احمد یزدانیان

Spatiality is one of the most important problems of the urban planning system at any level. In this sense, space is the common source of any planning form. Since space is the context of distributing and redistributing many resources, it is always a field of conflict and contradictions. Therefore, urban planning as a knowledge of the management of space always seeks to resolve some conflicts that appear in the space. Considering such a definition of space and planning system, urban planning is more than ever considered a regulatory rationality.

The present research has analyzed spatial relations and economic and political relations through theoretical explanations and systematic analysis. Obviously, according to the requirements of discourse analysis, some discourse concepts and strategies that lead to regulation in space are analyzed.

The dominant discourse always seeks to stabilize the situation, referred to as the status quo. Against such an encounter, critical reading shows that the concept of space is a social and political construct that is more than ever linked to different aspects of regulation. Understanding the regulatory relationships in space by clarifying the spatialization of policies at different levels can help produce a more justice space.

To create justice spatial relationships in the field of policy-making, planning, and management, it is necessary to move from the form-centered reductionist reading of the concept of space to a constructionist reading. It is in such an understanding of space that it is finally possible to resolve some spatial contradictions and conflicts.Innovation: Formulating spatial relations from the perspective of economic and political discourse can provide grounds for discourse creation in the policy field to achieve justice in the production of space.

What does space reading mean? What is the status of this term in a country like Iran? How are concepts such as reading and readability involved in constructing forces of space? Are they involved at all? How does the critical discourse of space understand the meaning of readings? In the present study, we have attempted to address such vital questions. For this aim, the text has been divided into four sections. In the first section, adopting a theoretical and problem-oriented approach, we discuss the relevant viewpoints and discourses. In section two, we focus on the realm of knowledge through the academic system of Iran, by the approach of discovering the hints that were available in the context of the concept of readability terms that have been hidden. In section three, we discuss how phenomenological reading has become a keyword in understanding space and has thus, reproduced the status quo with regards to (un)readability of space in the so called “managerial” and “professional” realm. Along these lines, we glance at Kevin Lynch’s theoretical approach as a well-known figure in urban literature in Iran. In section four, as an alternative representing the critical reading of space, we have disapproved which is constantly reproduced in the realm of knowledge and management, the order and the conceptual system of it. In section four, with a critical formulation of reading space offered as an alternative, we try to denounce the order and conceptual system constantly produced reproduced in the sphere of knowledge and management.

Urban areas are the most important place to the formation of citizen action, agency, possibility and context of social functions. In this sense, space is always the potential that can be actualize in ways such as the presence of people in it. In today's everyday life, public spaces including parks can be as active domains, abandoned citizens  from the routine imperative, or at least pull out them for a short time in the life of the temporal. In this sense- and in this research, space is considered as a representation for individuals that In addition to its spatial differences, in terms of rhythm and flow of time is different from other spaces. In this study anywhere in the text that speaking about space, meaning is "space as a social construct". This means that space just in the physical meaning is not purpose  of research. Because if we understand  space such a one-sided, we can not conceptualize and formulate the presence as a constructive factor in connection with that space we studied. This study with utilizes qualitative research methodology, tries to identify affecting indices to preferences of people's presence through interviews with the groups in space and then analyze them through content analysis, It is notable that during the field interview at least  in 39 people have been reached theoretical saturation. Finally, after identifying 21 indicators, including spatial rhythm, features of keeping, Spatial awareness and the action-oriented presence and features of invisiblity. Has been analyzed them and how their influence has been on the presence of people in the park. After analyzing solutions to strengthen presence of people in the park has been proposed.

1.

The urban public space is the realm of the presence of different social groups with different patterns of behavior. The concept of space in this sense is an entity that, first of all, is shaped by the presence of individuals through individual action and social relations. The space we live in everyday life is essentially a social and political construct. Urban public spaces, on the one hand, represent the culture, values, goals and ideologies prevailing in each society, and, on the other hand, by facilitating the presence of space, facilitates space for centralized groups. Space is not a reflection of society, but society itself. According to what was said, the main question of the following text is how space is produced and reproduced through relationships and forces. For a long time, the study of space as a social and political concept was not common in the social sciences and urban planning literature. From a critical point of view, space is formulated as an abstract-concrete concept. In this sense, the spatial being is related to the social relations of production, and, in fact, with the social being. In fact space study is the study of relations and spatial and economic relations.
If we consider the concept of space in this way, essentially as a social and political construct, then we can like any other social category, put it under the magnifier of critical analysis.
2.

Theoretical Framework
2.1 Production and reproduction of space:The social space is produced in the realms that allow the presence of different groups; this means that space cannot exist itself. Historical concepts of space are analyzed on the basis of three axes, which are spatial practice, representations of space and space of representation. Space is thus analyzed in three perceived, imagined and lived ways. The form of agency in each of these spaces varies in different ways.
2.2 Space, knowledge and representation of power:The social space, as Bourdieu states, is the first and last reality. The space that was occupied by different groups is one of the places where the undoubted power in its most intangible form is fixed and becomes reality. Understanding the concept of space requires the recognition of the social world in the form of relationships. Understanding space cannot be done without theoretical understanding of the relationship in place. Places and spaces vary according to the conception of different social groups, and what identity in space dominates as the dominant identity is the subject of controversy.
2.3 Space of Difference and Field of Division
Communities are made up of people, groups, bodies and different classes in which different groups in public spaces make it possible to formulate the meaning of life and have a close connection with their lived experience. Communities are composed of individuals, groups, bodies, and classes, in which different groups in public spaces make it possible to formulate in the sense of life, and have a close connection with their life experience. Communities generate rhythms in the form of spatial relationships. The existence of man is, above all, the existence of space.
2.4 Disciplinary Discourse and Normalization of Space
The various qualities of space affect the way and form of action of individuals in space. Discourse shapes spaces and communities. This formation makes the body of subject in space more influenced by the actions of these discursive and material spaces. From a critical attitude the presence of different people in spatial situations that leads to the formation of spatial dialogues can be considered as a controlled conflict. This conflict ultimately leads to social and spatial divisions in the city and therefore reflects and reproduces the social differences of people in space.
2.5 Spatial tactics, resistance and presence as a negation of spatial subjection:In fact, space is an actual place, that is, the positioning of objects relative to each other, but space is experiencing them. Resistance is more than anything related to strength. Resistance is always assumed in any kind of power relations in space. Because otherwise there will be no power relations. This resistance is never in a position out of power, but everywhere within the power relations. Hence, there is no unique space for refusals, but in every space, along with the presence of mechanisms of power, there is a plurality of resistors. In fact, the tactical interactions that are conceived in the form of the contextual presence of the subject in space can, in the light of the individual's presence in the space, create a new spatial logic that does not necessarily coincide with the predetermined behavioral logic of the structure. It does not form the space and forces that reproduce spatial domination.
2.6 Everyday life and multiplication in space:Any theory making must begin with everyday life. Non-spatial thinking cannot interfere with the interconnectedness of the behavior of individuals in space and the implied meanings that arise from space and mediation between them, leading to specific behavioral patterns. Each social rhythm or, in other words, mass and spatial rhythm is shaped by the various forms of human presence in space. Rhythms are considered as movements and differences within space repetition, within which the daily life is considered to be the space experience.
2.7 Experience of Space in Individual and Social Interactions:We cannot exist without others. It is the space that provides the realization of the ontological possibility by providing the ground for presence and interactions of the group. The social space encompasses concrete materiality, and, moreover, embraces a conceptual concept called experience. Experience, like the issue of being in the final analysis, is like a mystery rooted in space. This means without the material dimension and thought that make it, experience there is no social space without the material dimension. In the sense that the experience has no social-spatial existence without the man, and the thoughts and ideas he has.
2.8 Space in time and experience
The existence of human space is shaped by experiences and the social world. How our lives in the world, and therefore our understanding of the place in this world, depends on our understanding of space and time and, more specifically, on space time. The relations between time and space are the main components of social systems.
3.

This paper, emphasis on Interweave of method, theory and reality. From this methodological viewpoint, article analysis the problem of space in the city. In the same vein, spatial aspect of such concepts as power, resistance, spatial strategies, normalization, differences and so on have been addressed.
4.

Findings and Discussion.
Space is the materialized human being. Hence, human existence has always been related to something called space. Space is the realization of human existence. In the same vein, the urban public space is in the realm of the presence of individuals and social groups that are tied to their social and economic functions. The spatial existence of human is shaped by his experiences and social relations.
The way we live in the world is the consequence of our time and space perception; more precisely our apprehension of Space-time. And this is when the space as a concept of relations is produced and becomes the question. That is, the moment when space is tied to political and economic relations, and it takes its conceptual strength. In this sense, we can talk about the production of space, power, resistance, normalization, tactics and strategies, experience and time, and other forces. This paper tries to emphasize the strains that produce the concept of space and reproduce them through different forms of presence. In this regard, the question of what space is, is abandoned. This study deals with how space is produced.

The presence of both men and women in the public spaces as citizens with rights, including the action’s right and the right to the city and participate in urban spaces is different. In urban areas, there is always a constant flow of exclusion and inclusion. The dual stream which is a derivative of the spatial Competition, has always been Forming the quality of Presence and spatial behavior of people and more accurate: spatialising. Spatialising. During the spatial Competition -that finally resulted in the rejection or acceptance, the presence or absence of one of the parties- often one that remains from the scene and in symbolic ways Be rejectedfrom space, is Woman. Today, despite multiple investigations under different names in relation to gender, urban spaces in our society As it should appropriate has not been obtained for both men and women. Therefore this article, investigate and analyze the effectiveness of gender In the exclusion and inclusion of people of Shoosh park. In the following, reproduce these codes and metaphorical borders of the landscape and urban space and manifested in the behavior of individuals in this space are studied. This article with utilizes the method of qualitative analysis and Techniques such as participant observation and interviews with 16 people who are associated with the Shoosh park, seeks to answer this question: Different Gender in the Shoosh park cause what kind of spatial differences? The results show in the Shoosh Park component of gender,is the most important component that maks the presence of different groups in space. In this way that some people excluded from Park space because of their gender,mutually some others attracted . Strengthen and prepare the context for active participation of women in local scale is the most important proposed policy, that More than anything historical roots and social status of women,s presence in the urban space considered. Accordingly implementation strategies not only in spatial changes, bus also looking for the socio-cultural and historical context of women,s presence in urban spaces.

Public space is the realm of the concrete and substantial presence of the different social groups with different behavior patterns. The concept of space in this sense is an entity that, by the people and through individual and collective action and social relations are formed. The presence of people in the space-in a way that is free from domination, could Strength the urban life. this paper, by considering the concept of space as a problem, trying analyze the concepts of knowledge, exclusion and inclusion, strength and power to the people in space and through space, And finally, formulated each in relation to the space. In fact common denominator of these concepts,is the Concept of Space and each of them understood in relation with the Space. In other words, article, seeks to show how space can help realize the potential of the individual and Objectivity each of these concepts? What ways can Space provided or mutually limit the individual agency , collective resistance and the formation of power, exclusion and inclusion and the formation of spatial awareness? In response to this questions- that are the a major concern of text, article first as Introduction and Objectives, discussion about public space and space and articulates the subjective questions and concerns of text. Then, under the Theoretical View to the Presence of People in Space, the categories of production and reproduction of urban space and how to interact with power relations in urban space, time and experience and consciousness space, presence and strength of objects in space, the agency and social activities are detailed and discussed. In this context and in accordance with the Theoretical View of text, This article trying to-with maintain his independence of thought and logic relying on the presence of various groups, formulating the Agency in a conceptual framework that mentioned and In this Theoretical Framwork analyze the concept of Space, Without the trap of theoretical dogmatism.

Today in the literature of urbanity, the theory of the right to the city and how it can be achieved and applied in cities have received a lot of attention as one of the necessities of urban life and citizenship rights. Over the past decade, the right to the city has become one of the controversial and questionable concepts in urban studies. In different urban societies at national and global levels, the right to the city has been frequently referred and upheld in the form of rules and various charters as one of the living necessities and citizenship rights in a modern city. Given that up to now, despite numerous investigations in regard to the concept of civil rights, the concept of the right to the city and its place in the society as a ‘right” and living necessity in a city have received little attention and foundations for achieving it are not provided, we in this article introduce and analyze the theory of the right to the city and how to achieve it in the process of producing and reproducing space in city using a descriptive-analytical method, and eventually touch on charters and rules passed as to the right to the city at global levels based on some countries in order to get acquainted with and benefit from global experiences.