احمدرضا درستی مطلق

Patients with chronic kidney disease often experience various complications, one of which is uremic sarcopenia. Various factors can cause uremic sarcopenia, including monotonous diets. One of the indices used to assess nutritional quality of patients includes dietary diversity score. The present study aimed to investigate relationships between dietary diversity and sarcopenia resulted from chronic kidney diseases in elderly people.

In this case-control study, 100 chronic kidney disease patients and 100 healthy individuals aged 60–75 years were examined at Nephrology Department of Shahid Labbafi Nejad Hospital, Tehran, Iran. The control group was similar to the case group for age and gender. Demographic information and 147-item food frequency questionnaires were collected through interviews. Sarcopenia assessment was carried out based on the guidelines from the Asian Working Group. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS software.

Based on the analyses, 62% of chronic kidney disease patients did not consume vitamin D. Moreover, consumption of red meat was higher in control groups than the case group. In this study, dietary diversity score included no significant associations with sarcopenia statuses. Additionally, no significant associations were observed between the total dietary diversity score and its subgroups with sarcopenia.

In this study, no statistically significant associations were detected between the chronic kidney disease-related sarcopenia and dietary diversity scores.

For accurate dietary intake assessments, the need for accurate and valid tools is urgent. These tools, in addition to easy use, immediately show a complete analysis of food intake in the form of macronutrients and micronutrients. The aim of this study was to design and validate the web-based Persian Food Composition to determine the calories and nutrients consumed.

The present basic applied study was conducted using PHP 7.1 programming language for the systematic implementation of the system and also Laravel 8 framework in order to use the features of an integrated and comprehensive coding framework for designing a web-based food recall and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). After designing the present system, we entered the dietary intake information of 40 participants into the Persian Food Composition.  Then we compared Persian Food Composition with the Nutritionist IV (N4) software.

A significant positive correlation was observed between calorie intake, macronutrients and major micronutrients of the Persian Food Composition with those of N4. This system has the potential of instant output in the form of Excel files in both Persian and English languages. It also can store large amounts of information and is suitable for epidemiological studies. Meanwhile, this system provides a user-friendly output in a printable version for the user, which can be used in nutrition clinics.

The present study led to the design of the Persian Food Composition that can be a suitable alternative to N4 software for dietary intake assessment in research and clinical practice. It has the capability to add food items for each city and can be used in all cities of Iran.

Food insecurity is defined as the limited or uncertain availability of enough foods for permanent activities and healthy life. Colorectal polyps, as precursors of colon cancer, can lead to individual and social damages in the patient’s life. The aim of this study was to assess associations between the food insecurity and colorectal polyps in people over 50 in Isfahan city, Iran.

Totally, 80 patients with colorectal polyps referred to a private gastrointestinal clinic as cases and 80 healthy people referred to a health center as control were recruited in this study. Patients were recently diagnosed (4 m) using colonoscopy. They were individually matched for age, sex and residential areas. The socioeconomic general and household food insecurity access Scale questionnaires were completed. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS Software.

In this study, positively significant relationships were detected between the food insecurity and colorectal polyps as prevalence of food insecurity was 58.8% in patients and 45% in healthy people. In addition, education, presence of under 18 years-old children in households and supplement consumption were associated to the disease and the most relevant factor was the supplement consumption (p < 0.05).

Food insecurity was one of the important risk factors for colorectal polyps that health care providers should consider. Moreover, low education level, prevalence of under 18 years-old children in households and no supplementation increased the risk of disease.

Recently, overweight and obesity have increased in preschool children. Parents play important roles in a children weight by adopting their feeding practices. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate possible associations of feeding practices with body mass index.

This cross-sectional study was carried out in Mashhad kindergartens on 261 mothers with 2–6 year-old children. Mothers were asked to complete comprehensive feeding practices questionnaires through face-to-face interviews by trained questioners. Children weight and height were measured and body mass index for age z-score was calculated using Plus WHO Anthro and WHO Anthro Software.

The mean ±SD (standard deviation) of the age of the participants was 4.8 ±0.1 years and nearly 45% of the children were girls. Participants with more adherence to restriction for weight control had a 10.57-fold increased risk of high body mass index for age z-score in multivariable adjusted model, compared to those with lower adherence, (P for trend < 0.001). Of participants with higher adherence to involvement and modeling feeding practices, body mass index for age z-score respectively decreased by 69 and 67% in multivariable adjusted models, compared to participants with lower adherence to aforementioned feeding practices (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.37–0.84, P for trend = 0.005 and OR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.34–0.95, P for trend = 0.032, respectively). No significant associations were observed between other feeding practices and body mass index for age z-score.

The present study has shown that higher desirable feeding practices are linked to better body mass index for age z-score status; however, lower desirable feeding practices were associated to weaker body mass index for age z-score status.

Inflammation plays important roles in development of several chronic diseases, including cognitive functions. Neuritis in the brain can lead to decreased cognitive function in elderly people. Diet is one of the factors affecting inflammation. The empirical dietary inflammatory index is a novel tool that assesses the overall inflammatory potential of diets by generating experimental scores based on the food groups. The aim of this study was to investigate relationships between the empirical dietary inflammatory index and the cognitive function status in elderly people of Tehran, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was carried out on 173 literate (at least the end of primary school) elderly participants (60+ years), referring to the health centers of retirement houses in five districts of Tehran, 2019. General questionnaire, food frequency and mini-mental state examination were completed using interviews. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS Software.

In this study, relationships between the empirical dietary inflammatory index and the classifications of this index was assessed using the statuses of cognitive function. However, no statistically significant relationships were seen between these categories and the statuses of cognitive function. Vitamin D supplementation (monthly), waist circumference and economic status were significantly associated to cognitive function (p < 0.05).

In the present study, no statistically significant relationships were reported between the experimental inflammatory index of diets and cognitive function statuses of elderly people aged 60 years or older.

Adolescence is the period of rapid growth, alterations in body composition and psychosocial development. Adolescents, who eat well and participate in daily physical activities, live a healthy life. A healthy lifestyle promotes optimal growth and better performance at school and work and minimizes the risk of nutrient-linked chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine dietary diversity, and its relation to anxiety among adolescent high school girls.

This study was a cross-sectional study, which was designed based on the update of HEI-2015. The study population included 412 high schoolgirls aged 11–17. Data of diet, sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics were collected. Dietary diversity score (DDS) and anthropometric characteristics of the girls were measured. Furthermore, DASS-42 questionnaire was used to report the adolescents who suffered from anxiety. Relationships between DDS and anxiety were assessed.

This study showed that DDS included an inverse correlation with anxiety in adolescents. In students who were healthy, DDS was greater than that in participants with anxiety (p < 0.0001).

Dietary diversity could be inversely associated with anxiety in adolescence. So that by increasing dietary diversity score, the degree of anxiety was lower. Further prospective investigations are needed to confirm this finding.

Today, the criteria of social acceptance and success, have changed, which affect psychological health, including self-esteem. On the other hand, obesity and overweight have increased in recent decades, which have many effects on the incidence of physical and psychological diseases. This study was carried out with the aim of investigating the relationship between obesity, waist circumference, and body fat with self-esteem in young men.
In this analytical cross-sectional study, 246 young men were randomly selected according to the inclusion criteria of the study. Demographic indicators were evaluated by a questionnaire, anthropometric measurements by introduced standards, and self-esteem by validated Rosenberg’s questionnaire with Cronbach's coefficient of 0.84. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, Chi-Square and multivariable logistic regression at a significance level of 0.05.
In this study, 47% of the subjects had moderate self-esteem. In the modified model, the relationship between waist circumference and self-esteem was inverse. The rate of low self-esteem in body mass index groups was significant after adjustment of known confounding factors, and subjects with higher body mass index were more at risk.
Overall, according to the results of this study, the waist circumference, and body mass index have an inverse relationship with self-esteem. Therefore, prospective studies can further help to understand the physiological and psychological relationships of this phenomenon.

Body Mass index (BMI) and waist circumference are the predictors of chronic diseases. Anthropometric measurements help to remain healthy. This study aimed at examining the effect of lifestyle on anthropometric changes over the course.
In this study, 246 individuals were selected according to criteria. Cluster sampling was done in the military barracks. After obtaining consent, anthropometric indices, demographic and food recall were measured and followed to end course. Relationship between lifestyle and anthropometry was determined by linear regression. A p- value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Mean BMI before the start of training 23.9.8 and waist 88.7.6 cm and after the period decreased to 22.3.0 and 87.9.9 cm respectively. Dietary diversity and physical activity before entering to course had statistically significant effect on anthropometric changes during the military period.
BMI and waist circumference decreased during the military training. Dietary diversity and high physical activity prevent anthropometric changes. Further studies of these relationships make it clearer.

Overweight and obesity is a worrying issue in the present age and the cause of many chronic non-communicable diseases. Nutritional and non-nutritional factors involved in the development of this health crisis. One of the most important nutritional factors is dietary diversity.
The present study was conducted to report the relationship among dietary diversity score (DDS), obesity and abdominal adiposity among Tehranian young students.
This study was cross-sectional in which, 246 young men, according to the inclusion criteria, were selected. The study was conducted in April 2016. Demographic data were collected by questionnaire and anthropometric measurements were conducted according to international standards. For each participant recorded 24-hour recall food and calculated the DDS. Finally, nine food groups were measured for each person. The analysis was adjusted for confounding factors.
Findings: The means of BMI and waist circumference were 23.9±3.8 and 88.7±10.6. The probability of obesity decreased with quartiles of DDS (1.00, 0.53, 0.08 and 0.19; P=0.01).
The inverse relationship between the DDS and odds ratio of obesity and abdominal obesity was observed in young men. So that by increasing dietary diversity score, the odds ratio of obesity was lower. Further prospective investigations are needed to confirm this finding.

Mental disorders are on the rise which disrupt health status. Depression and loss of self-esteem are the most important problems which will lead to chronic diseases. One of the steps affecting mental health is military service. The aim of this study was to evaluate depression and self-esteem during training troops and their relation with people's lifestyle.
In This semi experimental study 246 soldiers in 2016, according to inclusion criteria were selected from an army barrack. After obtaining informed consent depression and self-esteem and other indices were measured. After 8 weeks, repeated assessments of depression and self-esteem was performed, and the connections with lifestyle was determined by linear regression. Values less than 0.05 were considered significant.
The mean age was 24.15±1.54 years. The degree of depression and self-esteem were 2.72 and 4.33 that changed to 2.24 and 5.58, respectively. A high diversity of food reduces depression. Weight loss during the period of soldiers on changes in depression and self-esteem was effective and statistically significant.
During military training period depression and self-esteem chenged. High dietary diversity and good economic status are protective factors against these changes. Further studies are recommended to determine these relationships.

Currently, psychological disorders are prevalent everywhere. The most important psychological disorders are depression and low self-esteem. Dietary diversity score is important criterion for nutritional adequacy and a good predictor for chronic diseases of which its relationship with psychological diseases has received less attention. This study examines the relationship between dietary diversity scores with depression and self-esteem among Iranian soldiers in a barracks in Tehran.
According to the study inclusion criteria and using cluster sampling method 246 Iranian soldiers were selected for this study. Demographic, socio-economic status and physical activityby data were collected using a questionnaire. For all participants a 24-hour food recall and dietary diversity was measured. Depression and self-esteem were measured by DASS and Rosenberg standard questionnaires. P 15.9% of subjects had major depression and 37% had low self-esteem. Odds ratio quartiles of dietary diversity for risk of depression, after adjusting for confounding pointers, were or = 1.00, 0.78, 0.75, 0.69; p Dietary diversity score reduces the odds ratio of depression but not affect self-esteem.

Background and The human body requires energy expenditure to sustain life. The major of the consumed energy including basal metabolic rate which is varies between different people, and many factors can affected it. On the other hand there is a temperamental point of view in the school of Iranian Traditional Medicine and many factors influence on temperament. It seems that the characteristics of warm or cold temperament and its affected factors have many similarities to the factors affecting basal metabolic rate. So, these similarities have contributed to examine the concept of temperament in traditional medicine and also to compare the temperament with the basal metabolic rate.
Methods and Materials: This study was a descriptive review examination which was carried out with surveying the documented sources of classic medicine and traditional medicine, including reliable sources of classic medicine, available databases and comprehensive library of traditional medicine software and also on original texts of the traditional medicine. After the classification of obtained data, all of the differences and similarities of factors affecting the temperament and basal metabolic rate were investigated and explained.
According to the results of this study, it seems that people with warm temperament have more basal metabolic rate and the persons with cold temperament conversely have lower level of basal metabolic rate. From the perspective of classic medicine the regulation of basal metabolic rate and related factors is essential to sustain human life and also based on the traditional medicine detection and balancing of temperament is a most important factor in health maintaining and treating of disease. Also the science of Temperament is one of the basic concepts of traditional medicine that was discussed in detail in texts of the traditional medicine. It hopes that further examination could result in a different view to health of people and more options evaluated in this regard.
Factors such as more muscle mass, larger body surface, being younger, male gender, and physical activity increases the basal metabolic rate; on the other hand according to the traditional medicine point of view muscular body, large body shape, infancy age, being male and the high mobility is Considered as the characteristic of warm temperament. As well as factors decreasing the basal metabolic rate are entirely similar to the characteristic of cold temperament.

Constant checkup and control of body fat mass is an important parameter for the health and efficiency of individuals in any society. This parameter is especially crucial in army soldiers since physical fitness is a key role in reaching high physical performance, health, and survival in war.
This study was designed to compare two methods of measuring fat, the method of circumference-based military equations (CBEs) to estimate body fat mass compared to the method of skinfold thickness-based equation (SBE) in Iranian soldiers.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 246 Iranian soldiers were recruited in Tehran (2016). Height, waist, and neck circumference were measured and the total body fat mass was calculated using CBEs. Then, the results of using Pierson’s correlation and Bland-Altman methods were compared with Jackson and Pollock’s skinfold thickness measurement.
Findings: The total body fat mass of the soldiers using CBEs was 18/94 ± 6/30% and using Jakson and Pollock’s skinfold thickness formula was 17.43±4.45%. The correlation between the two methods was r=0.984 and SEE was 1.1% (P The more body fat makes the error waist circumference greater. The error is so much that don’t use this method to measure fat.

Due to the increasing incidence of overweight and obesity among rural children, despite the high prevalence of underweight, identification of dietary patterns and their association with weight status can provide valuable information about health of children. This study was conducted to detect major dietary patterns and their relationship with weight status in school age children in rural areas of Bijar, Iran
In this cross-sectional study, 255 rural school age children living in the rural areas of Bijar were selected by simple random sampling. Dietary intakes during the past year were examined by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Assessment of anthropometric indicators, physical activity, and socioeconomic information was performed by standard methods. Dietary patterns were determined using factor analysis, and their relation to weight status of children was investigated.
Three major dietary patterns, "traditional", "modern" and "mixed" were identified. There was no significant adjusted relationship between overweight or obese and identified dietary patterns. After adjustment for age and physical activity, individuals in the highest quartile of the traditional dietary pattern score were more likely to be overweight or obese (OR = 4.33, CI 95%: 1.14 -16.46). More adherence to modern dietary pattern resulted in a significant increase in the odds ratio of severe thinness and thinness (P for trend = 0.04).
Modern and mixed dietary patterns next to the traditional dietary pattern can be found among rural children. While following the traditional dietary pattern probably due to higher energy is associated with an increased risk of obesity, modern dietary pattern leads to thinness in rural areas.

Introduction and Depression is a mental disease which has significant negative effects of lives. Food insecurity means insufficient and unsafe access to food in order to have a healthy and active life which can affect the physical and mental health of the society In Iran, no study has ever covered The Study of Association between food insecurity and depression. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between familie's food insecurity and mother's depression of primary School students in northern city of Bandar Anzali.
Material & This research is a cross-sectional and analytic study which is done on 4oo high school girls, from 9 years old to 11, in 12 state schools through random sampling. In order to determine the demographic features and food security of the families, and mother's depression, mothers were invited to have an interview based on a socio-economical factors questionnaires, familie's food security questionnaire (USDA) and Beck depression questionnaire; then, the study data was analyzed by using Chi-Square test and logistic regression.
The rates of mother's depression and food insecurity were 18.5 % and 51 %. Food insecurity had significant statistical relationship with the mother's depression (P Regarding the high level of depression among families with food insecurity, it seems necessary to investigate the effective factors causing food insecurity among families and its consequence, mother's depression.

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that results in a chronic, systemic inflammation. Food insecurity is defined as the limited or uncertain availability of enough food for an always active and healthy life. Due to the impact of food insecurity in chronic diseases as stressor and its impact on food intake, this study aimed to assess the association between food insecurity as well as some other socio-economic factors and rheumatoid arthritis in newly diagnosed patients.
A case-control study was conducted on 60 patients with rheumatoid arthritis admitted to the clinics of Shariati and Imam Khomeini Hospitals in Tehran as cases, and 60 healthy individuals without rheumatoid arthritis as controls while age and sex were matched. Generally, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and food insecurity status were compared. Diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis was according to the medical records by a specialist, food insecurity was according to the 18-item USDA household food insecurity questionnaire, and socio-economic characteristics were collected through general information questionnaires. Data were analyzed with SPSS IBM20 software. The relationship between rheumatoid arthritis and food insecurity was evaluated using logistic regression, and mean quantitative data analyzed with t-test. The difference between qualitative variables was analyzed with Chi-square test.
In this study, the positive association between rheumatoid arthritis and food insecurity was found. The prevalence of food insecurity among patients was 82%, and in healthy subjects it was 47% (P This study demonstrates the high prevalence of food insecurity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and a significant positive association between the severity of food insecurity with pain score and signs of rheumatoid arthritis.

Intelligence is generally defined as an individual talent to perceive world and meet his expectations. Numerous studies have been done on the association between intelligence quotient and socio-economic factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of these factors on IQ levels in children.
The current research was a case-control in which 111 female students aged 9-11 years with low and boundary intelligence quotients as the case group and 111 with high and average intelligence quotients as the control group were randomly chosen from 12 public girly primary schools in Bandar Anzali, Iran. To determine the demographic features, mothers were invited to an interview to complete the socio-economic questionnaire. Wechsler’s revised intelligence test was used to determine each student's intelligence quotient. The acquired data were analyzed in chi-square 2, student t-test, Univariate and multivariate logistic regression, SPSS (16.0 version), and Stata 11 SE.
intelligence quotients had a significant association with job status and educational level of parents, economic level and the number of employed people in the family. But had no significant association with mother and child's weight and height and also, father's employment, owning a private house and number of children in family.
Based on this study, parent's educational level was the most important socio-economic factor on children's IQ levels. So that , the odds of having children with a low intelligence quotient for parents who have no academic education is respectively 2 and 3.5 times more than parents who have academic education.

Food insecurity is defined as the limited or uncertain availability of enough food for an always active and healthy life. Diabetes mellitus, a group of diseases in which the concentration of blood glucose increases resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both forms and one of the most common metabolic disease, that recently is considered a health priority in Iran. Recent studies show high prevalence of food insecurity and diabetes mellitus in different cities of Iran. Previously, no study had been conducted to assess food insecurity and diabetes mellitus association in Iran. The objective of this study, was to examine this association.
A case-control study was conducted on 135 patients with type 2 diabetes as cases (99 females, 36 males, mean age 46.83) and 135 persons without diabetes mellitus (89 females, 46 males, mean age 45.93) as controls referred to clinics of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The diabetes mellitus based on fasting blood sugar test page based on the criteria ≥126mg / dl) were determined. General, Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and food insecurity status were assessed, using general, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and 18-items USDA household food security questionnaires, respectively. Chi-square, t-test and multiple logistic regression tests were applied using SPSS19 statistical software.
The prevalence of food insecurity was 66.7% in cases and 41.5% in controls. After multiple logistic regressions, variables including food insecurity, BMI higher than 25, having 4 or more children, having child under 18 were significantly associated with diabetes mellitus (P Given the higher prevalence of food insecurity in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with non-diabetic subjects, Apparently, food insecurity is an important risk factors for diabetes mellitus. Health Planners should pay attention to improve of food security status in society.

The identification of major dietary patterns using factor analysis can provide information about health status of children by obtaining an overall picture of the person's diet. The aim of this study was to determine major dietary patterns and to identify socioeconomic factors affecting them in school age children in rural areas of Bijar, Iran. In this cross sectional study, 255 rural school age children living rural areas of Bijar were selected by simple random sampling. Dietary intakes during the past year and assessment of socioeconomic information were examined. Dietary patterns were determined using factor analysis and their relation to socioeconomic factors was investigated. Three major dietary patterns," traditional", "modern" and "mixed", were identified. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnic and energy intake, Age of mother (b= 0.03, CI=0.00_0.05) was positively associated and age of father (b= -0.03, CI=-0.05_-0.01), laboring Job for father (b= -0.24, CI=-0.44_-0.03) and higher education of parents (b= -0.20, CI=-0.35_-0.05) were negatively associated with traditional dietary pattern. In addition, higher education of parents (b= 0.27, CI=0.11_0.44) was positively associated and age of mother (b= -0.03, CI=-0.06_0.00) was negatively associated with mixed dietary pattern. Some socio-economic variables such as maternal age, parental education, parental occupation and economic conditions can have effect on major dietary patterns among rural children.

Food insecurity is a major public health problem. The impact of unplanned pregnancy on the physical and mental health of the mother and the fetus is unfavorable. This study was conducted to compare the relationship between food insecurity and some demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, fertility, and pregnancy in women with planned and unplanned pregnancy in Falavarjan in 1393 (2014).

This case-control study was performed on 200 women with unplanned pregnancy (cases) and 200 women with planned pregnancy (controls) using systematic random selection. Information was collected through researcher-made and Food Security questionnaires (USDA) through interviews with the mothers. Data was analyzed with the SPSS software version 16.0 and chi-square, t-test, Mann-Whitney test, correlation coefficient, and logistic regression.

The prevalence of food insecurity was significantly higher in cases (51%) than in controls (37%). Food insecurity increased the risk of unplanned pregnancy by 1.15 times (CI 95% for OR 1.08-1.22). The risk of unplanned pregnancy, in terms of food insecurity without hunger was 0.324 times more than food security conditions. The odds increased in the state of food insecurity with hunger. In groups, demographic characteristics (except for the age of the household head in the control group), fertility and pregnancy had a significant direct relationship and socioeconomic status had a significant inverse relationship with the household food security.

Food insecurity is associated with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and the history of fertility and pregnancy. Unplanned pregnancy endangers the outcome of pregnancy and the health of the future generations.

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common medical problems in pregnant women. Nutrition plays an important role in the prevention and control of this disease. Some studies have found a relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and food insecurity. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between food insecurity and GDM.: This case-control study included 274 pregnant women (137 GDM cases and 137 healthy controls) selected by convenience sampling. Data on the subjects’ food insecurity, demographic features and physical activity (MET) were collected by interviewing and their heights and weights measured. For the analysis of the data, the Chi-square test, independent sample t-test and multivariate and univariate logistic regression tests were used, the statistical software being SPSS 16.0. On the whole, 18.2% and 21.9% of the women in the case and control groups suffered from food insecurity, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the case and control groups with regard to a previous history of pregnancy, a family history of diabetes in the first and second degree relatives, and a history of giving birth to a baby weighing over 4 kgs. Further analysis of the data showed a family history of diabetes mellitus and a low socio-economic status to be independent risk factors for GDB. No statistically significant difference was observed between food insecurity of the women and gestational diabetes mellitus in this study. Despite this finding, considering that there are associations between food insecurity and other types of diabetes mellitus, we recommend further studies on this subject to be able to either accept or reject the hypothesis on the association between food insecurity and gestational diabetes mellitus.

Overweight and obesity are one of the most serious health and social problems in the world today. The fact that obesity is highly prevalent among adolescents is particularly alarming، considering that the disease has many undesirable physical and mental consequences. This study examined the relationship between overweight and obesity and the quality of life. A total of 400 high school girl-students، selected by the two-stage cluster sampling، completed the demographic and sf-36 quality of life questionnaires. Their weights and heights were measured using the Seca scale (precision 100 g) and non-elastic tape (precision 0. 5 cm) by the researcher، respectively. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the sample was 21. 8%. The mean scores of general health، physical health، physical limitations، and social functioning were significantly lower among overweight and obese، as compared to normal، subjects. Dissatisfaction with physical fitness، not living with both parents، poor economic conditions and skipping breakfast were factors associated with a lower quality of life. Considering the high prevalence of overweight and obesity among high school girls and their significant correlations with the physical dimensions of quality of life، attention to obesity as a major health and social problem on the part of health planners and policy-makers is of utmost importance.

Objective (s): Obesity is affected by genetic, behavioral and cultural factors and has severe negative impact on body and mental health. The objective of this study was finding the possible association between overweight and depression, in regard to socio-economic factors This cross sectional study was conducted on 400 high school girls found by simple random sampling. Questionnaires including demographic information, “Depression Anxiety Stress Scale DASS42”, and “Rosenberg self-esteem, physical activity MET” were filled by pupils. Weight was measured using Seca digital weight scale having 100g precision, and height was measured using inelastic tape installed on wall with 0.5 centimeter of accuracy. Data was analyzed using Chi-square, t-test, ANOVA and logistic regression statistical. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was 21.8%, and prevalence of depression was 54.7%. The depression prevalence was significantly higher in overweight and obese subjects (P<0.0001). School stage, weight perception, body fitness satisfaction, birth order, and family history of obesity were factors affecting the association of obesity and depression. After adjusting for these factors in multivariate logistic regression model, the association of obesity and depression remained significant. Due to significant association between overweight and depression and regarding high prevalence of depression in high school girls, paying more attention to obesity and its complications including depression is necessary.

Weight satisfaction has varying nutritional effects and may result in overweight, obesity, eating disorders, and unhealthy nutritional behavior. The present study determined the degree of weight satisfaction among female adults and its relationship to dietary intake, overweight, demographic factors and husband-related factors. Subjects and This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the city of Nowshahr, Iran on a random sample of 450 women aged 20-55 yr. Data were collected by interviews and a 24 h food recall and classified physical activity questionnaire. Weight, height, and waist circumference were measured. Weight satisfaction was assessed by responses to questions. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to determine the main factors associated with weight satisfaction. Results showed that 62% of women were satisfied with their weights. About 70% of the women were overweight or obese. The likelihood of weight dissatisfaction was significantly higher in younger [OR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.03 - 4.06], healthy [OR = 3.74, 95% CI 1.26-11.13] women and those who had a higher daily caffeine intake [OR = 1.005, 95% CI 1.001-1.010]. The rate of weight dissatisfaction was lowest among underweight/normal weight women [OR = 0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.28]. The rate of weight dissatisfaction was significantly higher in women who perceived that their husbands were dissatisfied with their weight [OR = 3.35, 95% CI 1.40-7.99] and those who knew that their husbands were dissatisfied with their weight [OR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.28- 5.23]. Weight satisfaction is related to age, disease, daily caffeine intake, BMI, and husband-related factors. These findings suggest that, when planning for intervention aimed at attitude correction and weight reduction for women, it is necessary to consider husband-related factors, as well as physiological and psychological factors.