors were extracted which were placed in 8 sub-themes at three levels: macro, medium and micro.

Performance of primary students in mathematics among the countries participating in TIMSS is different. The purpose of this study is to compare the math curriculum of Iran with the five countries which were the pioneers in TIMSS 2015 (Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, and Japan). The research method was comparative and the statistical population consisted of all math books of the fourth grade in Iran and the leading countries. The findings showed that some elements are similar among the countries, such as the concepts of numbers, calculation, measurement, and geometry. However, the studied curricula are different from each other, regarding skill of math problem solving, analysis and application of mathematical topics, interesting statistics and algebra topics, and positive attitude to math learning, so that in Iran these areas have been somewhat neglected. At the end, some suggestions were offered based on the findings.

The purpose of the present study is the pathology of the curriculum of the sixth grade of the elementary school. In this regard, three dimensions of structural, executive, and teaching problems are discussed. The research methodology is based on two quantitative and qualitative approaches. Statistical population was all sixth grade students of Yazd city. Using Cochran formula, 369 students were randomly selected. The research instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire that confirmed the validity and reliability by teachers and professors. In order to analyze quantitative data, ANOVA with repeated measure, Mauchly’s Test of Sphericity, inter-subject effects test, multiple comparison test and Friedman rank variance test were used. Coding was also used to analyze qualitative data. Findings show that the main problems of the writing curriculum include structural problems with a mean rank (2.8), teaching problems with an average rating (2.6) and executive problems with an average rating (1.86). Also, the most important problems in the structural dimension were, respectively, the weakness of the general information, the lack of skills in writing the sentences of the beginning of the writing, and the lack of skills in the division of the essay into the sections of the beginning, the text and the conclusion. Also, in the area of executive issues, the most important challenges include the lack of freedom in choosing the csubjects, lack of tranquility and concentration in thinking, the uniteracing class, and the unimportance of teaching this lesson to students. In the dimension of teaching problems, the most important challeings were the selection of stereotypical and uniform subjects by teachers, the lack of attention to the expansion of the culture of reading and students' ignorance of the goals of the lesson.

The purpose of this research was the effect of spiritual intelligence instruction on increasing spiritual intelligence’s Maybod adult handicaps in 2014. 28 female and male (7 men and 21 women) adult handicaps participated in this research which was as done pretest quasi – experimental – intervention studing with control group. These people were chosen as purposeful sampling and set in two experimental and control group in equal numbers. After fulfilling pretest, two group were compared by T test and after ensuring of absence of significant difference between two group, In ten session (90 minutes), the experimental group were been taught spiritual intelligence and the control group didn’t have any teaching. Befor and after session, these two groups were been complete Abdollahzade spiritual intelligence test. The analysis of data did on one way covariance statistical analysis. The results showed the experimental group got significantly high scores in regard to control group of general spiritual intelligence, the underestsnding of the relation to universe sourceand spiritual life in emphasis of internal core. Regarding to findings, it results the spiritual intelligence instruction can on increase spiritual intelligence of handicaps.

Abstract: The present paper examines critical thinking disposition and its relation with the academic performance among master's degree students of Humanities, Language-literature and Engineering faculties at Yazd University. The sample consisted of 280 students of both genders from the three faculties who were selected by random classification sampling. Ricketts's Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (2003) was used. The Data were analyzed using Factor analysis and Pearson correlation. Results show that most students had normal disposition to critical thinking.Research results showed that there waz a positive and significant correlation between critical thinking disposition and academic performance. Also, the results showed that critical thinking disposition of Humanities faculty students was significantly higher than the Engineering faculty. There was not significant differences between male and female students in the use of critical thinking disposition. The study also showed the need to conduct research on teaching and assessment methods and their impact on critical thinking disposition.

The child's birth is apleasure for parents, although this process is associated with a lot of hardship. Hope for child health develops a sense of confidence in parents and they heartily accept their child but as soon as they become aware of their child's disability, all hope turns to despair and hence trouble starts. Stress, depression and anger are common emotions that parents then experience. The overall aim of this study was to investigate the effect of anger management training on the mental health of mothers of the disabled children in the city of Yazd. This is anexperimental study with a pretest-posttest control group. The population of this study included all the mothers of the disabled children being covered in Yazd city from 2011 to 2012. Sample of this study consisted of 35 mothers randomlyassigned into two groups(18 to experimental and 17 to control group). Mental health questionnaire was used to collect data.The anger management training program based on cognitive-behavioral approach was implemented for the experimental group in seven sessions, 2 hours each. Data were then analyzed using descriptive statistical parameters (mean and SD) and independent t-test on the difference between the scores of pre-test - post-test. Results showed that Anger management training with a statistically significant difference between pre-and post-test scores leads to mental health and subscale physical symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, as well as depression (with the exception of societal dysfunction). Also, anger management training reduced the physical symptoms and depression in young mothers compared to the aged. With regard to the effective use of anger management training program to increase mental health, thetrainingprogramshouldbe directedtoward reducingstress.

The aim of present study was to investigate the relationship between learning approaches (deep، surface and strategic approaches) with qualitative academic performance (self-efficacy، planning، motivation، emotional effects and lack of output control) and quantitative academic performance. The participants were 414 bachelor students of Yazd University (256 girls and 158 boys) whom were selected randomly. The instruments of study were Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students and Educational Performance Test. Cronbach alpha coefficients reported acceptable reliability of the measures. The average of total score of students was used to examine the quantitative academic performance. In data analysis، multiple regression analysis was used to study the relationship between variables. The result of regression analysis showed that deep and strategic learning approaches positively and surface approach negatively predicts total score of qualitative performance. Furthermore، all five components were predicted significantly by surface and strategic approaches to learning. Self-efficacy and motivation were predicted by deep approaches too. Another result is that deep approaches were not predictor of quantitative academic performance، but strategic approach in a positive way and surface approach in a negative way predicted the term average and total average of students. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of approaches to learning in quality of students'' academic performance.

The present paper studies the factors influencing the inclination of female high school students in Sadooq towards performing religious obligatory duties city in the academic year of 1388-1389 (2009-2010). Concerning its aim, the study is a research-applied research and concerning the method of data gathering it is a descriptive-survey. The statistics population includes 467 female high school students in Sadooq city 200 of whom were selected as sample through appropriate stratified sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire with 100 items was used in this research. "T-test" for one sample and "multiple- regression" were used to analyze the hypotheses. The research findings show that four factors of family, namely school, friends and acquaintances, and media have a significant role in the student's inclination towards performing religious obligatory duties. The results of the analysis of "multiple-regression" show that two independent factors of media and family can predict and explain %31.6 of the variance of religious behavior.

This research has been done to investigate the role of education in the cultural engineering of Islamic society and also the effects of culture on changing the education system, and the relationships between education system and culture. Kinds of cultures and the role of education system in cultures were also studied. Education and cultural engineering from the supreme leader of Islamic revolution viewpoint and experts were considered. Then social engineering cultural engineering was compared.

The aim of this paper is to introduce Philosophy of Adult Education as an interdisciplinary field at a graduate level. Currently, the field of Philosophy of Education and Adult Education are offered as two independent fields at some universities. This paper strives to create a link between Adult Education and Philosophy of Education. In this paper, a hundredyear history of philosophical studies in adult education has been reviewed. Although the major topics in Philosophy of Adult Education can be divided into three sections, in this paper, mostly the first section is reviewed. The three sections include: A) Categories presented in Philosophy of Adult Education, such as Elias’ and Merriam’s classification and Hiemstra’s classification. B) Study of philosophical roots of adult literacy approaches, such as functional literacy, information literacy. C) Recognition of thinkers in the field of Philosophy of Adult Education, such as Gruntvig and Mezirow. Finally, seven decades of adult education and literacy in Iran are reviewed and efforts are made to show that the cause root of literacy failure in Iran is partially due to lack of philosophical foundations. So this