اسحاق جلالیان

Biophilic urban design, which is based on nature and its expansion in the form and content of urban planning, is among the most important models that can be examined in the field of creating social security in urban spaces. The present research aims to investigate the impact of biophilic urban design elements on achieving social security in urban neighborhoods of Ahvaz metropolis.

First of all, existing theoretical sources were reviewed using a “library research” method. The statistical population of this research consists of citizens of urban areas of Ahvaz metropolis.  Using Cochran’s sampling method and formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed . The collected data was analyzed by SPSS. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection through a survey method. Questionnaires were the tool used for data collection. Its validity was confirmed by a panel of elite experts, and its reliability was also confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient which was above 0.78.

The results showed that biophilic urban design elements in urban planning and management have a significant level of impact at the level of 0.000.

The impact of biophilic urban design indicators, including green spaces and parks, natural lighting, water, and irrigation systems, had the highest impact on social security, while other indicators ranked lower. The level of impact of biophilic urban design indicators, as well as the measurement of social security and its valuation in the studied areas, indicates that regions 1 and 2 have a high level of social security, regions 3 and 8 have a medium value of social security, and regions 5, 6, and 7; are ranked as having unstable social security.

Infrastructures, services and urban areas are generally damaged by the occurrence of crises and suffer different degrees of damage based on their nature, structure and proximity to insecure areas. Risk reduction programs should seek to create and strengthen the characteristics of resilient communities. and pay attention to the concept of resilience in the process of crisis management as one of the most important factors for realizing sustainability. The high vulnerability of cities to earthquakes and insufficient attention to the role of communication networks in reducing the effects of earthquakes is the most important necessity of this research. As one of the most important infrastructure fortifications, they play an important role in reducing or increasing damage caused by natural disasters such as earthquakes. The communication network of the city plays a critical role in increasing the resilience of the city in times of crisis. If the communication network of the city is not damaged after the occurrence of unexpected incidents and maintains its efficiency, the casualties of these types of incidents will be greatly reduced.

The research is a combination of descriptive-analytical methods and field study. After the field study and library, theoretical foundations were collected and the geographical information system was used to prepare the necessary maps. The statistical community of the present research consists of 30 experts and specialists in the field of urban planning. It is worth mentioning that the identified statistical community was available to 30 people, and the minimum number of questionnaires required was set at 28 items. In this research, data analysis method was used according to the objectives and available facilities. For this purpose, the collected data were first ranked in the hierarchical evaluation analysis and then digitally stored using ARC GIS software, which led to the preparation of factor maps and distance maps. Information and data analysis were performed in ARC GIS software.

One of the main communication routes of the province are east-west roads, which are Tehran-Karaj and Karaj-Qazvin highways and Karaj metro station, which is located in the study area. The eastern part of this road, that is, Azad Road, Tehran-Karaj, and parts of this road that have bridges and non-level intersections, have little resilience. Also, the existence of the old Karaj-Qazvin road parallel to the freeway of Karaj-Qazvin has created an alternative way in times of crisis for this freeway, which is one of the strengths of the roads in this area. The society is in a time of crisis, when the demand for its use sometimes increases to several times in normal conditions, in this regard, quick and easy access to these centers becomes more important in times of crisis. One of the most important functions of open spaces during the occurrence of a crisis is to separate one area with potential danger from another, thus concentrating the activity of destructive forces and preventing the development of a chain of events. Also, green and open spaces play an important role in reducing the effects and results of most natural and artificial accidents..Other open spaces of the city, such as squares, access networks, open environment of public buildings and gardens are also in this direction.

In this research, the parameters that were effective in the resilience of roads were investigated and based on the way these criteria are influenced, they were normalized, and their influence weight was obtained according to the figure below using the fuzzy hierarchical analysis weighting model. And finally, for the overall overlap, after preparation and standardization according to the mentioned methods, it entered the Fuzzy Overlay model to identify the areas that have worn texture conditions. Figures 7 and 8 show the final map resulting from the integration. The final map shows the transportation network resulting from the fuzzy data. According to the resilience of the roads (the presence of open and empty space, lack of concentration of the structure, the number of floors, low population density and width of roads) and the communication routes between the crisis management centers, in fact, include the 1st grade emergency roads of the region, sugar factory roads, Misbah intersection, Haft Tir intersection and Imam Hossein square and Karaj metro. Due to being located in the communication routes between security centers, fire fighting centers, medical and aid centers and the level of overall resilience, these places are included.

According to the results obtained from the extent and scope of the vulnerability of the use of open and green space, the central localities of the region (Masbah, Heft Tir and Sassani) have the highest level of vulnerability and other localities have an almost favorable situation and position, which should be improved with more attention. The uses located in these areas should be looked at so that the current situation can be preserved or even the level of vulnerability of these uses can be reduced by applying and implementing the criteria in urban land use planning. Also, in the central and northern areas of the region, necessary measures should be taken regarding the transfer and relocation of threatened uses or reducing the traffic load of such threatened uses. It is noted that by adopting such considerations, the destructive and harmful effects of accidents or even terrorist operations in this area will be prevented and the damage to the city will be minimized. A number of vulnerable bridges in the region and their high density in the main line of the communication network have cut off the flow of the network and make rescue operations difficult. There is a lot of traffic on the roads in the region and this will make relief operations during the crisis more difficult.

The feeling of security of tourists in the historical spaces of the city is undeniable, so security is one of the most effective indicators of attracting tourists in such urban spaces. Among the factors influencing the safety of tourists, the physical components of the city's historical fabric are of particular importance that have received less attention. Therefore, attention to the physical structure in such spaces can greatly affect the sense of security and attraction of tourists, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting security in historical contexts in Yazd. With its historical tourist attractions, the city attracts a large number of tourists every year. The present study is analytical in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature and method - descriptive using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study consists of all tourists, the number of sample size was calculated using the access method of 384 people. The validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts in the field of urban tourism, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.748. SPSS software was used to analyze the data from survey studies. According to the research results, all physical components (quality of passages, furniture and vegetation, texture and readability of texture, user and physical diversity) affect the security of tourists. Calculations showed that the variables of texture and readability of the texture with 0.328 Beta = and physical and user diversity are stronger predictors than other variables.The feeling of security of tourists in the historical spaces of the city is undeniable, so security is one of the most effective indicators of attracting tourists in such urban spaces. Among the factors influencing the safety of tourists, the physical components of the city's historical fabric are of particular importance that have received less attention. Therefore, attention to the physical structure in such spaces can greatly affect the sense of security and attraction of tourists, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting security in historical contexts in Yazd. With its historical tourist attractions, the city attracts a large number of tourists every year. The present study is analytical in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature and method - descriptive using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study consists of all tourists, the number of sample size was calculated using the access method of 384 people. The validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts in the field of urban tourism, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.748. SPSS software was used to analyze the data from survey studies. According to the research results, all physical components (quality of passages, furniture and vegetation, texture and readability of texture, user and physical diversity) affect the security of tourists. Calculations showed that the variables of texture and readability of the texture with 0.328 Beta = and physical and user diversity are stronger predictors than other variables.The feeling of security of tourists in the historical spaces of the city is undeniable, so security is one of the most effective indicators of attracting tourists in such urban spaces. Among the factors influencing the safety of tourists, the physical components of the city's historical fabric are of particular importance that have received less attention. Therefore, attention to the physical structure in such spaces can greatly affect the sense of security and attraction of tourists, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting security in historical contexts in Yazd. With its historical tourist attractions, the city attracts a large number of tourists every year. The present study is analytical in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature and method - descriptive using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study consists of all tourists, the number of sample size was calculated using the access method of 384 people. The validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts in the field of urban tourism, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.748. SPSS software was used to analyze the data from survey studies. According to the research results, all physical components (quality of passages, furniture and vegetation, texture and readability of texture, user and physical diversity) affect the security of tourists. Calculations showed that the variables of texture and readability of the texture with 0.328 Beta = and physical and user diversity are stronger predictors than other variables.The feeling of security of tourists in the historical spaces of the city is undeniable, so security is one of the most effective indicators of attracting tourists in such urban spaces. Among the factors influencing the safety of tourists, the physical components of the city's historical fabric are of particular importance that have received less attention. Therefore, attention to the physical structure in such spaces can greatly affect the sense of security and attraction of tourists, so the purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting security in historical contexts in Yazd. With its historical tourist attractions, the city attracts a large number of tourists every year. The present study is analytical in terms of practical purpose and in terms of nature and method - descriptive using questionnaire tools. The statistical population of the study consists of all tourists, the number of sample size was calculated using the access method of 384 people. The validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts in the field of urban tourism, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test of 0.748. SPSS software was used to analyze the data from survey studies. According to the research results, all physical components (quality of passages, furniture and vegetation, texture and readability of texture, user and physical diversity) affect the security of tourists. Calculations showed that the variables of texture and readability of the texture with 0.328 Beta = and physical and user diversity are stronger predictors than other variables.

 urban security is considered one of the important and necessary components in urban life, and planning to increase the level of security in the future depends on the management and integration of all organizations and institutions in the form of a single management to prevent the occurrence of all kinds of problems and other social anomalies. Act

 The current research is a combination of documentary and survey methods. It is analytical and exploratory in nature. To collect information from content analysis in the form of interviews with community experts and specialists, and also to analyze all the trends and influential variables from cross-effect analysis techniques, Mik Mak software has been used.

 According to the results of the research, variables such as "employment", "income and social class", "the effect of managers' mechanisms in reducing anomalies", "social and communication feedback of citizens towards each other", "the level of aristocracy and the surrounding of residential units" "Together" means that they have the most impact on the development and improvement of security in the spaces of Bushehr city.

Festivals can be considered as an affordable tool for developing tourist attractions and recreational activities for tourism destination. The use of culture and cultural events has always been a leading factor in the areas of tourism and cultural marketing. In this research, we examine the structural components, event brand, event location and cultural event on a general picture that includes cognitive image and emotional image. This paper is applied research in terms of its purpose of research and in terms of research method, it is a descriptive survey. The population of the study is tourists in Karaj. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS, and Amos software, and the regression method was used to test the hypothesis path analysis. The findings showed that structural components, event brand, event location and cultural event had a positive and significant effect on cognitive image. Also, the structural components and event brand affect the emotional image. The event location and cultural event do not affect the emotional image. And the cognitive image and emotional impact on the overall image have a positive and significant effect and the emotional image of the cognitive image on the overall image is more effective

Required of tourism is the elements and elements in which tourism is formed and based on them, known as "primary elements" (tourism attractions) and secondary elements (tourism services), and tourism without considering these elements Does not have credit These factors play an important role in urban tourism and development, and they are considered as an important factor in attracting and sustaining tourists in cities. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and in terms of its purpose, which has been done by means of correlation tests. The questionnaire is the main tool for collecting information and data required for research. The statistical society includes tourists who traveled to Urmia in July and August 2012. Regarding the uncertainty of the number of tourists, Cochran's unconditional community formula was used to determine the sample size and the sample size was 165. Selection of random sampling was done. Structural modeling in LaserL software was used to analyze the research data. According to the results of modeling, the estimation of structural equations of tourism attraction with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.99 and tourism services with a direct and positive coefficient of 0.85 in urban tourism in Urmia. The results showed that among the elements effective in urban tourism, tourism attraction with a direct and positive effect of 0.99 and with the t-statistic of 12.65 had the most impact on urban tourism in Urmia. The tourism services provided with direct and Positive 0.85 and the rate of t, 3.64 was effective in urban tourism in Urmia. In general, tourists are more satisfied with Urmia's resources, characteristics and abilities than the services provided by the city's urban tourism. The results also show that tourists are most satisfied with the attractions of the city of Urmia in terms of natural attractions (climate, green space, forest, natural landscapes, outstanding environmental features, etc.). ), And cultural and human attractions. Among the indicators of urban services, the most satisfaction was the availability of available store services in the city, how the people of Urmia met the tourists, the quality of restaurants and dining in the city. Also, information indicators about the location of attraction, the trained personnel in tourist sites, the status of health services (hospital, sanitary, etc.) and the quality of roads and roads in Urmia The average has been below average and needs to be strengthened and improved.

Spatial metrics are patterns for identifying and measuring spatial-temporal growth in urban planning. In this research, spatial pattern measurement criteria include the magnitude of urban spots, the environment of spots or parts, their proximity and proximity, the distance of spots with the largest spots or major urban spots, the number of spots, the vacancies within spots and the size The main part of the city has been investigated Exploratory-analytical research method. Data and information from satellite imagery has been obtained and the ENVI, ArcGIS and Patch Analyst plug-ins have been used for analysis Findings and results of the research showed that the complexity index of the components is increasing compared to the previous periods The AMWS index ranged from 1. 56 to 1. 84 and the AWMPFD index rose from 1.25 to 1.35. The centrality index was also found to be 2.14 in 1365 and dropped to 1.12 in 1395, with the creation of new parts around the city, the centralization was reduced. In terms of compression index, it has decreased and the number of built-in urban areas has increased and complexity has increased In terms of urban density, the density in 1365 was 333.9 per hectare, which decreased to 55.8 in the last period Therefore, it can be concluded that the pattern of urban growth has been horizontally uneven with the degradation of fertile
agricultural lands and natural resources, and their replacement with the tissue of dispersed
and incomplete urban neighborhoods.

The tourism industry, one of the largest industries in the world, so in the past few decades, increasing tourism is the major industry in the world faster. Various countries are trying to extend the tourism business in their countries and attract more and more international tourists they execute a series of accurate scheme to gain it,s income and advantages. For the better development of tourism need proper planning are enjoying a Today, in the planning of tourism development, future studies using new methods, especially scenario due to flexible strategies to resolve land issues is very helpful. Future Studies as a method Scenario Writing tools for policy analysis and understanding the situation, threats, opportunities, needs and values the future premier. So, this research,s subject is composing scenarios of effective factors on tourism Developement of west Azer baijan by wizard scenario. This research is applied and the way that they survey is done by ways of future research and it is probative. In this research. According to it,s essence, necessary information gather by 2 1. Library research method 2. Questionnaire method. Giren that, they use MicMac software and Wizard Scenario for analyzing data, matrix questionnaire has mutual effects and it is according to the ideas of experts. Results of MicMac software, as the most important factor determining factors were identified. was recognizing 14 factors that was decreased to 12 factors. According to the chosen factors, there is 37 different situations for them. Scenario Wizard output scenarios are: 4 scenarios with Strong Consistency, 1600 scenarios with Weak consistency and 672 scenarios with Max. inconsistency. The results show four scenarios more likely to occur in the future tourism development in the province. Of the four scenarios, the first scenario favorable conditions and ideal (scenario Promoter), In this scenario, positive trends are all key factors and positive change over time in the development of tourism in the province. scenario 2 scenario is relatively favorable and the intermediate and scenario number three and four situations unfavorable for the future status of the Province shows. These two scenarios are positive and favorable key factor. As a result, the prospect of these two scenarios would be indicative of a state of passive tourism.

Today, large number of world’s major cities is located in coastal environments these towns have and all important positions in the economic, cultural and social functions. Coastal areas and the cities located in they are economically very important in terms of the environment, sensitive to many of factors influencing and physically, against a variety of natural hazards and human made disasters are very vulnerable. Development of this cities leads to massive investments by shareholders and stakeholders and to create such conditions, the spatial structure non-coastal other cities are also affected by this development. So that grows The participation of a wide range of stakeholders and interested investors to invest in such cities And simultaneously With this growth process, arise complex needs who Favorable Supply these needs will help to sustainability physical, social, economic of these cities. Today's coastal cities are considered to be as a vital source of income for the national economy. These resources are also essential to strengthen their economies of the coastal cities. So that the the dynamics of these cities are largely determined by the axes of development and exploitation of economic activity and tourism. The purpose of this research is to explore and identify and analyze the spatial structure coastal and Non-Coastal cities in Bushehr Province.
Type research is applied and its methods Descriptive and analytic. Statistical population studied in this research is 31 points coastal and Non-Coastal cities in Bushehr Province in the year 2011. To collect information this research was used method libraries (Documents). To analysis of data to analyze the spatial structure of coastal and Non-Coastal cities used of urban and regional planning models include coefficient of Variation, rate of population growth, Model Rating – size urban, model of urban Prime (First city, two city, four cities, Mehta four city, Herfindal concentration, MoMA and Alvsaby, Mousavi urban dominance, Entropy model, Dispersion coefficient, Hierarchical cluster analysis. To investigate relationship between the independent and dependent variables and inferential analysis of data s has also been used advanced dedicational statistical and statistical models, the coefficient of correlation, regression; test T-Test, ANOVA and multivariate.
Results of studies show that Process urban growth in coastal cities has increased during 1986 to 2006 of about 17.3 percent that the main reason for this has been an increasing number of coastal cities and the growing trend of migration to cities of this province. Also Population growth in coastal cities is substantially higher than non coastal cities. Reviews Process rate of population growth in coastal cities of the years 1986- 2011 indicate a sharp growth rate of population growth. Of course, this is also true for non coastal cities and total population of province's cities. Well as results of the analysis of Cities Bushehr province hierarchy Using the Zypf theory indicates that Population of Bushehr city As the first city is 2 Equal Second city (Borazjan), 3 equal city third and fourth (Kangan and Ganaveh) and 90 equal city last or 32 city (Kalame). In relation to position of cities in combined index, located at very top level of development coastal cities of Bushehr and Kangan with 271,551 inhabitants, namely 38/2 percent the total population of Province citites and at this level of development, are located well as non coastal cities Borazjan and jam with 111,762 inhabitants. Based on this, we can say that there are in some of the coastal cities of Bushehr oil and gas fields like coastal city Asaluye and Non-Coastal city Jam have unique characteristics and because of easy access to oil and gas resources, has an many opportunity in order to economic development, available city manager for development of this cities and Well as development of other cities.
Analytical findings by using simultaneous multiple regression models show that coastal cities have huge oil and gas fields have a much higher level of spatial development. So that the in lieu a units change In effect Standard deviation of economic function Coast Is created 0/814 change units in spatial structure of coastal cities. Results also obtained by Spearman coefficient is equal to 0/865 That this amount reflects the fact that there is a very strong positive correlation between the distribution of population and growth and development of economic, cultural, transportation and infrastructure functions between coastal and Non-Coastal cities in Bushehr Province. Finally compared coastal cities and Non coastal to terms of indicators studied Based on The test T-test, we can say since the is more index economic, health – care, transportation and infrastructure in coastal cities, As a result, Development of Space structure in Coastal cities is more of Non-Coastal cities. Accordingly, in development of the coastal cities should be used of all economic capacity Order to economic flourished. In other words we can say that sustainable economic development of the coastal cities in Bushehr Besides the benefit of oil and gas resources and also benefit from the business and jobs service is needs to Development of marine economy And Growth and development of fisheries. Nevertheless Based on the research findings to develop desirable coastal and non-coastal can be stated as follows: Strengthening and welfare infrastructure, sociology-economic in urban centers, especially in small cities and promote levels health, education in small cities like Shanbe, Kaki, Anarstan, Riz, Kalame, Kharg, Banak as well as favorable development of balance and justice access of services in major cities such of Bushehr, Borazjan, Dylam, Kangan, Ganaveh and Jam; Development and equipping ports infrastructure in coastal cities. Making bed for suitable for increased economic participation of women in the development of coastal and non coastal cities; Prevent of Conversion rural centers to small cities and change role of these cities; Development of Practical and technical training tailored to the capabilities of employment in small cities; Development sites and installations and equipment recreational for the purpose the welfare of domestic and foreign tourism.

The results of this research recount that by factor analytical model, 40 indexes diminished into 12 factors which each factor portion in human development was defined and finally Fars province townships were ranked in integrative indexes by using compound index of human development. According to inspections, in compound indexes of 14 townships in 1976, one township was wealthy, three were semi- wealthy and the others (10 townships) were deprived. In 1986, in compound index field, just one township was wealthy, four were semi- wealthy and nine were deprived, although in 1996, in compound index field, have been well-known three wealthy, four semi- wealthy and nine deprived. The imbalance rate during three periods of 1976, 1986, 1996 was %0.66, %0.59, %0.44 respectively. The townships of Fars province have been enjoyed of different development in variant fields in several periods which shows the absence of concordant development with their population needs. These imbalances are the reflection and the resultant of nature factors, political economy, insufficiency of planning systems and growth polarity of Shiraz city. During three decades because of political- administrative centrality and distinguished polarity, Shiraz has kept its superiority and success in whole development indexes fields in provincial system at the province and as a growth polarity has attracted facilities and expert human forces from environs of townships. It has made an economical, political and populous center in space organization of the province. The space development pattern of Fars province is center- environ model.