احمد نیک پی

The coronavirus spread faster in crowded public places. Thus, industrial workers are more prone to COVID-19 infection. The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence of COVID-19 and its association with adherence to sanitary protocols in detergent industries in Alborz province, Iran.

Given a 95% confidence interval, a 3% allowable error level, and an 11% prevalence rate, a total sample of 552 from seven industrial units were recruited. Demographics and COVID-19 infection data were gathered using a questionnaire. The level of adherence to sanitary protocols was assessed using a checklist approved by the Ministry of Health.

The average age of subjects was 35.17±7.27 years, and 14.3% were female. The level of adherence to sanitary protocols was 94.36±6 percent in each industry. The prevalence of COVID-19 infection was 33.5% in detergent industries, with the highest rate in the packaging unit (42%). The results suggested that coronavirus prevalence was associated with education level, history of an infected family member, exposure to crowded places, and disinfection (p<0.05).

The contact history of workers with an infected family member plays a significant role in their coronavirus contraction. Enhancing air-conditioning systems, social distancing in working stations, evaluating the workers with a history of contact with infected family members, and developing management measures, including educating their families and furloughing workers in contact with infected family members are integral for the prevention and control of the epidemic in industries.

various type of chemical and biological agent with different health effect are used in laboratorial environment. Some researches indicated the risk of respiratory exposure in university laboratories. Present study aims to evaluate the operation of laboratorial hoods in campus and food and drug organization in Qazvin University of medical science.

In this study, 19 chemical and 10 biological hoods in campus and food and drug organization were evaluated according to ACGIH standards. Different factors like Face velocity and structural feature and their accordance to standards were examined and resulted data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 21. In hoods with low face velocity،ventilation system was designed using velocity pressure method.

According to the results, 92.6 present of hood had inappropriate condition and maximum face velocity was 158 fpm.67persent of chemical hoods had obvious leakage and they were improperly connected to roof channels by flexible duct. The result of velocity assessment in hoods connected to central ventilation system indicated 60% increase in airflow and 10 ± 92 fpm supply velocity.in order to use air diluting capacities ،ventilation chimney was installed at the top of building to prevent contaminated air return into building

Most hoods did not perform well and were unable to control respiratory exposure. Mainly hoods have their own ventilator which doesn’t have the ability to overcome the pressure drop in the discharge paths and meanwhile make a lot of noise.

Clean air is one of the most important components of health and sustainable development. Every person breathes about 10 kg of air per day and if it contains pollutants, it will have a serious impact on their health. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is one of the major health issues that have been addressed in recent years with changes in lifestyle patterns. Usually, due to the increased time of presence and activity in these environments and reduced air exchange with the outdoor environment, indoor air quality is poorer than outdoor environments. Toluene is a Volatile organic compound with widespread applications. VOCs has a high vapor pressure and high emission rate to environment. Due to its adverse effects on human and environment health, they must be controlled before discharging to the environment. Photo catalytic oxidation process is one of the environment-friendly and effective methods for the remove the organic compounds from the air which likely to be better in combination with other methods such as adsorption. Through the process of PCO, UV radiation adsorption on TiO 2 is associated with forming electron and holes from electron escape. The resulted electrons have got high levels of oxidation power and act as a strong oxidant producing superoxide ion. The resulted holes have good oxidation potential; with superoxide ions, they make good conditions for oxidation of most organic compounds to less hazardous compounds such as carbon dioxide and aqueous vapor.  The most important limitation of Photo catalytic oxidation process is the dependence of the contaminant removal on the surface chemistry and the residence time of the contaminant on the photo catalyst surface. The most important limitation of the adsorption method is the decrease in adsorption removal efficiency and elimination capacity due to the filling of the adsorption sites.According to this, by combining adsorption and photo catalytic oxidation, it is possible to increase the time of contaminant presence at photo catalytic oxidation sites and to enhance the surface chemistry and on the other hand, to restore the adsorption sites. This study is conducted with the aim at examining the effects of combination Activated carbon and Titanium dioxide (TiO2) on the toluene removal efficiency.

In order to prepare samples, 5g of TiO2 and 5g of TiO2 and 1g of activated carbon dissolve in separate 100 ml distilled water under vigorous stirring. The surface modification was done by dip-coating method. The efficiency of the photocatalytic oxidation of toluene is evaluated in two separate reactors exposed to ultraviolet light. Additionally, to investigate the effect of initial concentration of toluene and airflow rate on the photocatalytic removal efficiency in photocatalytic and photocatalytic-adsorption beds, the RSM method was used to design experiments.Also, Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to determine catalysts surface morphology. First, to obtain the adsorption capacity in both reactors, with the UV lamp being off, the considered concentrations were added to the reactors in 2-5 L/m airflows. Then, adsorption capacity of adsorption beds were evaluated according to the time needed for the outlet concentration to reach 10% of the inlet amount, as the fraction point of the adsorbent and saturated capacity.Next, to compare the removal efficiency of toluene in the two reactors, the lamps were immediately turned on; concentrations were gradually decreased and when the outlet concentration was balanced, the data was collected.

Images from an electron microscope of surfaces of the two catalysts showed that the distribution of nanoparticles on glass wool was similar and the particle size in the non-combined catalyst were smaller than 95 nm, and smaller than 87 nm in the adsorbent catalyst. In other words, the size of nanoparticles led to more contact area of the pollutant with the catalyst, increased reaction as well as removal efficiency. SEM photography confirmed that, combining Ti O2 with activated carbon, the pores in the activated carbon were occupied and it made a good place for Ti O2. Controlling the process of photocatalytic elimination in photocatalysts indicated that in TiO2-AC reactor, removal efficiency and elimination capacity of toluene were higher than TiO2 reactor and combining adsorbent with photocatalyst may lead to enhanced photocatalytic oxidation efficiency of organic compoundsThe results illustrate that the removal efficiency and elimination capacity of toluene in photocatalytic and photocatalytic-adsorption beds are Influenced by airflow rate and inlet concentration of toluene. In optimized operational conditions, the removal efficiency in both combined and non- combined reactors in inlet loadings of 84.5 and 1.65 mg/m3.s and retention time of 2 and 8.5 s, was 99.98% and 95.14%, respectively. Also, elimination capacity in optimized operational points in the two absorbent and non-absorbent photocatalysts was 5008.71 and 1204.85 mg/m3.min, respectively.  As the statistical analysis by Minitab indicated, in the concentration range of 10-40 ppm and the airflow of 2-5 L/min (in 2-8.5 s retention time) in the combined reactor, the removal efficiencies were 90% (min.) and 99% (max.); however, in the non-combined reactor, the minimum of removal efficiency was 10% and the maximum was 90%.The results of this study also indicated that the retention time had a significant effect on the removal efficiency and the elimination capacity of toluene, that is, at the constant inlet concentration (25 ppm) increased with increase in retention time of the non-composite reactor. However, in the adsorbent reactor, lower retention time led to higher removal efficiency. According to the results, toluene removal efficiency and elimination capacity levels in the combined reactor in time retentions of 2, 3.3 and 8.5 s increased compared to the non-combined reactor. Also, evaluation of the effects of initial toluene concentration on removal efficiency and elimination capacity showed that they were higher in the combined vs the non-combined reactor. Removal efficiency of both photocatalysts was influenced by the initial concentration of toluene, so that, in TiO2 higher inlet concentration led to lower removal efficiency. Nevertheless, in the adsorbent photocatalyst, there was an increase in removal efficiency with higher concentrations.According to the findings, the production of CO2 was dependent on toluene inlet concentration and the airflow. In the combined photocatalyst, the minimum and maximum of the produced carbon dioxide were 40 ppm and 80 ppm, respectively. And it was 84.82 in the optimum operational point (46.2 ppm; 5.62 L/min). However, in the non-combined reactor, the produced CO2 was 29.2 ppm in the optimum operational point and its minimum and maximum were 10 ppm and 25 ppm, respectively. The results also reported that in the given concentration and airflow, production of CO2 in TiO2-AC reactor was higher than TiO2.

Results of the present study indicated that combining titanium dioxide with activated carbon adsorbent is a useful method in removing toluene gas from air under UV and combining photocatalytic elimination with adsorption process by activated carbon led to increased removal efficiency. Self-cleaning photocatalyst had high efficiency in the present study and the use of photocatalytic-adsorption bed can as a suitable method with high removal efficiency causing adsorption and treatment of the pollutants. In other word, combination Activated carbon with Titanium dioxide improved the functionality of activity of photocatalytic oxidation through promoting adsorption sites and increasing residence time of the pollutant in the bed.Results also indicated that removal efficiency was influenced by initial concentration of toluene and retention time of pollutants on the bed and optimizing these parameters may lead to maximum efficiency in photocatalytic setups. The combined catalysts with surface adsorbents led to improved decomposition efficiency based on photocatalytic decomposition and it is likely that the improvement is mostly the result of increasing adsorption sites compared to limited adsorption sites found in the photocatalyst. On the other hand, with more adsorption site, the pollutant had much more time to have contact with photocatalysts and consequently improved circumstances for surface oxidation reactions Keywords: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Titanium Dioxide (TiO2), Activated Carbon, Volatile Organic Compounds, Toluene, Photocatalytic Oxidation, Adsorption-Photocatalytic bed.

Background and Hospital-acquired infections, are the most important consequence in exposure to bioaerosols in which affect health of staffs and clients. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between fungal bioaerosols and particulate matter in two educational hospitals in Qazvin city in 2017. This descriptive-analytical study, was performed in 12 of two hospitals indoor wards and outdoor air, during six months. Bioaerosols sampling was done by Quick Take-30 at an airflow rate of 28.3 L/min, for 5-10 min. determination of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations conducted by a Micro-Dust Pro at flowrate of 3.8 L/min as µg/m3. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 20, non-parametric tests and Spearman's correlation. Results indicated that the highest and lowest of total of microbial density was for EMS1 and operating rooms. Peak of fungal bioaerosols was observed in women’s surgery1 (92.7 CFU/m3). Species of Aspergillus niger was the most frequency fungi. Significant correlation was observed between fungal concentration and PM10, temperature and humidity ratio (p<0.05). In this study the main sources of pollution were related to hospital wards. Thus suggests controlling of microorganisms of air by improving of ventilation system, observance of sanitary and cleanliness regulations and continual assessment of indoor air quality. Because of association between PM2.5 and PM10 and bioaerosols density, measurement of the particulate matter concentration can be used as an easy and quick tool for predicting of the air microbial contamination in healthcare centers.

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene granules heat up from 169 to 320C in the production of household appliance, which results in the decomposition of white smoke in the work place.
Staff respiratory exposure with ABS granules vapors and dust examined.
This analytical case-control study was performed on 78 persons of appliance manufacturing company in Qazvin, in 2016. Particles measurement 0.3 and 2.5 microns by Micro Dust Pro devices and Dust Counter and spirometry test were performed by Minispir. FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC parameters before and after invention platform on 8 meters height and respiratory signs staff complaints were considered by COPD assessment test.
Findings: Forty-eight persons that exposed with vapor and dust ABS plastic material mostly had a lot of complaints to the frequent respiratory symptoms of cough and sputum occasionally. Spirometry indices coldwall staffs on the second floor including FEV1, FVC and the ratio FEV1/FVC were significantly decreased respectively (6.52%, 5.66%, 3.56 lit) during 2 years (P It must be avoided to create a platform on the top of the hot source, such as plastic injection process.

  Hundreds of millions of patients are affected by nosocomial infections worldwide each year, leading to significant mortality and financial losses for health systems. Maintenance of adequate indoor air quality Air (IAQ) at hospitals is critical to the prevention of these infections. Evaluation of IAQ can be performed by bioaerosol sampling and particle counting. The current study aimed to quantitative evaluation of bioaerosol concentration and particle counting in various wards rooms at a hospital in Qazvin province. In This descriptive-analytic study, 7 wards’s air of the hospital were studied. Air samples were taken according to the NIOSH standard instructions and Anderson procedure at flow rate of 28.3 L/min per 10 minutes on TSA, and sabarose dextrose agar media. The samples were incubated then counted and determined in term of CFU/m3. The particulate matters were measured using China Way CW-HPC200(A). The lowest mean of fungal and total concentration was observed in pathology and laboratory and the highest concentration was detected in ICU and CCU ward. The mean of the PM2.5 and PM0.3 was 189 n/m3 and 100499 n/m3. Spearman test just showed significant correlation between the total microbial concentration and PM0.3 (P=0.003). Our results showed that bioaerosol concentrations in hospitals were higher than outdoor, might be related to the presence of patients, their activity, unsuitable ventilation and disinfection. Therefore continuous monitoring, promotion of hygienic disinfection standards and ventilation systems are needed to improve the IAQ especially in the hospital wards

Air quality and concentration of airborne particles in internal wards of hospital are considered as factors affecting the health of patients and medical staff.
To determine the air quality and airborne particles concentrations in internal wards of Qazvin Bu-Ali Sina hospital.
This cross-sectional study was carried out in Qazvin Bu-Ali Sina hospital from September to December 2015. Sampling gathered twice a week with hand held real time instrument (micro-dust pro. model HP3275-05, Casella Co), using by airborne particles samplers probe with a diameter of less than 2.5 and less than 10 microns in the air flow 3.5 liters per minute for 10 minutes. Air Quality Index was measured with "Air Quality Index calculator" software and analysis of results was done using statistical paired-T and Pearson tests.
Findings: The highest average concentration of 24-hour airborne particles with a diameter of 2.5 and 10 micrometer was 46.38 and 13.49 micrograms per cubic meter respectively in men hearts ward and the lowest was in the laboratory and eyes wards. There was a positive significant correlation between the concentration of suspended particles with size less than 2.5 micrometers in indoor and outdoor environment (r=0.93).
The findings indicate poor ventilation and impact of outdoor air quality and internal emission sources on internal wards air quality. Facilitating the spread and transmission of infectious agents grounds for infection transmission outside the hospital, in addition to endangering the health of staff and prolonging period of patients’ hospitalization.

Treatment of waste air containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using cheap and environmentally friendly methods is one of active fields in air pollution control. The aim of this study was to treat air containing triethylamine (TEA) vapor using biotrickling filter inoculated with microbial species decomposing TEA. This experimental study was conducted in the School of Health affiliated to Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2014. Biotreatment was performed with biotrickling filter inoculated with microbial species decomposing TEA for two months. The biotrickling filter was set up with air containing TEA as the sole source of carbon, at Empty Bed Residence Times (EBRT) of 36 sec, and inlet concentration of 84 ppm. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Treatment of TEA contaminated air was made after an adaptation period of 11 days. Despite an increase in mass loading to 111 g/m3/h, TEA was eliminated with 109 g/m3/h capacity and 94-100% removal efficiency by zero order kinetics. Elimination capacity and removal efficiency were close to each other and confirmed109 g/m3/h as loading region with critical elimination capacity. With regards to the results, it is possible to treat air containing TEA vapor in biotrickling filter.

In metal machining processes, the regulation of heat generation and lubrication at the contact point are achieved by application of a fluid referred to as metalworking fluid (MWF). MWFs inevitably become operationally exhausted with age and intensive use, which leads to compromised properties, there by necessitating their safe disposal. Disposal of this waste through Coagulation-flocculation process is an increasingly attractive option. However, successful chemical coagulation depends on optimization of process. In this study, response surface methodology was used to optimization of process. The removal efficiencies for chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and amount of oil released obtained using ferric chloride were compared with those was predicted using quadratic models. Central composite design (CCD) and response surface method (RSM) were applied to optimize the operating variables including coagulant dosage and pH. Quadratic models were developed for the three responses (COD, turbidity, oil released from metal working fluid). The results of this study indicated that the optimum conditions were ferric chloride dosage of 3.16 g/L at pH 3.52. The COD and turbidity removal efficiency and oil released from metal working fluid were 54.4%, 84.8% and 15.9 ml respectively. The experimental data and model predictions were agreed. Coagulation - Flocculation process using ferric chloride compared with conventional coagulants such as Alum was very effective on pollution indices such as COD and turbidity in treatment of metal working fluid. Response surface methodology and central composite design is a successful method for optimization of coagulation-flocculation using ferric chloride.

Extensive use of metal working fluids degrades their chemical composition. They should be treated using a safe method. Chemical coagulation-flocculation process is one the treatment methods. The aim of this study was to optimize the coagulation-flocculation process using calcium chloride in metal working fluids treatment. This laboratory based study was performed in School of Health affiliated to Qazvin University of Medical Sciences in 2014. Using calcium chloride and a six-compartment jar, the efficiency of coagulation-flocculation process was assessed for removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity and amount of released oil. Central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were applied to optimize the treatment operation parameters (pH and dosage of coagulant). Quadratic models were developed for calculation of the three responses (COD, turbidity, and released oil). The optimum condition for coagulation-flocculation process was seen after treatment with 4.2 g/L calcium chloride at pH 3.71 in which COD and turbidity removal efficiency were 93% and 96.9%, respectively and the amount of released oil was 31.8 ml. The level of desirability was 91.2%. The values of laboratory study were in good agreement with the values predicted by the model. Metal working fluids treatment with calcium chloride was efficient in the removal of pollution parameters. Dosage of calcium chloride was similar to the conventional coagulants such as Alum, but its efficiency was higher.

Despite the global awareness of sustainable use of ergonomics in reducing musculoskeletal disorders and increase productivity at work، Ergonomic considerations in developing countries is not taken seriously. This study analyzed musculoskeletal disorders and ergonomic assessment of manufacturing companies was carried out in Qazvin، Alborz Industrial City. This Cross sectional descriptive study examined 35 workstations. Data collection consisted of interviews with individuals who completed the Body Map questionnaire and were analyzed by SPSS 17 software. Then the results of imaging workstations and direct observation، and by determining what software Win owas، Nexgen was analyzed. 71 questionnaires completed and analyzed were the results showed Body condition of individuals works standing 40 percent and 29 percent are repetitive. On the basis of studies conducted in the organs under consideration، respectively، in the middle back pain، right leg and left leg are most common. The relationship between variables was evaluated with musculoskeletal disorders and pain in the right shoulder just was significantly associated with the job. The relationship between age and pain in the upper back، between the fingers of the left hand and left leg are significantly. (P <0. 05). Significant relationship between demographic variables and other musculoskeletal disorders not found. It is the job of workstations represent filters، engine، chassis welding and molding have more risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders than other jobs.

Patient safety is a global concern in all areas of health care. In addition to inflict pain on humans، uns afe care، also brings heavy economic costs. Our study aimed to evaluate patient safety in education and treatment centers of Rasht city in 2013. This cross -sectional، descriptive study was undertaken in the summer of 2013. all educational centers in Rasht with PSFH1 guidelines (choice of hospital wards، patients and staff interviewed intelligently) were evaluated. Data was collected by mandatory standards of patient safety friendly Hospitals checklist and analyzed by SPSS software and descriptive statistical parameters. Average score for rule and leadership was 64%. In community participation and interaction with patients 36%، in evidence-based clinical services 63%، in safe and secure environment 93%. The average overall safety score was 64% and showed an average performance. Patient safety status in studied centers is not desired. Identifing and concertrating more on patients compliance and consent before any treatment is recommended.

Most commercial surfactants used for cleaning (as detergents (are part of xezenbiotic compounds. These compounds and products due to its toxic effects on aquatic organisms may interfere with hormonal system and consequently change the echo system. Since the biodegradation of those compounds are weak، ordinary methods are unable to break down conventional purification. Therefore، the study on the efficiency of Fenton oxidation process and optimization of the effective factors on industrial wastewater treatment detergents was investigated.

This is an experimental study which was carried out on samples of detergent industri waste water. Ph level، duration، concentration of hydrogen peroxide، concentration of Iron sulfate of the samples were investigated. Using one-factor experiment plans، each factor separately with three time repeat and 95% confidence interval. The experiments were conducted based on Standard method book on water and wastewater، the data analysis was done using SPSS 11 and EXEL Software.

Results showed that efficacy of contamination removal was 70% and BOD to COD ratio increased from 0. 2 to 0. 6. Statistical analysis showed that PH، contact time، Iron sulfate concentration، and hydrogen peroxide are all effective factors (P<0. 001) and their optimum levels are 3، 90 minutes، 90 mg/L، and 70 mg/L، respectively.

The process of advanced Fenton treatment based on production of very active radicals of hydroxyl، as a new emerging technology، can be efficient for industrial wastewater pre-treatment which contains substances resistant to biodegradation.

Adequate lighting in halls study and student dormitories plays an important role in focus، motivation and accuracy of student. The purpose of this study measured and design of general illumination in Qazvin University of Medical Sciences student dormitories، the same order of existing residences (dormitories 7) randomly selected 81 bedrooms & all study halls were also measured. To measure the general illumination intensity using the public network، first level of stations into the desired location and in the center of each station، 75 cm in height from ground level at night، And in the absence of all light bulbs were available measurements were performed. To measure the general illumination intensity EC Hagner luxmetr was used، Results were compared with standard by using Excel software. The results showed that 74/81percent of bedrooms with intensity less than the Minimum level of Iran (150 lux) and 100 percent of Study halls were illumination intensity lower than a Minimum level of Iran (300 lux). According to results No 7 dormitory bedrooms have a lowest intensity (131/2 lux) and No. 2 dormitory study hall have a lowest intensity (125/5 lux). Discussion & Poor illumination in the dormitories mainly were due to poor alignment and lack of light bulbs، that today by using lighting design software، This deficit will be resolved. So continue by using DIALUX software، Number and arrangement of lamps for suitable lighting in study halls and bedrooms design and presented.

Noise pollution in cities is one of the most important health problems which is growing in severity. To determine the level of equivalent noise and traffic sound in various cities of Qazvin province. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the winter of 2010 in Qazvin. Measurements were performed by the sound level meter 1353H (TES، Taiwan). The main streets and intersections on the city maps were considered as measuring stations. The levels of equivalent noise، statistical noise، and traffic noise were measured based on the ISO 1999 method approved by the Environmental Protection Organization. Data were analyzed by one side، two side، paired t-test. Of total measuring stations، 63% were found to have equivalent noise level higher than the standard recommended for residential-commercial areas and 24% within the standard levels. In all cities under study، the equivalent noise level was higher than that recommended for residential-commercial areas. The daily equivalent of noise index did not change at different times، indicating a uniform sound level from traffic and acoustic fields.

Carpet weaver women due to long working in inappropriate environment are at risk for certain eye disease. The aim of this study is to determine the refractive errors among carpet weavers women in rural Sephidehkesh of Qazvin. 28 Carpet weaver women were under optometric eye examinations. Light Intensity at work stations was measured, using luxmeter and eye examinations were done by using the ophthalmoscope and retinoscop. Data were analyzed using one-side T-test. The result of this study showed, general and local light intensity in 13 carpet weaving workshops, respectively 160 and 154 Lux that was much less than the minimum and maximum recommended values of 200 to 300 Lux. Only one of 28 Carpet weaver women was healthy and others were visually impaired. In addition to poor eyesight, workers complained of headache, itching and burning eyes. The results show, due to inappropriate working condition in carpet weaving workshops, most young workers are suffering from eye impairment and is predicted the severity of myopia to increase with working experience and age.

Control of radioactive emissions from nuclear power plants, particularly radioactive iodine compounds before discharge to the environment is important.

In this study, methyl Iodide vapour adsorbtion capacity was evaluated on the basis of the activated carbon and TEDA (tri ethylene di amine), and HMTA (Hexa methylen tetra amine) impregnated activated carbon bed.

The amounts of chemisorption and physical adsorption of methyl iodide were measured in different humidity levels (0 & 65%) for base and HMTA,TEDA-impregnated activated carbons. The physical adsorption of methyl iodide in the presence of water vapor was low. The significant amount of chemisorption even in high humidity conditions confirmed the effectiveness of TEDA-impregnation for trapping methyl iodide permanently.

Exposure to magnetic fields can effect on the learning and memory. The protective effect of saffron extract on memory consolidation disorders in rats exposed to magnetic fields was investigated. 120 male Wistar rats in 12 groups exposed to magnetic field For 5 days with intensity 2.5 tesla for 1, 3 and 5 hour and protective effects of saffron extract with doses of 125 mg, 200 mg and 300 mg (P ≤0.05) compared to the control group by passive avoidance learning method in shuttle box. One hour exposure with magnetic field had no effect on the rats’ memory consolidation (P ≤0.05). Increase exposure time to 3 and 5 hours had a memory consolidation Impairment compared to the control group (P ≤0.05). Administered rats with 300 mg Inter peritoneal saffron extract improved memory consolidation (P ≤0.05) compared to the control group. Exposure to magnetic fields 2.5 mT, 50 Hz impair memory consolidation. Saffron aqueous extract at a dose of 300 mg per kg may have a protective effect and be improvement consolidation impairments.

Background and aims Educating of students that have the ability to solve society problems, is considered as the most important task of universities. This important issue is achieved through effective education in a safe and stress free environment. Proper design of classroom seats proportional to anthropometric characteristics of students not only can improve academic quality but also prevent musculoskeletal disorders. In addition it may encourage students to practice correct sitting habits. This study was conducted to check the correlation of physical dimensions of students and prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder with educational chair dimensions that provided by companies. Methods This descriptive - analytical study was performed on 115 students of 18 to 27 years. 15 anthropometric parameters correlated with sitting on the chair were measured by anthropometry page and anthropometric caliper gauge. Dimensions of two Types of seats provided in the classrooms were compared with the standard seat dimensions. Results comparison of dimensions confirmed that seat dimension and students dimensions correspond with one another only in elbow length parameter and other parameters were not correspondent with each other. T-Test showed that there are significant differences between girl and boy parameters. conclusion Comparison of the results of measurement of physical dimensions and chair dimensions with results of emotional dissatisfaction questionnaire and body map chart showed that plastic chair is better than wooden type in term of comfort, chair kind and slope of back rest, and in using plastic chairs students do not have to change their sitting postures; however, due to incorrect design of foot rest and high effective depth of sea,، discomfort and pain in lower limbs is higher in plastic chairs when compared with wooden chairs.