اسماعیل سپهوند

The word Raqim in the Holy Qur'an is one of the words that has many meanings. Today, there is a village with this name in Jordan, where a mountain and a cave called Raqim are also famous. According to exegetical sources and geographers, the companions of the cave took refuge in this mountain and its cave and slept there for about 300 years. Based on geographical sources, some geographers consider this village in the city of Ephesus, some in Maghreb (modern day Spain) and some even in Egypt.The goal is to deal more coherently with the main meanings and purposes of this word. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting research, library and relying on the geographical texts of Muslims, the accuracy and correctness of various sayings have been discussed. The findings indicate that a religious event took place in a village called Raqim and after that this village was noticed by Muslim geographers as well as historians and researchers and the role and value of this village became more apparent. According to commentary sources and geographers, the companions of the cave took refuge in this mountain and the cave of that village and slept there for about 300 years. In any case, Raghim is very important from the point of view of religion and history in every land where it is located, and there are various narratives about it in geographical sources that deserve further investigation.

Mani was an ancient prophet in the land of Babylon who lived in the territory of the Parthian and Sassanid Iranian states and was descended from the Parthian kings on his mother's side. He was born at the end of the Parthian dynasty and experienced his childhood until his death in the Sassanid era in this city. Mani was born in a place that had the right conditions and contexts to bring a comprehensive and universal religion, and after his studies and travels to different lands and regions, he claimed that he was inspired and pretended that he was a prophet. The end of time has been chosen. Mani brought a religion that was derived from the religions and sects before him such as Zarvan, Mehr, Zoroastrian, Christ, Buddha, Sabai and some other examples and by examining these religions, this truth is revealed to us that Mani's religion is a religious religion and It is a compilation that the founder of any religion that traveled to the region of its followers such as India, Asia Minor and other places, or his supporters and missionaries stepped into its territory and intended to attract its followers to their religion, the principles or included a subsidiary. The intended research is also based on the existing evidences and similarities of Manoism with religions, religions and monotheistic and non-monotheistic differences before it.

In the Qajar and Pahlavi eras, the tribes and nomads of Iran, both rural and nomadic, in addition to livestock and brief agricultural affairs, many of them at that time when it was difficult to live, to other occupations such as looting and plundering caravans, They also paid for militarism, hunting, and so on. Hunting was one of the occupations that human beings have been doing on this planet since the beginning of their lives and it continued in the vast land of Iran from ancient times to the Pahlavi era because there were plenty of halal meat animals in Iran. Among the tribes and clans of the country who were particularly skilled in hunting and hunting to feed themselves and their families, we can mention people from the great Beiranvand tribe, many of whom live for their livelihood or for their stomachs and covenants. Their families were busy selling their prey or their skins to make a living in the era in question.

Yemen was one of the most politically, geographically, economically and religiously privileged countries in Asia in ancient times. For this purpose, two great ancient empires, Iran and Byzantium, which had wide borders in Asia, were considered. There was competition between them in every way. During the reign of the last king of Yemen, the Christians of that land were persecuted and massacred by him. This led to the intervention of the Eastern Roman Empire, which claimed to support Christians, and as a result, the Eastern Roman Emperor incited the Abyssinian Christians against this. Abyssinia also succeeded in conquering Yemen. Although the involvement of Abyssinia was ostensibly due to a religious factor, but given the situation in Yemen, It can be seen that the Byzantine Empire paid full attention to the superior geographical, political and economic position of that land. On the other hand, the conquest of Yemen attracted the attention of the Sassanid government and with the refuge of a Hamiri prince to Anushirvan Sassanids, the Sassanids, realizing the superior position of Yemen, also supported him. And the Sassanid government succeeded in conquering and dominating this land and overthrowing the Abyssinian rulers who were under Byzantine influence. The necessity of this research is to study the effect of other geographical, economic and religious factors along with the political factor in the conquest of Yemen by Anoushirvan Corps.

Banu Ka’b was one of the important and influential tribes playing a significant role in the relationships between Iran and the Ottoman Empire since the time of the Afsharid Dynasty until the signing of the second Erzurum Treaty during the reign of Mohammad Shah Qajar. Benefitting from the chaotic conditions in Iran during the rule of the inefficient Safavid, Zand, and Qajar governments, Banu Ka’b exploited its own independent rule over Fallahiyyah and some other regions to create some problems both on land and in the sea for Iranian and Ottoman governments and cause unrest on the coasts of the Persian Gulf. Relying on their military power, Banu Ka’b stood against Iranian Kings and the Pashas of Baghdad and Basra, who were appointed by the Ottomans and fought these two governments in the region. On the other hand, the East India Company of England, which was worried about Banu Ka’bs’ dominance over the Persian Gulf, began its enmity against it. Although this tribe dominated a limited area between the two countries and owned only one company, it managed to efficiently defend its territory. Since the members of Banu Ka’b lived in Iran and were Shi’ites, they were considered to be Iranian. Moreover, during the reign of the Afsharid and Zand dynasties, they mainly attacked Basra in the realm of the Ottoman Empire and the British East India Company. They also participated in Iranian Kings’ military campaigns against the Ottomans. After the disagreement between Iran and the Ottoman Empire during the Qajar period, the establishment of boundaries based on Erzurum treaties, and clarifying the status of border tribes, Banu Ka’b accepted the Iranian nationality because of their greater shared political and religious values and characteristics with Iranians.

Sheikh Khazal in Khuzestan was one of the centrifugal forces in the late Qajar period who, by relying on a series of internal and external factors such as the weakness of the Qajars and the First World War, was able to gain some autonomy. The governorship of Poshtkuh, which was allied with Sheikh Khuzal, as well as the strategic position of Lorestan, despite insurgent families such as the Khans of Zeinabi Biranvand, who acted as a barrier between Khuzestan and the capital, did not escape Sheikh Khuzal's eyes. The central government rebels. The present type of descriptive-analytical research using first-hand sources, documents, narrations and other research sources is based on the analysis of this question: Sheikh Khazal to maintain his power over a part of Khuzestan in the face of the central government. Established? The results of the study indicate that Sheikh Khazal, by secretly communicating, inciting and encouraging motivation, financial support and weapons from the governor of Poshtkuh and the insurgent Khans of Lorestan, especially Khans Zeinabi Biranvand, was able to enter the central government forces long ago. Khuzestan to prevent. According to a well-thought-out plan, a chain of centrifugal forces such as Khanin Zeinabi Biranvand and the governor of Poshtkuh stretched from Silakhor in Pishkuh to Hossein-Abad in Poshtkuh, sending weapons to the central government opposition in these areas to prolong the government's influence. Central in the area under its influence in Mohammarah.

The Qajar kings established local armies in different parts of the country, such as Lorestan, Azerbaijan, Kurdistan, etc., which were under the supervision of tribal chiefs; they used their military and law enforcement power. By acquiring the apparent citizenship of these armies, the Qajars used them in foreign wars and to create security in the areas under their influence. In Lorestan, for example, Delfan, Silakhor, Amrayi and Biranvand armies were formed. Among the local forces, Biranvand Regiment has a special place; According to court and local sources, whenever this tribe was subordinated to the central government, it had a useful function in Lorestan and in foreign wars such as the Herat war during the time of the two Qajar kings. On the other hand, with the disappearance of the influence of the central government, this regiment became disorganized and rebellious. The formation of the Biranvand Regiment played an important role in the degree of citizenship of the chiefs of this tribe against the central Qajar government. The findings of this study indicate that the presence of the head of Biranvand Regiment in creating security in Lorestan and Khuzestan, showed its positive role in the policy of the central government and its disobedience caused insecurity in these areas.

Al-Awal Island (Bahrain) has always been of particular political, social, and economic importance to Iranian and Muslim kings and rulers. With al-Awal Island or today’s Bahrain as its central island in the south of the Persian Gulf, the archipelago of Bahrain was a part of the vast and powerful country of Iranian kings, that is, the Achaemenids and Sassanids in ancient times and later Iranian- Islamic governments, until the time of its independence. That is why it has been a focus of attention to some Iranian and Muslim geographers. Following a library descriptive method, this paper examines the background, significance, and strange features of this island, including the Holy Quran’s reference to prophet Moses’ presence there; the existence of some animals, such as Whales and giraffes, and palm-groves and tropical fruit and pearl-hunting there, as well as Iran’s long sovereignty over Bahrain since the Achaemenid period until its independence relying on the sources written by Muslim geographers and other historical references.

In the course of history, islands have always been of particular political, social, economic, and military importance. Most of the islands of the Persian Gulf have been inhabited and even had their own governments in their history of existence. Among the famous islands which have always attracted the attention of geographers during the history of Iran and Islam reference can be made to Kharg, Kish, Bahrain, and Laft. These islands, except for short periods of time, have always been under the sovereignty of Iranian governments. Iranian and Muslim geographers have made frequent references to the geographical and historical features of these islands. Following a descriptive method and using library resources, this paper investigates some of the most important islands of the Persian Gulf in the view of some Muslim geographers such as Hamdullah Mostofi, Hafiz-i Abru, Ansari Dameshghi, Abu’l-Fida, Mas’udi, Istakhri, Ibn Khordadbeh, Ibn Bakran, Fasaei, and Ramhormozi.

Caspian Sea has been and has been a prominent position ever since Among these resources, the world is the letter and geography of Hafez Ebro, both of which are written in Persian, the first in the late sixth and early seventeenth. centuries, and the latter in the late eighth and early nineteenth centuries In general, it can be said that these two works cover the geography of Iran from the fifth to the eighth centuries of the AH. In these works, the authors describe the position of rivers and mountains around the sea in the description of the Caspian Sea. This article is also an analytical-descriptive method, which seeks to clarify the references and descriptions of the writers of the writer of these two works . The achievement of this article can be a source of interest for interested people to use such studies to take advantage of the natural geography of the Caspian Sea for various affairs in the country.

The works and writings of several Muslim geographers play a significant role in developing the knowledge of the geography of Iran and the Persian Gulf. The writing of books on geography began among Muslims in the third and fourth centuries (AH) and continued until the Mongol, Ilkhanid, and Timurid periods in the seventh and eighth centuries (AH). Among such works, reference can be made to Nihzat al-Qulub by Hamdullah Mostofi in the Ilkhanid period and Geography of Hafiz-i Abru in the Timurid Era. In both books, the writers have referred to the historical geography of the Persian Gulf. Nihzat al-Qulub is an eighth-century text, which is of great significance in the geographical study of several Islamic regions of that time. Hamdullah Mostofi refers to the Persian Gulf as Bahr-i Fars (the Sea of Fars) or simply as the “Sea” or “Bahr” (Arabic for sea). Among the other noteworthy bookswhich are of great significance in introducing the geography of the Persian Gulf is Geography, by Hafiz-i Abru, one of the most famous historians of the Timurid period. Like Nihzat al-Qulub, this book also plays a great role in introducing the Persian Gulf. The present study investigates the coasts, ports, and islands of the Persian Gulf and the rivers that flow into this waterway from the viewpoints of Hamdullah Mostofi and Hafiz-i Abru in order to provide some knowledge regarding the Persian Gulf.

At the end of the Qajar era, during the Reza Khan’s Ministry of War, the plan of calming down and settling the Lorestani tribes was put into the attention of the government. Following this, the West Army commanded by Amir Ahmadi, attacked Lorestan by the order of Reza Khan in 1302/1923. Amir Ahmadi conquered Borujerd and Khorramabad and other areas under the influence of the leaders of the rebellious tribes. After that, in order to protect Republicanism, Reza Khan went to Tehran, and handed over the command of the West Army to Colonel Shahbakhti. At the time of Shahbakhti’s command, the leaders of the tribal tribes of Lorestan rebelled and surrounded him in Khorramabad; with the reappearance of Amir Ahmadi, the leaders of the rebellion fled. After Shahbakhti, the commander of the West Army was handed over to Brigadier Khazaee. The question in this research is regarding the influence of Brigadier Khazaee’s type of rule on the uprising of the tribes of Lorestan in 1927. The hypothesis of the research in answering this question is that Brigadier Khazaee applied a more rigorous policy to deal with the tribes than his predecessors, which caused a sharp reaction from the tribes. The research findings showed that he executed about thirteen tribal leaders from Lorestan to play a significant role in overcoming their traditional influence. Khazaee’s performance, like Amir Ahmadi, led to the escape of many Khans to Tarhan and their seeking support from the ruling there, Ali Mohammad Khan Ghazanfari, led to the recent mass rebellion of the tribes of Lorestan under the leadership of Tarhan’s governor. The study of Khazaee's rule in Lorestan and how his actions led to the massive rebellion are important in this article.

There are many works and texts from Muslim geographers to understand the geography of Iran and the Persian Gulf. The geographic work of the Muslims began from the third and fourth century AH until the time of the Mongols, Ilkhanid and Timurid in the seventh and eighth centuries. Among these works, we can mention “Nozehat Alqaloub” the author of, Hamdollah Mostofi in the Ilkhanid era and the geography of Hafez Abro in the Timurid era, which in turn refers to the historical geography of the Persian Gulf. Nozehat Alqaloub Among the texts of the eighth century AH, which is important for the study of the geography of many parts of the Muslim world in that era, he referred to the Persian Gulf as the "Sea of Persia" or just by the name of the sea or the (bahr) sea. Among other important texts that are important for understanding the geographic location of this bay is the book; Geography of Hafez Abro is one of the most famous historians of the Timurid period. In turn, this book, like Nozehat Alqaloub provides a great contribution to readers of the Persian Gulf. The present study examines the position of the Persian Gulf, beaches, ports, islands, intestines that are causing it, and ... from the viewpoint of Hamdollah Mostofi and Hafiz Abro.

The works and texts of many Muslim geographers remain in the knowledge of the geography of the Islamic countries, including those located in the territory of Islam. Among these works, we can mention the "Masalak and the Mallak" by Ibrahim bin Muhammad, Abu Ishaq Karkhi Estakhri (346 q.), Who is one of the first Iranian geographers of the Muslim world in the 4th century AH in Iran. This work, translated byan obscure writer in the fifth century AH, refers to the position of the Persian Gulf. In many geographical resources related to the Islamic regions, the Persian Gulf and its importance is named the Persian Gulf,Pars Sea and ... These texts, in addition to geographic value, are historically, politically, military, economic, social, cultural, etc. of great importance. And should be seriously investigated in order to maximize theirvalue. "Masalak and the countries" is one of the early texts of the fourth century AH Which is essential for the geographical study of many regions of Iran in that epoch In this research, this Iranian Sea has been studied with the aim of understanding the historical geography of the Persian Gulf at that time.

A part of Iran's contemporary history should be studied associated with the states, territories and its inhabitants. Among them, Tarhan, located in Lorestan province in West part of Iran, has a traditional and nomadic lifestyles. The region was ruled by Omaraey dynasty rulers (Ghazanfari) in Qajar era. While having relative internal independence, they had adopted central government. The theory of this study is about Tarhan, as a subset of Pishkooh in Lorestan, that had a significant role in both political and social sphere. This region became more important from the constitutional revolution to rise of Reza Shah. The period when several events such as Salarodowleh’s riot, British presence in the West and South with the aim of domination on oil and world war I occurred.The purpose of the study is assessment of the history of the region of Tarhan and Studying its position in the Qajar era using a descriptive - analytic method based on library and documentary text derived from National Archives. It is going to answer the following questions: what conditions did Tarhan have during Qajar era? What role did Tarhan play during those periods particularly in the events in the West of Iran?The result of this study shows that geographical location of Tarhan and its financial and military benefits for the Qajars made it become one of the most important tribal areas and according to the power of the rulers of the region and presence in events of this period, central government paid attention to this region very much.