استاد سید محمد مهدی میرباقری

What is the ultimate reality and the ultimate truth? From the perspective of Qur'an, how and with what means can it succeed in influencing the fact-itself of the universe? Can a simple, one-dimensional logic, such as a reasoning mind, achieve the desired knowledge of religion about a more complex world and a more complex human being? Every method is not appropriate for any science to discover the reality.The proof analogy in the natural sciences is as fruitless as scientific induction is ineffective in mathematics and philosophy. What made the transition from the old world to the new age? Undoubtedly, the appropriate logic that Francis Bacon and others have pursued. The wise Quran also provides a lodic for understanding the end of creation of human and world. In addition to knowledge factors such as quintessence and rationality, reflection, thoughtfulness, knowledge religious, intelligence, science and certainty, the tendency, action, and dispositional factors are remembrance, piety, islam, faith, repentance, kindness, will, question, worship, obedience, patience, thanksgiving, hearing, cling, guiding and guardianship, and it emphasizes that they are very effective tools for understanding the reality or layers of it. In a word, the Quran proposes the logic of objective right rather than the logic of subjective truth. The logic of truth is a small part of the logic of righteousness, and in the absence of some factors it remains sterile. The philosophy of distinction and the birth of this article is refers to the broad logic of Islam for a desirable understanding of reality from the perspective of religion.

The Shiite political jurisprudence has undergone a number of developments during different periods of its life; the occurrence of the Islamic Revolution is one of the points of change that make the scope and depth of the developments of this science very remarkable at this historical juncture. The key question is whether knowledge developments of political jurisprudence are capable of being engineered? In this article, we will examine the features and components of the jurisprudence approach by examining and critiquing the two approaches of "jurisprudence and subject matter" and "systematic jurisprudence" as two common approaches. It is argued that the social evolution jurisprudence approach has more potential for the engineering of political jurisprudence, given the desirability of the jurisprudence and Islamic and governmental system orientations.

This article wants to make clear the Viewpoints of theorists in governmental jurisprudence and evaluate them. It also categorizes the conclusions of governmental jurisprudence in 3 subject-oriented jurisprudence, System-oriented jurisprudence, Guardian jurisprudence.Governmental jurisprudence wants to answer the new issues caused by the government. Subject-oriented jurisprudence was the method of the old jurisprudents and until now has been the common method of religious schools. It wants to introduce God's statement to religiously duty-bound in format of jurisprudential ruling. System-driven jurisprudence wants to derive the rules of social system from the religious source that is different from individual jurisprudence. It wants by using a Collective logic to make a new society that solves the problems interacting with each other. Foundations, system, goals and school are the Effective Factors in methodology of this kind of jurisprudence. Guardian jurisprudence is responsible for human's Authority Growing in three aspects i.e. individual, social and historical ones. It also introduces the jurisprudence as a Supervisor of social dignity. So the method of governmental jurisprudence cussed by developing in three categories of foundations i.e. those of theology, Philosophy of jurisprudence and Principles of Philosophy.Consequently, by attending to the basic indices of the principal definition the governmental jurisprudence -the Necessity, object of the religious ruling, one under obligation of the religious ruling, religious duty, the range of the obligated, result and method of deduction of religious ruling- are different in each of the methods.

Martyr Seyed Mohammd Baqer Sadr may be considered the architect of a new approach in jurisprudential studies, whose main focus is inferring social systems from religious sources. In this approach, jurisprudential issues and problems are not studied as separate islands – as it is done in the current jurisprudential studies – rather it is considered as a completed system, whose components are just like an integrated network. Inference of the system as a complex and totality, which requires a new chapter in jurisprudential studies, is different from inference of a decree for every single component of the system through decrees of general subjects.
The present article, in the first part, has discussed the viewpoint of Shahid Sadr about jurisprudence of systems and its principal aspects. In the second part, focusing on the features of jurisprudence of systems, the differences of jurisprudence of systems from the existing jurisprudence are explained from various aspects. Based on the jurisprudence of systems, another type of duties and obligations are conceived, which are somehow different from the decree in individual jurisprudence in certain dimensions. These two types of duties are distinguished from the prevailing jurisprudential decrees with regard to their subject, the duty-bound person, type of duty, reward and punishment and method of inference.