اسفندیار شریفی

Taraxacum Officinale is a medical plant with antioxidant benefit effects. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of Taraxacum Officinale alcoholic extract on serum thyroid hormone levels in adult male rat.
Material and

In this experimental study,45 adult male wistar rats were approximate average weight body of 200-250 gr were divided in to 5 groups of 9. Control ,sham ,and three experimental groups which received 50,100,150mg/kg of Taraxacum Officinale alcoholic extract by used gavage method. After this period (14 days) blood sample were collected and after measuring the amount of thyroid hormones of T3,T4,TSH hormones, data were analyzed by using SPSS software , ANOVA and t-test.

The results showed that body weight average and serum level of T4 hormone in receiving maximum dose of Taraxacum Officinale alcoholic extract showed significant decrease comparing to control group. T3 serum level in experimental groups receiving Taraxacum Officinale alcoholic extract didn't show any significant difference comparing to control group. TSH serum level in experimental groups receiving Taraxacum Officinale alcoholic extract showed significant decrease comparing to control group (p<0.05).

The Taraxacum Officinale alcoholic extract reduced serum thyroid hormone levels in adult male rat

Myrtus communis has been identified as a holy plant for ages and a great verity of medicinal properties have been described for it in literature. Today, there is a number of Myrtus drugs in Iran market including: Myrtoplex cream, Myrtex Solution, Aftoplex, Dineh Inhaler Powder, Rectol cream and so on. These in complete sentence properties may be due to the presence of different chemical compounds such as Tanin, Flavinoid, Saponin, Ascorbic acid, 1,8-Cineole, Myricetin and Delta-cadinene.Since Myrtus communis is used to treat sexual impotent in some areas, the present study was performed to evaluate the effect of hydro alcoholic Myrtus communis leaf extract on pituitary – gonad axis in adult male rat. Forty adult male rats wistar strain were selected and randomly divided into five groups; control(n=8) which received no treatment, sham which received distilled water as a solvent(n=8), and three experimental groups (1,2and3) (n=8 for each of group ) which received 0.75, 1.5and 3 mg/kg Myrtus communis leaf extract respectively. The extracts were delivered through meal for 21 days. After the last prescription of extract, the animal were unconscious and a blood was taken blood from their heart. Then considered the concentration of FSH, LH and testosterone by radio immunoassay (RIA) method. The obtained results were analyzed based on spss, Excel, one –way variance and post-hoc statistical programs , and significant at the level (p<0.05) take in consideration. The results of hormonal examination indicated the addition of 1.5 and 3 mg/kg body weights of myrtus communis leaf extract showed a significant increase in the level of testosterone (p<0.05) but concentration of LH, FSH hormones showed no significant difference. The Myrtus communis leaf extract causes an increase in the testosterone hormone ,that probably is related the compounds as Flavinoid, Ascorbic acid and Myricetin (by inhibition of aromatase activity) , Linoleic acid, Oleic acid and Palmitic acid (by inhibition 5alpha reductase activity) and 1,8-Cineole, Delta-cadinene (the cytochrome-P450 Inducer).

Vitamin C is a simple compound of 6 carbons and it can be found in vegetable foods, and it has important roles in the body. Lead is one of the heavy metals and basic elements of igneous rocks of earth crust. Lead is produced from lead filtration but the machines is taking into account from important resources lead production in cities. This material is absorbed by respiratory system, digestive system, and skin. This study due to the importance of liver role in the body and having high rates of lead in environment, by the aim of reviewing protection effect of Vitamin C on the activity of liver enzyme, such as Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alkaline Phosphate (ALP), and the some biomechanical factors of blood like protein and albumin is done. The rats which fed and curry with acetate is done. In this study, 48 male rats (Wistar strain) from the mothers which classified and fed with specified doses, and found in experiment groups 3 and 4, at first 100 mg/kg lead acetate and to the order 500, 250 mg/kg vitamin C was found in pregnant period, and were divided into 6 group of 8th. Control group did not administrated by any drugs and sham group was found distilled water (as a solvent). The drugs is given to the mothers in all period of pregnant as edible. After ending the pregnancy period and in 22th days, the blood sampling was done. The time of test is accounted 42 days (control groups, sham, experiment 1,2,21 days and experiment group 3,4,42 days.).The evaluation of level rate of enzyme plasma ALP, ALT, ASP, albumin, protein was done diagnosis kits of Pars Azmoon Company by RA-1000 machine. Also, histology review was done by staining Hematoxylin – Eosin. The results which received from the tests were analyzed by statistical analysis of Tukey Tests, ANOVA Test and T-Test.The comparison of statistical test results from larvae weight is indicated that experiment groups which received different rates of drug rather than control group showed significant reduction in the level of P≤ 0.05, and among experiment which received different dose of drug and control group, there was seen significant increase in liver enzyme, ALT, ALP, AST... In a manner that in maximum receiver of drug was seen significant increasing rather than control group. Also, the results show that the changes in liver weight and the rate of albumin and protein serum in experiment groups of drug receiver from control group is not significant. In tissue samples produced by increasing rate of drug, was seen more necrosis.

metabolic alkalosis is one of the most common disorders of the acid-base body fluids that followed many of the metabolic and non-metabolic diseases in the body, and as a strong affective factor, after its establishment can influence the performance of other organs and systems. The aim of this study was to examine possible changes in the sensory threshold of pain in offspring born to mothers with metabolic alkalosis in comparison with those born to healthy mothers.

in this experimental study, 50 mature female Westar rats each weighing 180±20gr were randomly divided into five groups: the control left untreated, the sham received calcium carbonate solution for 30 days before and up to the end of pregnancy, and three experimental groups including: minimum (I), medium (II) and maximum (III) dose alkalosis. Sodium bicarbonate was dissolved in drinking water to produce alkalosis in experimental groups. These groups with minimum, medium and maximum alkalosis received 0. 2M Sodium bicarbonate for 10, 20 and 30 days before and up to the end of pregnancy respectively. Following birth of the offspring, the treatment was stopped, and rats used tap water to the end of the experiment. Offspring were kept to adulthood, and then, males and females were separated. The study of sensory threshold of pain was carried out on male offspring by formalin test procedure. Pain scores were recorded in acute and chronic stages and were compared among different groups. Data was statistically analyzed by SPSS software, and Tukey and Anova test.

the results indicated a significant increase in the pain scores during acute(0-5min) and chronic stages(16-60min) of formalin test in male rat offspring born to mothers with metabolic alkalosis compared to control and sham groups (P 0.05)

Metabolic alkalosis is one of the most important diseases that affect the nervous system and naturally, increases neuronal excitability. Thus, with such impacts, alkalosis could reduce the sensory threshold of pain in offspring born to mothers with metabolic alkalosis, thereby increases pain in them. In this way, it is possible to reduce the sensory threshold of pain in children by controlling metabolic alkalosis in pregnant mothers.

Inroduction & According to some reports, the Increase in blood glucose level leads to structural and functional changes in reproductive system. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the effect of hydro-alcoholic leaf extract of olive (Olea europaea L.) on the levels of gonadotropin, sex hormones and spermatogenesis in diabetic male rats.48 adult male wistar rats each weighing about 220-250g was randomly divided into six groups of eight. These groups included: control group which left untreated; sham group which received distilled water; experimental group 1, received only 500 mg.kg-1 leaf extract; experimental group 2(diabetic control) receiving only Streptozotocin; and diabetic experimental groups 3and 4 receiving 250 and 500 mg.kg-1 extract respectively. The extract was administered daily by gavageing method for 21 days. Blood samples were taken from all groups and serum levels of LH, FSH, testosterone and Dihydro testosterone were measured by RIA. In this study, the histological changes in testis were cross examined and compared between experimental, control and sham groups.Data were analyzed by SPSS software using ANOVA and Tokay tests.Levels of LH, FSH, testosterone and Dihydro testosterone showed a significant decrease in the diabetic control group in respect to control and sham groups (P-1)exhibited a significant increase, compared to them in experimental group 2(diabetic control). Extract hydro-alcoholic olive leaf, can reduce the side effects of diabetes on levels of gonadotropins, sex hormones, spermatogenesis and can improve pituitary – testis axsis in diabetic rat.

Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs) are unipotent precursors of the gametes. PGCs can give rise to a type of pluripotent stem cells in vitro that are called embryonic germ (EG) cells. PGCs can also acquire such pluripotency in vivo and generate teratomas. Under specific culture conditions, PGCs can be reprogrammed to embryonic germ cells which are capable of expression of key pluripotency markers, such as Pou5f1(Oct4), Sox2 and Nanog. One approach to derive EG cells is manipulation of intracellular signaling pathways that play an important role in the pluripotency induction. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays major roles in various cell processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival, apoptosis and pluripotency. For the induction of pluripotency and reprogramming of PGCs into EG cells, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway should be activated and using small molecules is one of the methods for reaching this objective. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), is one of the important molecules of canonical pathway of Wnt/β-catenin which signaling and inhibition of GSK3 by CHIR99021 small molecule, causes the activation of this pathway but it is not sufficient for reprogramming the PGCs into EG cells. In order to efficiently derive EG cells, MAPK signaling pathway should be inhibited simultaneously with Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, using small molecule PD0325901. Thus, the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and the simultaneous inhibition of the MAPK pathway, can induce pluripotency in the rat PGCs and their reprogramming into EG cells.

Ginger has pharmacological properties because of its active compounds. The aim of research was to assess the damages on poisoned rat’s kidney by lead using protective effect of different aqueous-alcoholic ginger extract. In this experimental study the immature rats were divided into 7 groups of 10. The first group، control، without receiving any substances، the second group، sham، received 0. 1 ml distilled water، the third group، with only lead، receiving 0. 6gr/l/bw، forth group just received 2 gr/kg ginger alcoholic- water extract، the 5th، 6th، 7th received 0. 6gr/l /bw lead and 0. 5، 1، 2gr/l /bw ginger aqueous-alcoholic extract، respectively. The animals were fed with the given compounds for the 10 successive days. Plasma were evaluated for the concentration of uric acid، urea، creatinine، sodium and potassium. T-test was used for data analysis. According to the results، the serum levels of uric acid، creatinine and potassium showed significant reduction in the concentration of 1، 2 gr/kg/bw as compare to lead (p ≥ 0. 05) and sodium levels showed significant increase in concentration of 0. 5، 1، 2 gr/kg comparing to lead treated animals (p ≥ 0. 05). Aqueous-alcoholic extract of ginger on the kidney cells of poisoned immature rats by lead had a profound protective effect which is mainly due to ethanol and phenol components which lead to neutralize the free radicals and stimulation of kidney cells to repair because of its antioxidant properties.

Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic worldwide disorders that are associated with many pathological changes. This study seeks to investigate the effects of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) seeds on the liver functions following the injection of streptozotocin. In this experimental study, 56 male Wistar rats weighing 210-220gr were randomly selected and divided into seven equal groups: control group with no treatment, the case group which received only distilled water, the control group which treated with hydro alcoholic extract of carob seeds (600 mg/kg), the control diabetic group which received only streptozotocin and finally three experimental groups 1, 2, and 3 that received 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg of oral hydroalcoholic extract of carob seeds for 16 days, respectively. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were obtained from all the above-mentioned groups and levels of the enzymes ALT, AST, ALP, total protein and albumin were measured in the samples. Data were analyzed using one –way ANOVA and LSD test. Concentration of AST, ALT, ALP in experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 significantly decrease in respect to diabetic control group (P<0.05). The serum level of total protein in experimental group 3 showed a significant increase (P<0.05). In addition, in experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 concentration of albumin significantly increased compare with diabetic control group (P<0.05). Based on the results, consumption of hydro-alcholic seeds extracts is recommended to be used in diabetic patient's diet for reducing liver disorder.

Background and Magnesium is a unique element among the trace elements, because it plays a role in a vast range of metabolic processes such as carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and the integrity of nucleic acids. Noting the role of this element in the physiological activity of organelles and tissues and the importance of the regulation of thyroid hormone levels in the body, this study considered the effect of esculent magnesium sulfate on the values of TSH, T3, and T4 hormones.Methods and Material: In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats weighing nearly 190-200 g were used. The rats were divided into five groups of eight: the experimental groups received 2, 4, and 8 molars of edible magnesium sulfate solution, respectively, while the control group received nothing. The sham group received only distilled water. The prescription was continued for 28 days and bleeding the heart was done to measure the mentioned factors of the serum. The mean concentration of the hormones was analyzed using suitable statistical methods, such as ANOVA and Tukey’s test, and compared between the control and experimental groups. The statistical analysis showed that the concentrations of TSH, T3, and T4 hormones increased significantly after receiving the different values of magnesium sulfate compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Based on the results of this investigation, magnesium sulfate in the last 28 days increased the thyroid activity leading to increased serum levels of TSH, T3, and T4 hormones.

origanum vulgare l.spp viride was used in ancient medicine and it was medicated for digestive disease, diabetes, remedy of trauma. While antimicrobial, ant diabetic, anticancer and antioxidant effect of this plant was proved but there is done no study for its effect on reproductive system. Therefore the purpose of recent study is surveying eventual androgenic effect of this plant on hormonal level of pituitary - gonadal axis in mature male vistar rats. recent study was done on five groups of male rats of vistar race and every group includes nine rats. The control group received no drug. The sham group received physiological serum and experimental groups of A, B and C were received the ethanolic extract of origanum vulgare l. with concentration of 40, 20, 10 mg/kg body weight respectively with gavaj for 14 days. Then levels of FSH, LH and TSH hormones in blood sample was measured with RIA method and obtaining result was compared between control group and other groups. Data was analyzed with SPSS software and statistical method of ANOVA and Tukey test. In this research, significant level was p<0.05. in control group, sham group and A, B and C groups, respectively mean and standard deviation from average of plasma concentration for LH hormone based on mlU /ml were: 0.18±0.006, 0.183±0.017, 0.187±0.026, 0.241±0.012 and 0.284±0.027 And for FSH Hormone were: 0.321±0.025, 0.342±0.071, 0.372±0.026, 0.383±0.031 and 0.372±0.026 And for TSH hormone were: 5.28±0.683, 6.07±0.5, 6.09±1.94, 6.66±1.48 and 8.1±1.66. ethanolic extract of origanum vulgare leaf in maximum dose have androgenic effects and it can affect the activity of different levels of hypothalamic – pituitary – gonadal axis and increase the secretion of testosterone and gonadotropic hormones.

Diabetes Mellitus is the most important human metabolic disease which leads to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Hyperglycemia can give rise to disorder in kidney. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the effect of hydro-alcoholic seed extract of Ceratonia siliqual. on the blood levels of creatinine,uric acid,BUN,Na+,K+and Ca2+in diabetic male rats. In this experimental study, fifty-six adult male Wistar rats each weighing 210-220g was randomly divided into seven groups of eight. These groups include: control group which left untreated; sham group which received distilled water; treated control group received only 600mg/kg seed extract; diabetic control group getting only Streptozotocine and three experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 receiving 150,300 and 600mg/kg extract respectively. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection(60mg/kg) of STZ. Following induction of diabetes, the extract dosages were administered to the rats by gavageing method for sixteen days. Serum levels creatinin,uric acid,BUN,Na+,K+and Ca2+were measured by outoanalyzer. The data were analyzed by SPSS-18 software using ANOVA test. The results were expressed as Mean±SEM and a P≤0.05 was set as significant value. In experimental group 1 concentration of creatinine and BUN decreased significantly, while K+ level was declined in experimental groups 1 and 3. The serum level of uric acid in experimental group1 showed a considerable elevation. In addition, in experimental groups 1 and 3 concentration of Na+ increased significantly. There were no significant differences in Ca2+ concentration among various groups. Ceratonia siliqua seed extract can improve distractive effects of diabetes on kidney.

Background and Diabetes Mellitus is the most important metabolic disease which can lead to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Since herbal medicines are rich in natural antioxidants and are associated with few complications, the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Ceratonia siliqua L. seeds on the blood glucose and lipids of male diabetic rats were investigated in this study. Methods and Materials: In this experimental study, 56 male mature Wistar rats weighing 210-250 gr were randomly allocated into 7 groups of 8: control group with no treatment, a group daily receiving distilled water, a control group treated with hydroalcoholic extract of Ceratonia siliqua L. seeds (600 mg/kg), a control diabetic group receiving only strptozetocin; and three experimental groups (groups 1, 2, and 3) receiving 600, 300 and 100 mg/kg of oral hydroalcoholic extract of Ceratonia siliqua L. seeds for 16 days respectively, in addition to becoming diabetic by strptozetocin. At the end of experiments, blood samples were prepared from all groups and their blood lipids and sugar were measured. The obtained data were analyzed in SPPS 18 using ANOVA, with P<0.05 indicating significance. Serum Glucose levels in the experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 were 606±56.75, 582±56.13 and 576±33.01 respectively, which showed a significant reduction in comparison with the control (diabetic) group. Serum total cholesterol levels in the experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 were 57±5.44, 55±6.52 and 61±6.93 respectively, which showed a significant reduction in comparison with the control (diabetic) group (70±5.31). Serum HDL-C level showed a significant increase in the experimental group 2 (24±2.87) in comparison with the control (diabetic) group (22±1.59). Serum triglyceride level significantly reduced in the experimental group 2 (92±8.96) in comparison with the control (diabetic) group (105±9.03). The hydroalcoholic extract of Ceratonia siliqua L. seeds reduced the blood glucose and lipids. HDL-C level increased after the use of this extract.

Cyclophosphamide is used as an anti cancer medicine in chemotherapy. This is an alkalizing medicine and causes the binding of DNA strands, breaking of DNA and control of protein synthesis and RNA. The side effects of this medicine include lack of appetite, nausea, reduction in activity of sexual lymph nodes, causing amenorrhea, azoospermia and oligospermia. Ginger includes many compounds, some of which are shogaols, gingerols, pyrogallols and sesquiterpenes. Ginger has anti nauseating, anti cancer, anti oxidant effects and eliminates free radicals. This medicine is used along with cyclophosphamide to reduce its destructive side effects in the body.

For 21 days, the rats were fed with ginger and cyclophosphamide. After 21 days, the animals were weighed and rendered unconscious. Their testes were removed and tissue samples were provided from their testes.

The results showed that cyclophosphamide alone reduces body weight, testes weight and spermatogenesis as compared to the control group. In other experimental groups that were fed with ginger and cyclophosphamide, increased dosage of ginger increased the body weight, the testes weight and spermatogenesis in comparison to the other experimental groups.

It seems that compounds present in ginger are anti tumoral and control the production of active metabolites. Therefore, if administered together with Cyclophosphamide, it can be useful and effective in patients undergoing chemotherapy.

Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder which can lead to hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. The incidence of diabetes mellitus is expected to increase in human population in the future. The present study deals with the effect of palm seed extract on the blood glucose and lipids concentration in male diabetic rats. In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats, each weighing about 240-250 gr, were divided into 4 groups: control and diabetic (received nothing) treated control and treated diabetic groups (received palm seed extract). In order to induce diabetes, stereptozotcin was injected intraperiotoneally (60mg/kg). The treated groups received (0.5mg/kg) palm seed extract intraperitoneally every day. 14 days latter, blood samples were obtained from all groups and serum levels of glucose and lipids were measured. Concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, LDL, increased significantly in diabetic group when compared with those of control group (p<0.05), while these values in the treated diabetic group showed a significant decrease compared with those of untreated diabetic group. In addition, the serum level of HDL in diabetic and treated diabetic groups was considerably less than those of control and treated control groups (p<0.05). But the concentration of triglyceride didn’t show any significant difference among various groups. Probably hypolipidemic effect of palm seed is due to the presence of oleic acid and linoleic acid and its hypoglycemic properties is due to the elements such as magnesium and zinc which stimulate the synthesis and secretion of insulin. Manganese also mimics insulin properties.

The pit of Phoenix dactylifera contains different chemical compounds such as saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Zinc(Zn), Cadmium(Cd), Calcium(Ca), and potassium(K). Saturated fatty acids include stearic and palmitic acid and unsaturated fatty acids contain linoleic and oleic acids which could inhibit 5- - reductase enzyme. The present study was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of phoenix dactylifera pit powder on spermatogenesis and testosterone level in adult male rats. In this experimental research 45 wistar male rats were divided into 5 groups of 9 including the control group receiving no treatment, the saline group receiving an equal volume of normal saline as a solvent and the treatment groups receiving 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg body weight of Phoenix dactylifera pit powder orally for 21 days. The results were analysed through Excell, One-way analysis of variance and t-test. The results showed that 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg body weight of the powder increased the testosterone level significantly compared to the control and saline groups (P<0.05), whereas no significant change was observed in serum FSH and LH levels. Likewise, the above- mentioned amounts reduced dihydrotestosterone level in treatment groups (P<0.05). Histologic exam of the testis showed an increase in sperm density in seminiferous tubules of treatment groups (P<0.05). According to the research results it can be stated that the powder of phoenix dactylifera pit has probably caused increased testosterone level and decreased dihydrotestosterone level via inhibiting 5- - reductase enzyme induced by palmitic, stearic, linoleic, and oleic acids.