فهرست مطالب ادریس بذرافشان

During the past decade, the scientific community has noticed the important impacts of suspended dust in the air on climate, human health, the environment, and various socio-economic sectors. The dust concentration has a negative relationship with human health so that the increase of dust concentration leads to an increase in the number of patients with heart and respiratory diseases, and human health is seriously threatened. The undesirable phenomenon of dust storms is one of the natural disasters that affect Zabol city due to its geographical location and proximity to the dried bed of Hamoon wetland. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the temporal changes in dust concentrations over a 10-year period in Zabol city.

The concentration of dust particles (PM10) was measured using fixed air pollution measuring devices during a period of 10 years from 2009 to 2019. All data were recorded on a daily and annual basis and the variations during this period were examined in this study. The given data were measured and analyzed based on the air quality index in order to evaluate the air quality changes.  

In this study, the average annual concentration of PM10 has been 405, 425, 451, 659, 532, 152, 222, 196, 170, and 67 μg/m3, respectively, from 2009 to 2019. The highest particle concentration was determined at 4932 µg/m3 in the summer of 2016, which was the result of  120-day storms, the dried bed of Hamoon wetland, and the transfer of dust particles.

According to the standard, the concentration of PM10 should not exceed 50 µg/m3; however, this value has reached several times the standard limit and 33 times the standard limit at maximum during the 10-year period.

Air pollution has been recognized as the most important environmental risk factor worldwide. Benzene which is one of the four pollutants attributed to BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and Xylene) has been proven to be a carcinogenic component. These pollutants can be easily absorbed and taken into the body via inhalation. With this background in mind, the present study aimed to investigate the concentration of benzene and its zoning in Tehran air using Geographic Information System (GIS)  within 2016-2017.

In the present study, 26 sampling stations were selected in different parts of the city and sampled in four seasons to determine benzene concentration, as well as other meteorological parameters, such as temperature, humidity, and wind velocity. Thereafter, the obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) using the one-way analysis of variance and correlation. Subsequently, modeling of pollutant distribution was performed using ArcGIS software. 

The obtained results demonstrated that in terms of location, the maximum and minimum annual mean concentrations of benzene were calculated at 45.12±15 and 12.36±8 μg/m3, respectively, in the center and north of the city. Temporally, the maximum and minimum values were measured at 47±17 µg/m3 in autumn and 9.82±7 µg/m3 in spring, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed that emission of this pollutant showed a significant relationship with geographical direction and wind velocity (P<0.01).

The average annual concentration of benzene in different geographical areas of Tehran was higher than the standard values of clean air. Therefore, it is suggested that fundamental measures be implemented to control this chemical compound.

The Sistan region with over 320 dry days is one of the focal points of the rainstorms, and every year the number of days with dust increases, which results in socio-economic consequences for more than 400,000 people in the region. This study investigated the social vulnerability of the population to air pollution with a different perspective.

The present study is a descriptive-analytical investigation conducted using Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and related indices to assess social vulnerability to air pollution. The population and housing census data of 1395 were used to perform the indexing. Finally, by using Copras model and Decision Oven software, social vulnerability ratings of Sistan County cities were calculated.

Our results indicated that the three most important factors influencing SVI or social indicators are number of educated and graduated individuals, number of physicians in hospitals and hospital beds and income level. Sensitive conditions are socially vulnerable. In addition, all cities have high social vulnerability, but Hirmand and Nimroz cities still have sensitive conditions in terms of social vulnerability.

It can be concluded that population areas such as urban and rural centers are vulnerable to air pollution in terms of social vulnerability and Nimroz and Hamoon counties have the lowest social vulnerability.

Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in Zahedan city; however, its quality is affected by high human activities and leads to the increased level of nitrate. This study was conducted to evaluate the nitrate concentration in water resources compared to the standards and also evaluating its Non-Carcinogenic Risk (Hazard Quotient: HQ) in Zahedan city.

In this study, 170 samples from urban water distribution and 179 samples from rural water distribution were collected. Nitrate concentration in samples were measured by spectrophotometer and health risk assessment of existing nitrate was estimated by model of US Environmental Protection Agency and the World Health Organization.

Maximum, minimum and average of nitrate concentration in urban areas were found to be 236.7, 4.7 and 40/87± 3/81, respectively; and in rural areas those were 211, 5.3 and 31/89±3/15 mg/l, respectively. The Hazard Quotient was higher than one for 44% of children, 14% of women and 8% of men in urban areas and 55% of children, 22% of women and 18% of men in rural areas.

The results of this study showed that children are at higher Non-Cancer Risk for water than adults. Therefore, controlling human activities, improving sewage collection systems and enhancing water treatment methods can be very effective in nitrate intake through drinking water and promotion of health, especially for children.

Assessment of water quality assessment is an appropriate measure an important step for the optimal and efficient use of drinking water resources. This study aimed to investigate of drinking water quality in Torbat Heydariyeh County using IWQIS software in 2018.

In the present study, 234 samples of groundwater resources were taken from different areas of the city and 20 physicochemical parameters were evaluated. Drinking water quality and rating was estimated using the Iranian Water Quality Index Software (IWQIS) and statistical analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 20).

As evidenced by the obtained results, only about 1% of the samples were outside the standard range of drinking water quality, according to IWQIS software. Moreover, from all investigated samples, 9.2% in total soluble solids, 14.5% in magnesium, 8.6% in chlorine, 0.4% in nitrate, 42.1% in sodium, and 97% in fluoride were outside of Iran’s national water standard No.1053.

The average drinking water quality index (DWQI) in Torbat Heydariyeh was obtained at 46.76 which falls within an excellent range, excluding water fluoride. Moreover, the highest number of samples outside the standard range was observed in autumn.

Chlorophenols are one of the toxic compounds in the industries that are resistant to biodegradation and they last a long time in environment. Therefore, it is necessary to eliminate them and prevent pollution of the receiving waters. The aim of this study was evaluation of ZnO nano-particles for removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol from aqueous solution based on the response surface methodology (RSM) model.

Effect of independent variables including pH, catalyst dose, contact time and the initial concentration of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on response variable (removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenolfrom) were evaluated based on the response surface methodology (box-behnken method). In this study, all experiments were carried out in a batch reactor containing ZnO nano-particles under 15 Watt UV lamp

The results showed that the best conditions for the removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenolwere achieved at pH= 3,nano-particle concentration 0.4g/l, reaction time and74.72 min and initial concentration of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol50 mg/l contact time (95.85% removal efficiency).

The results showed that the best conditions for removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol were achieved at pH=3, nano-particle concentration 0.4g/l, reaction time 74.72 min, initial concentration of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol 50 mg/l (95.85% removal efficiency).

The results showed that photocatalytic process was accelerated in the presence of ZnO nano-particle and enhanced removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.

Urban runoff is one of the most valuable and renewable water resources in many arid and semi-arid parts of the world. Understanding how to use these resources is very important. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical, chemical and biological properties of surface runoff in Zahedan for irrigation uses.

The present work was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Grap sampling was taken at two rainfall events at the intersection of Azarakhshi and Pasdaran crossings. The samples were examined for physical, chemical and microbial parameters according to the standard water and wastewater testing methods and qualitative irrigation parameters. The results were compared with Iranian and FAO environmental standards for irrigation uses.

The mean COD and BOD5 parameters were 359 and 56.6 mg/l, respectively and the mean heavy metals of nickel, zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, iron in solution were 6.8, 66.66, 1, 2.2, 8.93, 5.1 and 92.5 mg/l, respectively. The mean total coliforms were 38333/33 MPN/100ml. The average of irrigation quality indices including SAR and Na% were 20.1 and 59.2%, respectively.

The results showed that the surface runoff of Zahedan in many parameters including heavy metals such as nickel, zinc, lead, copper and chromium, turbidity, TSS, TDS, sodium, total coliform CODs and CODs are above the maximum permitted DOE and FAO limits for irrigation usage.

Due to a constant contact of dentists and patients with water and aerosols generated from the dental units, the quality of dental unit waters is very important. This study aimed to evaluate bacterial contamination of dental unit water lines in Zahedan in 2016-2017.

In this descriptive analytical study, 2304 water samples from four parts of unit including cup filler, water spray, turbine duct, cavitroon and a sample from city water reservoir were collected. Water samples were taken on Saturday and Wednesday, before and after treatment on the same unit. Samples were transported in closed sterile containers to microbiology laboratory. All samples were incubated on Standard Method Handbook. Then, the grown colonies were counted in term of growth of heterotrophic bacteria. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney statistical tests were used for data analysis.

Total means bacterial count was 191.96±184.32 colonies per milliliter (CFU/mL). Mean bacterial contamination on Saturday 209.98±194.56 (CFU/mL) was more severe than that of Wednesday 173.94±171.67 (CFU/mL). Mean bacterial contamination before treatment 178.78±174.23 (CFU/mL) was less than the end of treatment 205.14±193.07 (CFU/mL). Also, mean bacterial contamination of turbines and cavitroon after flushing was decreased significantly (P < 0/05). Mean bacterial contamination on Saturday and Wednesday was also decreased significantly (P < 0.05).

Due to high contamination of Dental Unit Water Lines, the dentists must be aware of the high level of microorganisms in the dental unit's water and take preventive strategies to minimize the risk of infection in both staff and patients.

Water is an important and vital factor for human activity and   is considered as one of the most important sources for development of countries. Due to the issues related to the water quality, this study was performed based on the two indices in order to evaluate the water quality and to take effective strategies for water consumption.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in four seasons in 2017. Samples were collected from different points of Mashkyd dam lake in the Siban and Suran city. After analysis of samples, obtained data was used for evaluating water quality r using the Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) and Surface Water Quality Index (IRWQISC).

The water quality of Mashkyd dam based on the IRWQISC index was “relatively good” in all stations in spring and it was “good quality” grade in other seasons. Also, according to the NSFWQI index, the water quality was “moderate quality” in all stations and all seasons.  

Based on the international and national indices, the water quality of Mashkyd dam is usable for agricultural activity and conventional water treatment methods are sufficient to achieve the standard drinking water.

Street dust is an important factor in urban pollution which consists of soil, particulate matters and heavy metals. At present, over half of the world’s population lives in urban areas. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate health risks of heavy metals in street dusts in Zahedan. The samples of street dust were collected in Zahedan. After preparation, the samples, were injected to ICP-MS for determination the amount of Hg and Cu. According to the measured concentrations, Hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) were calculated to evaluate the health risk assessment. Results showed that Hazard quotient for both Hg and Cu was less than 1 for children and adult. HQ for Hg and Cu was in order of HQingestion >HQdermal >HQinhalation> HQvapour for adults and HQvapour > HQingestion > HQdermal > HQinhalation for children. HI was also less than 1. The value of HQ showed that inhalation of mercury vapor and ingestion were the main routes of exposure to Hg for children and adults. The non-carcinogenic risk was within the safe value (HI <1) in this study.

Excessive consumption of antibiotics and their incomplete metabolization in human and animals, as well as inadequate removal by conventional waste water system leads to the release of these chemicals into the environment. Antibiotics have adverse effects including bacterial resistance, digestive disorders and genotoxic. Therefore the aim of this study was to survey amoxicillin removal by photocatalytic process using magnesium oxide nanoparticles. This experimental study was carried in the form of batch in the laboratory. In this study, independent parameters including pH (3, 7, 11), magnesium oxide nanoparticles concentration (250, 500, 750 ml/L) and reaction time (30, 60, 90) were evaluated for getting high mineralization efficiency.  In order to achieve the optimal experimental conditions, response surface methodology (RSM) model was designed and applied. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for data analysis. According to the obtained results, the effect of independent parameters including pH and nanoparticles on removal process was significant (p-value<0.05) and the highest efficiency for mineralization of amoxicillin was achieved 79.0% in optimum condition pH: 11, nanoparticle concentration: 500 mg/L and reaction time: 90 min. Photocatalytic process using magnesium oxide can be considered as an effective method for amoxicillin removal from aqueous solution.

Background and purpose: Sonocatalytic process as an advanced oxidation process is considered for degradation of pollutants in aqueous solution. The aim of this study was to increase the removal of dye by doping of TiO2 with non-metal element such as nitrogen. Un-doped and N-doped TiO2 nano-particles with different nitrogen contents were synthesized by a simple sol–gel method in laboratory. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-vis DRS) were used for characterization of the synthesized nanoparticles. The sonocatalytic activity of synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated by investigating degradation of reactive blue 29 under ultrasonic radiation and the effects of nitrogen doping content, different initial pH of solution, and dye concentration. The study showed that both un-doped and doped nano-particles were in nano-sized that tend to agglomerate. By using different nano-particles, the highest sonocatalytic activity was achieved by 0.6 N-doped TiO2 with 58 % after 90 min of ultrasonic irradiation. Effect of initial pH of aqueous solution showed that the sonocatalytic activity decreased by increase in initial pH. Sonocatalysis using N-doped TiO2 was found to be an effective method for degradation of textile dyes. The high sonocatalytic activity could be attributed to the band gap narrowing and anatase phase in TiO2 nanoparticles. Sonocatalytic degradation followed the Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model (R2 = 0.98) with a rate constant of 0.01 mg L−1 min−1.

School is one of the most important places for people’s mental development the effects of which can be observed through everyone’s educational and professional life. This study investigated the health and safety status in elementary schools of Torbat Heydariyeh City. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 2016-17 on 68 elementary schools in Torbat Heydariyeh City, which were categorized based on gender and being governmental or non-governmental. Information was collected throughfield surveys and interviews with school officialsand using a standard checklist provided by Ministry of Health. Descriptive data were analyzed using MS Office’s Excel version 2010 and statistical analysis was performed by SPSS version 22. Chi-square andFisher's exact test were used to analyze the variable. Our results showed that based on the defined triple levels for schools, i.e. poor, moderate and desirable, the analyzed schools were categorized as moderate or desirable.-. Accordingly, 47.4%and 36.4%, of public and non-governmental schools were found to be in moderate level; and 52.6% and 63.6% of them were in desirable level, respectively. In general, we found no significantdifference in the health status of the schools when analyzed basedon the administrationtype (governmental and none) or gender (male vs. female). Considering the presented results and the importance of elementary schools as the first post-family community for the students, the efforts of the institutions involved in education with the aim of establishing maximum health requirements are essential.

Background and Pharmaceutical products, particularly antibiotics are emerging contaminants that cause major environmental challenges due to cumulative effects, different adverse effects, and leading to drug resistance. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the efficiency of advanced oxidation process by persulfate activated by UV in removal of ofloxacin from aqueous solutions.
In order to investigate the removal efficiency of ofloxacin, major operating parameters including initial pH of solution (2-12), the concentration of persulfate (50-3500 mg/l), concentrations of ofloxacin (2-100 mg/l), reaction time (6-30 min), and UV radiation (8,15,30 Watt) were studied.
Maximum removal efficiency of ofloxacin and COD in optimal conditions (pH =6, persulfate concentration = 350 mg/l, ofloxacin concentration = 40 mg/l, reaction time =20 min and UV radiation = 8 watt) were 94.35% and 79.17%, respectively. Advanced oxidation with activated persulfate by UV, deceased the concentrations of ofloxacin and COD to 2.26 and 37.21 mg/l, respectively.
The results showed that using UV activated persulfate is an efficient method in removal of ofloxacin from aqueous solutions.

Introduction and Currently, leachate production and its management are major environmental problems associated with the operation of solid waste landfill. Herein, we sought to evaluate the efficiency of combined processes of coagulation and modified activated bentonite with sodium hydroxide as abiosorbent in the final treatment of leachate.
This experimental-laboratory study included chemical coagulation using polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and modified bentonite. We investigated the effect of critical operating parameters on landfill leachate treatment. These operating parameters included pH (2-10) and PAC concentration (5-25 mg/l) in chemical coagulation process, contact time (15-150 min), solution pH (2-10), bentonite concentration (0.3-1.5 g/l), and temperature (25, 35, and 45ºC) in adsorption process.
The overall efficiency rate of this process in removal of total chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 93%, with the optimum PAC concentration of 30 mg/L, pH=6 in the chemical coagulation phase, reaction time of 60 min during the adsorption process, bentonite concentration of 0.5 g/L, pH=6, and temperature of 25ºC. The kinetics of COD adsorption on modified bentonite conformed to the pseudo-second-order model.
The application of combined processes of chemical coagulation and activated bentonite is highly efficient in removing major pollutants in leachate.

The pollution of water with pharmaceutical compounds can cause problems in the ecosystem. Antibiotics have special importance due to their inducing bacterial resistance. The aim of this study was to optimize the sono-nanocatalytic process using Fe₂O₃ for removal of Penicilin antibiotic by response surface methodology.
The study was based on the practical laboratory method in order to evaluate the effect of independent parameters such as pH, the dose of nanoparticles, reaction time, the initial concentration of the antibiotic and Frequency sound waves on the rate of penicillin removal. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was selected to follow the performance for Penicilin antibiotic removal. In order to achieve the optimal experimental conditions, response surface methodology (RSM) model was designed and used.
The results of data analysis showed that the catalyst dose and reaction time had greatest impact on the COD removal efficiency of Penicilin. Also, optimum removal conditions based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and model was achieved at pH, frequency of sono waves, initial concentration of the antibiotic, catalyst dose and reaction time equal 3, 35 KHz, 10 mg/l, 0.3 g/L and 53 min, respectively. Under these conditions, a COD removal efficiency equal to 95.51% was achieved.
The results of this study showed that the sono-nanocatalytic process in the presence 𝛾- Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles has a high efficiency on the COD removal (Penicilin antibiotic) from aqueous environments.

Nucleolin is one of the most abundant proteins in the nucleolus that is overexpressed on the surface of the plasmic membrane of cancer cells. It has been suggested that nucleolin is a new and promising candidate for effective targeted active-targeted delivery of nanoparticles with anti-nucleolin AS1411 aptamer (hereafter Apt), as a single-strand DNA, into a variety of high nucleolin-expressing cancer cells compared to low nucleolin-expressing cell lines.
In this study, doxorubicin (Dox), as a chemotherapy drug with a fluorescence nature, was entrapped into the Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles (NPs). Next, these NPs were conjugated to Apt and the targeting ability of these Apt-NPs was investigated by flow cytometry and cytotoxicity analysis.
As a result, more rapidly internalization of Apt-NPs into C26 and C6 cancer cells was verified compared with L929 as a low nucleolin-expressing cell line. Similarly, the Apt-NPs increased the cytotoxicity effect of Dox compared with NPs and free Dox solution alone.
We think that Apt-NPs, as a ligand, first bind to nucleolin and that the receptor-ligand complex is then incorporated into the cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway. In conclusion, the Apt-NPs were found to be a promising targeted delivery system for therapeutic purposes.

Background and Antibiotics are non-biodegradable and wastewater treatment processes are not fully effective in their removal. Therefore, presence of some antibiotics such as erythromycin and metronidazole in environment has become a major concern in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate TiO2 nano-particles for removal of these two antibiotics from aqueous solution based on the response surface methodology (RSM).
Effect of independent variables including pH, catalyst dose, contact time, and initial concentrations of erythromycin and metronidazole on the removal efficiency of these antibiotics were evaluated using RSM based on Box-Behnken design. All experiments were performed under ultrasonic irradiation in ultrasonic bath at a frequency of 35 kHz.
According to ANOVA analysis and the model proposed, the optimum condition of pH, nano-particle concentration, reaction time and initial concentration of antibiotics for removal of erythromycin and metronidazole were 3, 0.4 g/l, 89.8 min, and 50.0 mg/l for erythromycin and 3, 0.4 g/l, 85.5 min, and 50.0mg/l for metronidazole. Under these conditions, efficiency of COD removal in erythromycin and metronidazole was 98.5% and 99.4 %, respectively.
In current study, sono-catalytic process was accelerated in the presence of TiO2 nano-particle and enhanced the removal of erythromycin and metronidazole.

Backgrounds and Antibiotics can’t be removedefficiently by conventional wastewater treatment.Nano Zero Valent Iron (nZVI) has high efficiency of degradation of contaminants such as heavy metal, nitro aromatic compounds and insecticides. Ozonation is one of the most well known methods for remove of chemichal-resistant materials like antibiotics of water and wastewater
This study is experimental. nZVI and ozonation were used to remove of penicillin G. for determination removal efficiency of penicillin, COD and TOC, factors: initial pH, dose of nano particle, initial penicillin dose, reaction time with nano particle and ozone were investigated.
Removal efficiency of penicillin G, COD, TOC in stage of reaction with nZVI were 96.35%, 73.13% and 47.45%, respectivly with reaction time: 60 min, initial penicillin concentration: 100 mg/L, COD: 1429 mg/L, TOC: 510 mg/L, pH=7, nano particle iron concentration: 0.25 g/L. In the stage of reaction with ozone, removal efficiency of penicillin G, COD and TOC were 99.5%, 96.35% and 92.65%, respectivly with reaction time: 13 min, pH=9, initial penicillin 20 mg/l, COD: 356 mg/L, TOC: 136 mg/L, volumetric flow rate of ozone: 5 L/min.
The best removal efficiency in stage of nano particles reaction was in pH=7, initial nZVI concentration 0.25 g/L, initial penicillin concentration 100 mg/L and time about 60 min. The best removal efficiency in stage of ozonation was in pH=7 and time about 9 min.

Aniline is an almost undegradable compound found in many industrial effluents. It was the objective of this lab-scale applied-experimental study to determine the efficiency of the dissolved air flotation process in the removal of aniline from aquatic environments. Initially, the optimal conditions of pH and dosage of poly-aluminum chloride were determined using the jar test. The parameters involved in the dissolved air flotation process including coagulant concentration (10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 mg.l‒1), coagulation time (5, 10 , 15, and 20 min), flotation time (5, 10, 15, and 20 s), saturation pressure (3.5 / 3, 4, and 5.4 atmospheres), and turbidity (10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 NTU) on the reduction of COD and aniline were then calculated. Results showed that the dissolved air flotation process was capable of reducing COD and aniline by 86.6% and 95%, respectively (at pH = 6, an initial aniline concentration of 200 mg/ L, a coagulation time of 10 min, a flotation time of 20 s, a saturation pressure of 4 atmospheres, and a concentration of 20 mg/L PAC). It was also shown that removal efficiency declines with increasing turbidity. It may, therefore, be claimed that the dissolved air flotation process is an effective method of removing aniline from aquatic environments.

Background and Currently, leachate production and its management are major environmental problems associated with the operation of solid waste landfill. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of combined processes of coagulation, ozonation, and advanced oxidation using UV-activated oxone in treatment of landfill leachate of Zahedan, Iran.
Materials and This experimental-laboratory study included chemical coagulation using poly aluminum chloride (PAC), ozonation, and chemical oxidation using potassium peroxymonosulfate (oxone). For the purpose of this study, the effect of critical operating parameters on treatment of landfill leachate was investigated. These operating parameteres included: pH (3-8) and concentration of PAC (50-250 mg/l) in chemical coagulation process,time of ozonation (5-20 min), pH of solution (2-10), concentration of oxone reactant (150-750 mg/l), contact time with oxone (60-360 min), temperature (20-45ºC), and intensity of UV lamp in oxidation process using oxone (8, 15, 30 W).
According to the results, the overall efficiency rates of this process in removal of total coliform, fecal coliform, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD)were 99%, 99%, 97%, 100%, 91.1%, and 85.62%, respectively, with optimum PAC concentration= 250 mg/L, pH= 6 at the chemical coagulation phase, ozonation duration= 20 min, reactiontime= 180 min during oxone-based oxidation process, oxone concentration= 750 mg/L, pH= 5, temperature= 25ºC, and UV lamp intensity= 8 W. Furthermore, the BOD5/COD ratio increased from 0.42 to 0.72 after completion of the treatment process.
Current study showed that application of combined processes of chemical coagulation, ozonation, and advanced oxidation using UV-activated oxone are highlyefficient in removing major pollutants from waste landfill leachate.

Air pollution issue is one of the most important environmental challenges in any country. In Zahedan, moderately, the air in 70 days of the year is polluted by dust.The goal of this study was assessment of air pollutants’ concentrations and determination of AQI in the city of Zahedan.
In this study, after performing the primary studies concerning the climatic and geographical conditions of Zahedan, four stations were selected for air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, O3, NO2, CO, NO) monitoring. The measurement process was performed monthly during one year (three days per month) and the monthly wind rose in the city was prepared by Word Lop and Saba Wind software. Then considering the Air Quality Index (AQI), and by using GIS software, 96 maps were prepared and the health quality of air pollutants was determined.
Considering the AQI in Zahedan City, the responsible pollutant was PM2.5 for all season in 2009. Its value in spring was 185, in summer was 201, in fall was 168 and in winter was 208
The results of this research showed that the main responsible pollutant during the year 2009 in Zahedan was PM2.5. Also during this year, air quality for 208 days was unhealthy for all people, 95 days was unhealthy for the sensitive people, 33 days was in hazardous condition, 16 days was unhealthy and 4 days was moderate for all citizens of Zahedan city.

Background and Ethyl benzene is a toxic aromatic compound derived from petroleum hydrocarbons which usually enters the environment through leakage of oil industries and activities, wastes and effluents released by pharmaceutical industry, plastics, resins and petrochemicals. This study aimed to examine the feasibility of the use of MgO nanoparticles as catalysts in the ozonation process for ethyl-benzene removal from the aqueous environments under laboratory conditions.
This experimental study was performed on a laboratory scale in a semi-continuous reactor. We studied the effect of different variables such as pH values (3, 5, 7, 12, and 13), ozonation time (5, 10, 20, 30 and 50 min), the dose of MgO nanoparticles (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 g), and initial concentration of ethylbenzene (10, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/L) on ethyl benzene degradation under catalytic ozonation process. In order to achieve the optimal experimental conditions, response surface methodology (RSM) model was designed and applied. Also, gas chromatography method was used for measuring the residual amounts of ethyl benzene at the end of process.
The results of data analysis showed that the pH (P= 0.0063) and catalyst dose (P= 0.0004) had the greatest impact on the response variable (percent removal of ethyl benzene). Also, optimum removal condition based on suitable analysis of variance and model was achieved at 50 min reaction time, pH 12, initial concentration lower than 50 mg/L, and 0.5 g/L catalyst dose. Under these conditions, the removal efficiency of 99.99% was achieved.
Catalytic ozonation process in the presence of MgO nanoparticles has a high efficiency in the removal of ethylbenzene from aqueous environments.

Background and Aniline is widely used as raw material in many chemical industries. The aim of this study was to survey the photocatalytic degradation of aniline using magnesium oxide nanoparticles from aqueous solutions.
An experimental study was carried out in a 2 L volume batch reactor. Various parameters such as pH (3-11), dose of nanoparticles (0.1-1), contact time (15-120 min), initial aniline concentration (5-250 mg/L) and irradiation source power (8, 15 and 30 W) were investigated. The concentration of residual aniline was measured by UV spectrophotometer at λmax of 198 nm.
The results showed that photocatalytic process of nMgO could effectively remove aniline from effluent. The optimal solution pH and dose of nanoparticles for 8 W, 15 W and 30 W UVA lamp were 7.0 and 0.6 g/L, 7 and 0.4 g/L, and 7 and 0.4 g/L, respectively. In 30 min optimum contact time the photocatalytic degradation efficiency decreased when the concentration of aniline was increased. In optimum conditions (5 mg/L of aniline and 30 min reaction time) the aniline removal efficiency was 90.63 % and COD removal was 87.02%.
The photocatalytic process of nMgO can be used as a suitable technique for aniline removal from aqueous solutions.

Surface water and groundwater pollution can cause health problems for human. Antibiotics have special importance due to inducing bacterial resistance in a way that even in low concentrations can cause drug resistance. Ciprofloxacin is one of the antibiotics that various remediation methods have been, up to now, applied for. The objective of this study was to investigate ciprofloxacin removal efficiency from aqueous solutions by using CuO nanoparticles photocatalytic process.
In this laboratory study, the effects of pH (3-11), nanoparticle dose (0.1-0.01 g/L), reaction time (15-120 minutes), initial antibiotic concentration (10-200 mg/L) and lamp power (8 watts) were assessed on ciprofloxacin removal efficiency in a batch photocatalytic reactor. Antibiotic concentration in output was measured by the spectrophotometer (LUV-100A) at the maximum wave length of 276 nm.
the optimum obtained pH and CuO nanoparticle dose were 7 and 0.7 g/lit respectively. In this study, at the optimum reaction time of 60 min, by increasing the concentration of ciprofloxacin the removal efficiency decreased. Under optimal conditions of concentration, the removal efficiency was 73%.
On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that CuO nanoparticles photocatalytic process can efficiently remove ciprofloxacin from aqueous solutions.