فهرست مطالب احمد شعبانی

Financing is one of the important issues that every industry faces in some way. Therefore, in order to maximize the wealth of shareholders, one of the decisions of the managers of small and medium sized industrial units is the decisions related to financing. Hence, the purpose of this research was to design a financing model for small and medium sized industries in Iran in order to improve productivity management. Since this research had a qualitative approach, the grounded theory method was used as a research method. The data was collected through in-depth and open interviews with 20 academic and industry experts, which was then coded and validated. The extracted codes included 411 concepts (open codes) and 20 main categories. Based on the systematic approach of foundational data theory, the identified codes were classified into six categories, including " central phenomenon, causal conditions, background conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences". The results obtained from the interviews show that the central phenomenon of "financing" includes "drafting of financial plans during the financing process", "financial monitoring and evaluation during the financing process" and the categories of "development of operational activities", "developments of company's finances" and "company's environmental causes" as causal conditions have an effect on the categories of the central phenomenon. The foundational categories as necessary background conditions for the realization of financing in small and medium sized industries include: "financial accounting standards", "standardized financial statements", "company’s financial affairs management", "financing institutions", and "company's general management". Meanwhile, some categories act as interfering conditions in realizing financing in small and medium sized industries including: "macro environmental interventions", "internal company interventions" and "prerequisites for realizing financing" which are both background and intervention conditions. They can influence the presented strategies. These strategies include: "corporate discipline", "analysis and monitoring of the prevailing situation in the company", "actions and classification of matters for financing" and "using auxiliary levers" which are the necessary strategies in the implementation of financing in small and medium sized industries. If the central phenomenon is realized, the categories of "business excellence", organization of financial flows" and "economic development" can be expected as the resulting consequences.

The purpose of the current research was to investigate the relationship between social undermining and organizational justice, as well as their impact on role clarity among librarians in public university libraries in Isfahan.

This research is applicable in terms of purpose and descriptive and correlational in terms of method. The statistical population of this study included all official and full-time librarians working in public university libraries in Isfahan during the 2022-2023 academic year. Data were collected by three questionnaires of social undermining (Duffy, 2002), organizational justice (Niehoff and Moorman,1993) and role clarity (Hasanzadeh,1388). The collected data were analyzed at two levels (descriptive statistics and inferential statistics). Structural equation modeling test, Pearson correlation and multi-way analysis of variance test were used to test the research hypotheses. In addition, SPSS software version 23 was used for statistical analysis.

The research findings indicate that there is a relationship between social undermining and organizational justice with role clarity among the librarians of Isfahan public universities. Social undermining is negatively correlated with organizational justice and its dimensions (distributive, procedural, and interactive). In contrast, role clarity is positively correlated with organizational justice and its dimensions. Additionally, there is a significant negative correlation between social undermining and role clarity.

Based on the research findings, it is recommended that library managers clearly define the roles of librarians. This could potentially reduce the prevalence of social undermining among employees.

In addition to the distinction between the field of humanities and other sciences in terms of their nature and research goals, different disciplines within the humanities also possess distinct characteristics. This study aims to identify the disadvantages of evaluating humanities research outputs, with a specific focus on the fields of language and literature. It also aims to provide solutions to improve the evaluation of researchers in these areas. 

The present study is an applied type research with a qualitative content analysis method. The study's statistical population included faculty members from language and literature fields with various Persian and non-Persian orientations (English, Arabic, French, German, and Chinese) in Iran. The research sample consisted of 24 individuals, including 19 men and 5 women who were at least Assistant professors from 8 universities: Isfahan, Tarbiat Modarres, Tehran, Al-Zahra, Shahid Chamran Ahvaz, Shiraz, Allameh Tabatabaei, and Ferdowsi of Mashhad. The participants were selected using targeted sampling and the snowball method. The semi-structured interview was used as a research tool, and MAXQDA 2020 qualitative data analysis software was utilized for coding. Theoretical coding involves three stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. To ensure credibility, the opinions of two coders were sought. Also, the results of the coding were sent to three interviewees who played a significant role in expressing injuries and proposing solutions. They were asked to comment on the compatibility of the extracted codes with their own experiences. The terms and details of the work are explained in detail within the plan for the transferability criterion. In order to measure dependability, all the stages and processes of the research were recorded and reported accurately from the beginning to the end, mentioning the details of the data analysis, and excerpts from the text of the interviews were presented. For confirmability, the findings were provided to 5 interviewees and peers to express their opinions about the results. 

Evaluation harms were identified through 62 codes. The concept of science production and the promotion of knowledge foundations were investigated in two general areas (humanities) and a specific area (language and literature) with different components. The general area includes the establishment of policies for evaluating research output, the inclusion of research output ratings in promotion regulations, and considerations of research ethics. The specific area includes the evaluation of research outputs in the promotion regulations, publications, international article publications, theoretical contributions, research style of faculty members, and literary and creative works. The concept of practicality and addressing societal issues also encompasses two aspects: disconnecting the relationship between language and literature fields and society, and teaching language and literature fields. The solutions were presented in the form of 34 codes. The concept of science production and the promotion of knowledge foundations were investigated in two general areas (humanities) and a specific area (language and literature) with different components. The general area includes the development of policies for evaluating research output, the inclusion of research output ratings in promotion regulations, and the improvement of research facilities and resources. The specific area includes the evaluation of research outputs in the promotion regulations, the research approach of faculty members, and research facilities. The concept of practicality and addressing societal issues also encompasses two aspects of applied research: the connection between the disciplines of language and literature and society. 

If the evaluation is conducted accurately and comprehensively, and it clearly indicates the gap between the current situation and the desired outcome, it will minimize trial and error in this field and reduce costs associated with ineffective and unnecessary tasks. It accelerates the steps towards success and progress. The essence of evaluation is optimizing performance. The competition to obtain the best scientific position among researchers, educational groups, and research institutes has gained great importance and momentum. The health of such a competition and its correct orientation will be possible through planning for accurate evaluation, and a review of the evaluation policy of academic faculty members of universities and higher education is one of the fundamental needs in this direction. The results of the present study can be utilized as an effective measure to enhance the current situation.

International Petroleum Contracts (IPCs) has been made between Host Countries (HCs) and International Oil Companies (IOCs). By this kind of contracts, IOCs provide financial resources, technology and management necessary for oil and gas fields’ development and benefit from the produced oil and gas.
Needlaess to say, due to various and broad operations, unpredictable increase and decrease in market prices, unforeseeable rservoire behavior, and in one word, Because of major technical and financial risks, there is a great uncertainty in both sides of the contract, the amount and conditions of investment and outcomes. From the Islamic jurisprudence viewpoint, those risks would cause “Qarar” and affect the validity of contract.
For reviewing abovementioned hypothesis, first, the precedent studies has been examined and the consequent is only those uncertainties that may lead to dispute from commom sense view would enter “Qarar” into the contract. After that, this measuremen is applied to the IPC’s contents.
At the end, it is concluded that it is not necessary for parties to know every aspect of the contract and its outcome in full and they could put the contract out of the “Qarar” area by implementing risk management tools such as price formulas, Adjustment terms and industrial standards. In other word, according to the oil and gas professionals’ course of conduct such risks could be waived and consequently, the common risks of these contracts can not affct their validity totally.

The widespread and surprising spread of the Covid-19 led to an unprecedented closure of public libraries, and this closure showed that public libraries have little preparation and anticipation to deal with and adapt to the special situation caused by the spread of the Covid-19 virus. The aim of this study is to determine the level of readiness of librarians and public libraries in Isfahan province in the face of COVID-19 disease.

The current research is a cross-sectional, descriptive-survey study with an applied purpose that was carried out using the field method. The statistical population included all the librarians of the public libraries of Isfahan province in the year 1400 SH, numbering 357 people, from whom 185 librarians were selected as the research sample using a simple random sampling method. In order to collect people’s views, a researcher-made questionnaire was used; The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by several experts in information and Knowledge science, and the construct validity was measured and confirmed by second-order factor analysis using Smart-PLS3 software; The questionnaire’s reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha, which was found to be 0.95. For data analysis, SPSS software (version 22) and descriptive statistics methods such as mean, and standard deviation, and inferential statistics tests such as variance analysis, one-way t-test, one-way variance analysis test, Duncan’s post-hoc test and factor analysis were used.

The results showed that the level of preparedness of librarians and public libraries of Isfahan province in facing the COVID-19 disease with an average of 3.81 is significantly higher than the average, which is at an acceptable level and close to optimal. Preparedness for remote work with an average of 4.19 was the highest, and preparedness for job performance in cyberspace with an average of 3.36 was the lowest component of the readiness of librarians and public libraries of Isfahan province; There is no significant difference between respondents’ perceptions in terms of gender, age, work experience, field of study, and organizational position. Furthermore, there is a significant difference between the perceptions of the respondents regarding the readiness of public libraries in Isfahan province in facing the COVID-19 disease according to their educational qualifications and marital status. Respondents with associate degrees, as well as married respondents, have evaluated the level of preparation of libraries at a higher level than other groups. It is suggested that administrators train librarians and strengthen information technology infrastructure to strengthen the performance of cyberspace. Libraries need to formulate appropriate policies in order to increase the level of preparedness while facing crisis and infectious diseases, these policies and rules should be determined in the form of general principles before the occurrence of the crisis and at the time of the beginning of the crisis, and in crucial times, they should be used by adding minor items.

Originality/value: 

The results of the current research are important due to the emergence of the COVID-19 virus and the small number of researches conducted in this field, and it can lead to a greater understanding of the level of preparedness of public libraries and librarians and help library managers to get the necessary preparations against the risks affecting the optimal service to the audience through making appropriate policies and plans.

Considering the function of humanities and its comparison with other sciences, this research seeks to examine the scientific outputs and the weight of each, evaluation criteria and indicators, and the relationship between each output and criteria in the evaluation of these sciences Especially in language and literature. In terms of purpose, the research is applied, and in terms of the research implementation process, it is of a sequential and exploratory type. The steps of the work are as follows: 1. Identification and weighting of scientific outputs through the three steps of the library method, conducting interviews, and the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP); 2. Identifying the evaluation criteria of scientific outputs with the library method; and 3. determining priorities for evaluating scientific outputs through concurrent function deployment (CFD). Based on the findings, scientific outputs were divided into two categories: 1. Formats: scientific journal article, conference article, book, research project, and dissertation/thesis; 2. Activity: in policy-making, social (scientific-promotional), social (media), and economic contexts. Evaluation criteria are also divided into 8 categories: platform for creation, presentation and publication; writing structure; content; impact in online environment; scientific impact; social impact; economic impact; and cultural impact, each of which includes indicators. Finally, outputs and criteria have been prioritized according to three approaches and goals: production of science and promotion of knowledge foundations, applicability and responsiveness to society’s problems, literary creation/creative literature. Considering the importance and necessity of different evaluation of each field and discipline according to the nature of each one as an effective factor on the application and effectiveness of their scientific outputs, research policy makers can use a new approach in decision-making and establishing policies for evaluating the scientific outputs of the language and literature fields and humanities according to the results.

An examination of the thematic process of the articles reveals the process of thematic growth and development of a scientific field over time. This process enables researchers to compare the research conducted in thematic aspects and certain periods in each field. Thus, they can study and analyze the relationships of the concepts with the help of a knowledge map. The knowledge map identifies concepts and connections between concepts in a scientific field. Illustrating the internal structure of a scientific field helps users to quickly have a clear understanding of the structure of the field by observing the concepts, relations, and distances. One of the main motivations for this research was the ambiguity of the main and important concepts in bioinformatics. Also, the uncertainty of the relationship between the thematic concepts of the published articles was another issue that led to this research. As a result, the uncertainty of the relationship between the concepts used in the articles in bioinformatics led to doing this research. In this study, an attempt was made to identify the main topics (core) considered by researchers and specialists in this field by examining the thematic process of articles. Also, the relationships of these concepts should be drawn in the form of thematic maps and knowledge maps. In the present study, all articles related to bioinformatics, which has been published for about 43 years and has been indexed in the Clarivate database, were reviewed. The present study aimed to draw a thematic map and knowledge of bioinformatics articles with the help of co-word analysis and using semantic exploration tools.
This study is descriptive-analytical research performed by using co-word analysis and semantic search tools called Yewno to draw thematic maps and knowledge of bioinformatics. The research community of the present study was all articles in the field of bioinformatics that were indexed in the Clarivate database from 1975 to 2018. As a result of the search for these documents, 53,740 articles were extracted. Data analysis was performed by using Ravar PreMap, BibExcel, VOSviewer software, and Yewno semantic exploration tools.
The findings show that 741 keywords were identified as the main topics (core) of the articles in bioinformatics, which are used as the most widely used topics in the articles in this field. According to the findings, the topics of "MicroRNA", "Proteomics", "Medical informatics", "Computational Biology", "Microarray", "Gene expression" with the most frequency of application the most important issues identified. As the findings show, a total of 7 clusters were obtained, indicating that bioinformatics articles are thematically 7-axis. The findings show that the concept of "Bioinformatics" is, directly and indirectly, related to the seven main concepts, and this indicates the direct dependence of all the concepts sought in this field. There is a direct and indirect relationship between the concepts of different clusters. According to the findings of the concept "Gene expression" (cluster 1), there is an indirect relationship with the concept of "Metabolomics" (cluster 6) due to the existence of the concept of "Chemical biology" which is not one of the main thematic clusters and is a sub-concept. Also, the concept of "Metabolomics" (cluster 6) is indirectly related to the concept of Bioinformatics through the same concept of "Chemical biology". Also, the indirect connection between the concept "Gene expression" (cluster 1) and "Bioinformatics" concept is established through the two concepts of "RNA-Seq" and "Chemical biology".
The results show that in the formed knowledge map, each concept has a direct relationship with the sub-concepts of its own cluster. There is no direct or indirect relationship between the sub-concepts of each cluster and other sub-concepts of the cluster. Thematic maps and knowledge are drawn in this field can be provided to researchers as a pattern for determining research priorities.

Common points of convergence of information and communication skills, information literacy, information behavior, individual-collective creativity, intelligence, and cognitive-perceptual issues, in the category of information intelligence. Measuring information intelligence is very important in information societies. Addressing the effective indicators in this issue is one of the determining issues in the use of information and data in information societies. The present study aimed to identify indicators and measures effective in measuring information intelligence. The research is applied and uses a qualitative method including library studies, content analysis, and analysis of expert opinions. Data collection tools included the study of scientific literature related to the subject, content-coding, and interviews with experts familiar with the subject of information intelligence (8 experts in knowledge and information science and 7 experts in psychology). The research population included related published literature related to scientific theories, information science experts, and psychology experts. In the subject of intelligence, Gardner's multiple intelligence theory has been used, and in the subject of information-seeking behavior, various scientific theories have been used. Based on the research findings, 14 indicators and 97 measures were identified as effective for measuring information intelligence in two dimensions management and information retrieval. Finally, a proposed framework is presented for measuring information intelligence. From the findings, it was concluded that in the information society, policymakers and managers of the organization or responsible organizations in relation to increasing the level of information intelligence of the society, should consider the specific strategies of the information intelligence of the society in formulating their general strategies. One of these strategic goals can be to increase the level of information intelligence of individuals, organizations, and society. To do this, effective indicators must be identified for measuring and strategies to increase the level of information intelligence of the target community. It is suggested that this matter is placed in the priorities of the information society and the native measurement tool of information intelligence can be prepared based on the findings of this research.

Nobel Prize 2022 in Chemistry was jointly awarded to three scientists, Barry Sharpless, Morten Meldahl, and Carolyn Bertozzi. This award was given due to the efforts of these three scientists in the field of "click chemistry". Simply known as the simplification of difficult reactions, click chemistry was introduced to the world of science in 2001 by Sharpless. Click chemistry means small molecules can be put together in a simple way, and the word click is indicative of this issue. Sharpless and Meldal independently designed the alkyne-cycloalkyne coupling reaction with azide. This reaction takes place in the presence of a high-efficiency copper catalyst and selectively produces one hundred percent of a product. Bertozzi connected click reactions to the world of biological sciences and used these reactions for bio-orthogonal reactions. Click reactions can be used in biological reactions involving living cells without damaging them. According to the achievements of click chemistry, we can imagine a clear perspective in cancer recognition and treatment. In this article, an attempt has been made to provide a simple and efficient explanation about click chemistry and the winners of the Nobel Prize 2022 in Chemistry.

The outbreak of Covid-19 virus caused long-term closure of university libraries and increasd telework by librarians. This research has aimed to explore the impact of telework on their job satisfaction interms of communication, job promotion, awards, salary and benefits, supervision, job conditions, peerformance, coworkers, and desire to work remotely.

Views of librarians of three public universities in the Isfahan metropolitan area, namely Isfahan Medical Sciences University, Isfahan University of Technology, the University of Isfahan were sought. Out of the 118 staff  members of the three universities, 90 completed a researcher-made questionnaire based on the scale of Judge and Bono (2000). For analysis, statistical methods such as Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression tests were used by SPSS 22 software.

Significant relationship was found between teleworking and job satisfaction (p<0.05). All components of job satisfaction were correlated with teleworking. The result of the multiple linear regression test showed that among the components of job satisfaction, only the "leadership component" can predict the teleworking (r<0.518).

Telework can lead to the improvement of services to users. Leadership component demonstrated greatest relationship with teleworking. Considering the importance the component in predicting telework, this research can help to make useful changes in organizations, especially in the management style of university libraries.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the application of knowledge management in Iranian Space Research Center based on Lawson model.

This research is an applied and descriptive survey. The statistical population of the study consisted of 450 employees of the Iranian Space Research Center in 2021, of which 207 were selected using Cochran's formula as a statistical sample. For data collection from the Lawson knowledge management standard questionnaire (2003)  with an Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.94 and to analyze data from univariate t-test, Friedman, analysis of variance, Kolmogorov-Smirnov  test with the help of the statistical software (SPSS 23), was used.

The rate of application of knowledge management (M=3.15) as well as the components of knowledge absorption (M=3.13), knowledge storage (M=3.73), knowledge dissemination (M=3.34) are above average level. And the rate of knowledge creation (M=2.99) and knowledge organizing (M=2.89) at the average level.

According to the obtained results, the amount of knowledge management implementation in the Iranian Space Research Center is above average level, except for the rank of knowledge application, which was below the average level. It is suggested that the managers of the Research Center, by focusing more on the application of knowledge and creating new work patterns, reduce the distance between knowledge and practice, and also pay attention to other components, and improve the level of knowledge management.

This research aims to verify the patterns of users' tagging to the articles of knowledge and information science field in academia.edu. The research method is quantitative and based on text mining and applicable typically. The population includes 6086 bibliographic articles and their abstracts extracted from 159 English journals of knowledge and information science field in Scopus database that are core journals in LISTA as well. In order to gather these data, 194337 articles were searched in academia.edu then every article that tagged was chosen. Examining the relationship between the growth of different types of tags (one-word, two-word, three-word, and four-word and more) and increasing of documents showed a linear correlation between them. Among the different groups of tags, the highest growth rate was related to two-word tags (.609%) and the lowest growth rate was related to four-word tags and more (.143%). The total growth rate of the tags (new and duplicate) was also 5.52 (i.e. 5.52 tags per document). It was also found that two-word tags had the most matching (54.92%) and four-word tags and the least matching (1.76%) with different sections of articles (title, abstract, and authors' keywords). The total tags were matched 7.5% with the title, 76.61% with the abstract, and 15.89% with the authors' keywords. Regarding the reuse of tags, it was revealed that in general, 38.8% of the tags have been reused. On the other hand, two-word tags with 57.59% had the most reuse and four-word tags and more with 7.54% had the least. Another point is that 16% of the tags were reused in the first year and more than 50% of the tags were reused in the first 3 years. Finally, it can be said that the existence of a significant user consensus on certain terms indicates that the new patterns of user tags are at least partially compatible with professional indexing concepts about document content, and by focusing on the most widely used tags and their sustainable distribution, weight formulation and even classification schemes may be achieved. Also, users' activities on social networks can be used to increase the quality of suggestions in collective tagging systems. Another point is that there is a connection between professional indexing and user tagging, and the two are not alien to each other. This connectivity can be the basis for a complementary subject access system that enriches professional indexing.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between knowledge management and organizational learning among public librarians in Fars province.

This study was conducted as an applied and descriptive-correlational. The statistical population included all librarians of public libraries in Fars province in 1400 (322 people), in which 175 librarians were selected as a sample by simple random sampling. In order to collect people's opinions, Bukowitz and Williams (1999) standard knowledge management questionnaire and organizational learning questionnaire based on Neefe theory (2001) were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Descriptive statistical methods such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and in inferential statistics, Pearson correlation test and multiple linear regression were used.

The results of correlation coefficient showed that there was a significant relationship between KM and OL among librarians of public libraries in Fars province. Also, among KM’s components, knowledge production and consolidation and sharing had the most correlation with OL (respectively 0.900 and 0/898 correlation coefficients). Also, the result of multiple linear regression showed that there is a 100% common variance between KM and OL (ADJ.R2=1.000). The production and consolidation component is the strongest predictor for OL (Beta=0.197). This study showed that knowledge production and consolidation component (acquisition of required skills in accordance with organizational goals) and knowledge sharing (transfer and sharing of effective individual and organizational experiences) have the greatest relationship and impact on the promotion and improvement of OL.

The issue of knowledge management has been considered in public library literature in recent years. However, the relationship between knowledge management and organizational learning has not been studied much; in addition, the study of this issue in the public library librarians of Fars province has been specifically considered in the present study. The results of this research can pave the way for library managers to try to improve knowledge and knowledge management that has led to organizational learning by planning, appropriate policies, and providing standards.

Information seeking behaviors are the reflection of users' needs that Identifying and understanding them correctly is imperative in information seeking endeavors. Experts have presented cognitive and Process user-oriented approach models to better understand scholars’ information seeking behaviors.  The intent of models are to define and clarify the conditions that predict people's actions to gain information.  As a result of different understanding of information behavior, the study was directed with the intention that Bystrom and Jarvelin's model emphasizes on which concept of this behavior and its measure of Criticism.

Library method was used to study and analyze the Bystrom and Jarvelin's Information Seeking Behavior Model   

The findings showed that the task complexity, uncertainty, and ambiguity of concepts were related, so it could establish a strong place in the establishment of models.With the task complexity, the need for knowledgeable people rises. Thus, the setting of resources is significant. Also, as complexity increases, more resources and more time are required to perform the search.

The task complexity is an important variable in the information seeking process.  Consequently, the requirement for the type of information, number, and location of resources arises thus determines the type of information and resources used. Result of which is the increase of collaboration of knowledgeable people as source of information. Thus, information systems are facilitating information counseling of individuals. They are active in this field and could be considered a supplement source of information. Therefore, it is proper to focus more on this aspect of information resources in information systems. Since the task complexity has played a key role in the Bystrom and Jarvelin's model, this notion can be placed next to situational, personal, and organizational factors and may be considered as one of the imperative factors in the information quest, it will thus be a suitable measure for this model.

In the current fractional reserve banking system, the two functions of portfolio management and payment services are incorporated simultaneously. The portfolio management refers to the bank''s function in absorbing and allocating funds. The function of payment services also refers to the use of bank debt in settlement of transactions, which is required for the existence of money-creation power by banks. The current banking system has created problems such as instability, banking crises, discrimination in income distribution, undermining democracy and sustainable development, and so on. The problem of this research is to identify the optimal alternative model from the perspective of Islamic economy. The method of answering is through review, description and analysis of the material and drawing conclusions in that field. The results of this study show that in Islamic banking, the two functions of portfolio management and payment services have to be separated.  Lastly, the advantages of this proposed system, in addition to solving the problems of the current fractional reserve system, are the cases of greater compatibility of this banking system with the macro goals of the Islamic economic system and the nature of Islamic banking, and removing the suspicion of usury.