اسماعیل شفیعی

After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the disappearance of the bipolar system, the process of regional cooperation was strengthened to meet the needs and goals of various geographical groups and regions. In practice, a significant number of regional economic organizations were formed during this period. Russian-Iranian relations in the Eurasian dimension demonstrate the continuation of Russia's foreign policy towards Iran on maintaining relations with its influential southern neighbor. Iran's foreign policy strategy aims to develop cooperative relations among the countries of the Eurasian region. The purpose of this article is to identify and analyze the possible types and forms of Iran's regional cooperation in Eurasia, within the framework of relations with Russia and the Union's foreign partners. This article seeks to answer the question of what impact do Iran-Russia relations in Greater Eurasia have on regional cooperation and the promotion of Iran's position? The research findings show that Iran can develop relations with member states in Greater Eurasia regional cooperation. Iran's capacity to achieve strategic, economic, political and security goals in the Eurasian macro-regional system can also be created. This article examines the above issue using library resources and a descriptive-analytical method.

The smallness and dispersion of agricultural land in our country prevent the optimal use of water and soil resources, putting at risk the food security of the nation. The religious beliefs of the whole require that structural changes in the process of economic development be based on their religious beliefs. Therefore, this research paper will explain the necessity of integrating and removing social barriers associated with the theory of Martyr Sadr, who was a jurist who mastered the political and governmental systems. With a document analysis research method, this study finds that some small land owners hinder integration by citing inheritance laws and the principle of private property. The social phenomenon generated by their social actions prevents implementation at the community level. According to the theory of Shahid Sadr, the government can eliminate the corruption of previous policies in the presence of the Al-Faragh region theory based on the interests of the Muslim community. To revoke the private ownership of small lands based on the "harmless rule" and curb the inheritance law while making changes in its implementation.

Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher, discussed tragedy in poetics but he did not care the ”Gods”. While historical studies show that the “gods” play an important role in tragedy. In this study، we try to determine the causes of ignoring the “gods” in tragedy with Aristotle. The method is descriptive-analytical and library resources have been used. The result of this study shows in spite of the important role of the gods in tragedies , the causes of ignoring the role of the gods in the event of tragedy by Aristotle are: realistic, logical and rational view of world phenomena and as well as belief in man as a creature of intellection and choice.

Konstantin Stanislavsky, Michael Chekhov and Stella Adler, as three different and successive generations of believers in believable acting, ask the actors in their courses to first analyse the play, extract the personality traits of the character from the text of the play and then perform other performance. During the last century, many actors and acting teachers have tried to put this idea into practice in order to increase the quality of the actors’ performancs. Also, based on this idea, courses such as Characterology and Personality Psychology have been added to the actors’ training courses. Also, books and pamphlets have been published about them, and practicing this field has become one of the most important tasks of actors and other people active in theater. On the other hand, psychologists have categorised people in groups, which are called “personality types”, to facilitate the identification of individuals. To identify the personality and personality type of individuals, there are defined principles and rules according to which it is necessary to collect a wide range of information about the individual. Otherwise, it is impossible to determine the personality and personality type of a person. About a century has passed since the publication of this idea by Stanislavsky, and more than half a century has passed since the expression of this doctrine by Michael Chekhov and Stella Adler, and the world of science renews its propositions every day. It was necessary to examine the this idea and the possibility of putting it into practice from the contemporary psychology point of view. Therefore, the authors of this article have chosen the views and opinions of Karen Horney, Carl Gustav Jung, Gurdjeef and other commentators and developers of Enneagram as the theoretical framework of this descriptive-analytical research. This article was written using library sources and reputable scientific websites to achieve the purpose of this research. The achievements of this research, which are presented in “general” and “partial” parts, show that the fore mentioned theory is not applicable. Also the application of any “special personality” to any of the characters of the plays published so far has no scientific aspect and if a personality type is declared, it is the result of people’s imaginations, rather than the result of the play.

Drug trafficking and addiction precede social conditions and system. This phenomenon is also the result of cultural, social, political and economic structures in the international system. This study was conducted to investigate strategies to combat drug trafficking from a public policy perspective. The method of this research is applied research in terms of purpose, Delphi in terms of qualitative method. The number of Delphi specialists in this study is 20 experts in the fight against drug trafficking. The tool of this research was a questionnaire with interviews. Political-legal and socio-cultural solutions are in the next stages. The results showed that the problem of drug trafficking is not only rooted in the existence and transportation of this product (drugs) into the country and to provide the best solutions, other issues and problems of the system should be considered. Among these problems, it is closest to the economic problems of the society.

The emergence of class divisions and discrimination and income inequality of officials and ordinary people of society, with the emergence of astronomical salaries of some officials, has led to a decrease in public trust in government officials. Especially in recent years, rising inflation, the imposition of new economic sanctions against Iran, the unveiling of astronomical salaries, the increase in corruption cases of some officials and the economic downturn in the labor market, on the one hand reduce the level of income and welfare of different segments of society. , Especially the lower income deciles, and on the other hand has reduced people's trust in officials. In this article, we try to first examine the concept of social trust and then, by providing data, examine the level of public trust in the officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Providing this data can help policymakers and officials to improve their relationships with the people of the community. The results of our study showed that due to rising inflation, the imposition of new economic sanctions, the recession in the labor market, astronomical salaries and some officials, we are witnessing an increase in the class gap in society. This gap and economic inequality has led to an increase in public distrust of officials.

After the 1979 Revolution in Iran, the process of accepting, creating and expanding productive capital in various sectors of government, quasi-government and private, turning stagnant capital into productive capital by planners in the form of plans or bills is very insignificant and causes losses. Macro has become usable assets in the path of growth and development. This study examines the political and social factors influencing productive investment in Iran. This study seeks to answer the question: "What have been the governing policies of Iran regarding productive capital after the 1979 revolution?" How to increase or decrease productive investment after the revolution. Numerous results have been achieved, including the impact of sanctions on the economy, poor governance, lack of expertise in foreign and domestic policy decisions. The time domain studied after the Islamic Revolution of 1978 to the first two months of 1398. This research is based on a qualitative and historical method in which quantitative data is used.

Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher, discussed tragedy in poetics but he did not care the “Gods”. While historical studies show that the “Gods” play an important role in tragedy. In this study we try to determine the causes of ignoring the “Gods” in tragedy with Aristotle. The method is descriptive-analytical and library resources have been used. In this study we first examine some of the Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides’s tragedies and examine Aristotle’s vision in this regard. The main question of this study is: what are the causes of ignoring the role of “Gods” in tragedy with Aristotle? The result of this study that can be used by researchers of philosophy and theatre show that the causes of ignoring the role of the gods in the event of tragedy by Aristotle are: realistic, logical and rational view of world phenomena, maintaining religious and moral principles and as well as belief in man as a creature of intellection and choice

Turkey is one of the main factors in challenging the crises of district, It is necessary to analyze the policies Turkey makes in Iraq. Due to the dispersal of Kurdish ethnic groups in Turkey and the Kurds of neighboring countries we have witnessed different policies by the Turkish government in dealing with the Kurds .The main purpose of research is to analyze the relationship of Justice & Development Party in Turkey with the government of Iraqi Kurdistan.The Turkish Justice and Development Party has taken a turn in its foreign policy pursuing a policy of regional hegemony seeking to resolve domestic and regional issues and one of the most important issues in the region is the Kurdish question. The descriptive- analytical method was used in this research and library resources, papers and theses helped the analysis of this problem. The main question of the research is whether there is a relationship between the Justice and Development Party of Turkey and the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government? Theoretical framework of research is aggressive realism to describe this research. Turkey tries to full fill the policies concurrently, develop its relationship with government of Kurdistan and extend it to the level of strategic relation.

The French phenomenological philosopher Maurice Merleau-Ponty, by emphasizing the priority of sensory perception, seeks to find and describe the subject’s relationship to the world in which he exists. For him, perception is related to the object, place, events, world in which we live and despite Our bodies emerge. According to him, perception is a secret in the depths and angles of the body, which, by appearing in every body, creates faces that are the basis of any human experience and understanding. The purpose of this study is to explain the sensory perception in the formation of Marina Abramovich’s performances from the perspective of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and to answer the question of what role sensory perception plays in the formation of her performances. One of the most important achievements of this research is that Abramovich developed the concept of sensory perception by using her body, place and time creatively, and subsequently formed her artistic performances by changing the level of consciousness. This research is a descriptive-analytical method and library resources and valid Internet databases have been used to collect data.

Undoubtedly, attractiveness is the most important factor in an artwork. Since the “attractiveness” and “beauty” are of vague border and most of the philosophers deem that the attractiveness is the consequence of beauty, and as a result, we may say that the existence of each of the two factors is impossible without other one. Costumes in theater is one of the most important factors in performance, and always accompanies the actor, and on this basis, we may say that one of the important factors of creation of an attractive dramatic artwork (beautiful artwork) is wearing attractive (beautiful) costumes in that artwork, which may finally result in creation of a very attractive (beautiful) dramatic work. In an article entitled “Diseases of costume theatre” Roland Barthes who is an Aesthetician on costume and costume Design, has enumerated a few principles and rules (requirements) which might be considered as components for more attractiveness (more beautiful) design of costumes in a dramatic artwork. Method of capturing and gathering data and information in this research is a descriptive-analytical method, and the information is gathered out of the library references, reliablewebpages and field research. The question brought forward in this research is “how much the Barthes opinion would be effective in beautification and attractiveness of theater costumes ?” As we face with insufficient scientific and applied references and resources in this field, the importance of this research shall assist the costume designers and stage directors in finding the principles and standards for designing more attractive and beautiful costumes. In consideration of the investigations conducted about effectiveness of Barthes opinion about the costumes of two dramas of Ali Rafiei as case study, the most important achievement of this research is that the principles and rules intended by the Barthes about beauty and attractiveness of theatre costumes has been effective in practice, and may result in designing more attractive and beautiful costumes, and consequently, the performance of drama shall be more attractive.

Art has repeatedly portrayed “ugliness” in different eras, and a clear example of this can be found in the tragedies attributed to Achilles, Sophocles and Euripides, which belong to the Attica period and belong to the fifth century BC in Greece Observed. The “ugly” themes in the story of tragedies have been the subject of controversy among philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Although Plato considered the play “ugliness” in tragedy to have no value or credibility, Aristotle seems to have considered it as one of the factors shaping tragedy and having moral value. The contrast between the views of these two thinkers on tragedy is the subject of discussion in this study. The purpose of this study is to explain the role of “ugliness” in selected Attica tragedies in Greece from the perspective of Plato and Aristotle. In this study, the important tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides have been studied. Importance of this research (which can be the result of the conclusion of this research) is to create a different understanding of the concept of “ugliness” and its constructive function in art and tragedy as opposed to the view that the display of “ugliness” in art is necessarily destructive and immoral Knows. Therefore, the constructive and moral function of “ugliness” in tragedy can be used as a model for creating dramatic works. The main question of this research is: What role does “ugliness” play in Greek tragedies from the perspective of Plato and Aristotle? The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical and library resources and valid Internet sites have been used to collect information. One of the most important achievements of this research is the constructive role of “ugliness” as a necessary and vital thing in the formation of Greek tragedy and the creation of moral concepts in human life.

Włodzimierz Staniewski is a reputable director of the recent years with a style of his own, and also the founder and artistic director of the Polish Gardzienice Theater Company, whose performances such as "An Evening Performance" 1977, "Sorcery" 1978, "The Life of Archpriest Avvakum" 1981, "Carmina Burana" 1990, "Metamorphoses" 1997, "Elektra" 2002, "Iphigenia at A…" 2007, "Iphigenia in Tauris" 2010, and "Pythian Oratorio" 2013 have captured the attention of many artists and researchers in the field of performing arts from all across the world. According to many theoreticians and researchers in the field of theater such as Paul Allen, the significance of Staniewski's creations is most of all latent in the movements of the actors and the forms of motion in these creations. Identifying the components, resources, roots, and origins that form the movements of the actors in the Gardzienice theater company, as well as the quality of the arrangement of these motions for theatrical performance and their accomplishment in connecting with the audience throughout the performance process can add to the knowledge of actors, directors and artistic motion designers and result in the production of higher quality performances for those that strive to base the creations of Staniewski as a model for their artistic creations. According to the research conducted in well-known national libraries and internet citation databases, there are not any documented books, theses or articles regarding the subject of the present article. However, a number of books, articles, theses, and interviews are available which have considered and investigated other dimensions of the Gardzienice Theater such as Staniewski's opinions and comments, the interactions between members of the Gardzienice group, the history of the formation and development of Gardzienice Theater, the relationship between Staniewski's Theater and Grotowski's Paratheater, Staniewski's biography, etc., all of which have been used as previous literature for the present article. The present article has attempted to present suitable, sufficient, and referable answers to the question that: From where does Gardzienice Theater provide the raw material for its movements and what elements does it use as raw material? Along with this main question, other secondary questions are also answered that each beneficially contribute to increasing the knowledge of those who read this article. The method used in this study is of the descriptive-analytical type and the required data were collected from library references and valid internet databases. The most important achievements of this research consist of the Greek "Cheironomia" and "Gesticulate", the Indian "Samaweda", the behavior of Mexican "Tarahumara" Indians, and the body language of Polish gypsies as part of the origins for the creation of movement in Staniewski's theater. However, these resources are not utilized separately and in an unprocessed state, and the execution team of Staniewski's theater dedicates most of its rehearsal time to forming and developing the motions of its performances while improvisation and native, national and international music assist the Gardzienice group.

The purpose of the present study is to compare the policies of two political approaches in the Islamic Republic of Iran known as conservatism and reformism. To this aim, using the descriptive-historical method and Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory as the theoretical framework of the study, it was attempted to comparatively delve deep into the policies of conservatism and reformism in Iran. The results indicate that the identities and competitions in the intellectual framework of conservatism rely upon a fundamental concept known as “Willayat” (guardianship) so under the influence of this perception, they believe in the legitimacy of the establishment and a rather conservative political system. However, in the intellectual system of reformism, “people” have a central role as the reformists believe in the legitimacy of people and an open political system. Each of the above approaches attempt to have hegemony in the political realm, highlight their meaningful system, deconstruct, and marginalize their rival.

Marina Abramovic, a Yugoslav artist in the field of conceptual art, has been creating works of “art” since the early 1970s. By focusing on her body as the subject and mainstream of her art, she has taken a different approach to the audience in her performances. In his phenomenology of perception, Maurice Merleau Ponty also discusses the “other” in the context of a “body” experience. He has been a philosopher of phenomenology and existentialism of the twentieth century and considers modern art to be the emerging world that has created a different perspective for the artist and audience. The purpose of this research is to explain the concept of the audience with the phenomenological approach of Maurice Merleoponti, based on the concepts of “ Embodyment “ and “Other” in Marina Abramovic’s performances, titled “Zero Rhythm” and “Artist Present”. Data collection was done through library resources, videos, and reputable internet sites. This research answers the question of what does the audience mean in Marina Abramovic’s performances? The importance of this research is to create a different understanding of the concept of audiences by artists who try to position themselves in the audience instead of preparing content for the audience to change their “level of awareness”. This further enriches the meaning and deepens the viewer-performer relationship. One of the most important findings of this study is that according to Maurice Merleoponti’s definitions of the “other” of the audience becomes a tool for audience action through the interplay of art and artist, and this is a factor of meaning and awareness for the artist himself.

This study seeks to answer this question: what grounds and reasons can be given for the withdrawal of the United States from the nuclear deal. Without examining the contexts and factors that influence the decisions of US foreign policy, it is impossible to trace the US withdrawal from JCPOA and start of  an economic war against Iran. This article takes advantage of “James Rosina’s theory of continuity.” Rosina, who is a representative of the combination of two levels of micro and macro analysis in theoretical models of analyzing foreign policy behaviors, believes that in examining and analyzing foreign policy of each country, we must pay attention to five categories of main variables: individual, role, government, society and finally international system. The findings of this study on the withdrawal of the United States from JCPOA and the confrontation with Iran’s asymmetric deterrence strategy show that although the central sign of this phenomenon is Trump’s individual and personality variable, other variables, despite direct impact on US foreign policy towards Iran, have largely emerged as intermediate, stimulating and influential opportunistic factors in the context of Trump’s personality conditions.

Association between vitamin D and anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACLI) in male athletes is poorly understood, and current data are not sufficient and consistent. The present study investigated the association between vitamin D and ACLI in some Iranian male athletes.

This cross-sectional study was carried out in 100 male athletes with knee pain attending Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, Iran 2016. They were evaluated into two groups: male athletes with ACL injury (AI group; n=50) and without ACL injury (WAI group; n=50). ACL injury was verified according to physical examination and MRI findings. Data, including the age, serum 25 (OH) D concentrations, body mass index (BMI), and previous history of exercise were recorded and analyzed in SPSS V20.

The mean age of participants and their serum 25 (OH) D levels were 28±6 years and 25.07±1.02 ng/dl, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two groups in mean age, BMI, and previous history of exercise (P> 0.05). The mean serum 25 (OH) D levels were found to be significantly lower in AI group than those in WAI group (P< 0.001).

The current study showed that lower serum concentrations of 25 (OH) D are associated with the risk of ACLI in male athletes.

A discharge plan is required to be included in the care plan of patients who underwent cardiac valve replacement surgery. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the efficacy of a proposed discharge plan on the self-efficacy of patients with cardiac valve replacement.

This clinical trial study included 65 patients who underwent cardiac valve replacement at Shahid Chamran Hospital, Isfahan, Iran. The participants were then randomly assigned to intervention and control groups using a random allocation method. In the intervention group, the proposed discharge plan was implemented at the time of the patients' admission and continued one month after discharge based on a five-stage nursing process. The duration of hospitalization and the level of self-efficacy of patients before the intervention, one month, and three months after discharge in two groups were analyzed in SPSS software (version 22) [Mw1] through the Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, independent t-test, and analysis of variance. Ethics code: IR.Skums.REC.1395.80. Clinical Trial Code: IRCT2016092312452N4

The mean score of self-efficacy increased significantly over time in the intervention (53.18±4.3) and control groups (32.9±7.4) (P=0.001). However, the intervention group obtained significantly higher self-efficacy scores after one and three months post-discharge, compared to the control group (P=0.001). Furthermore, according to the Least Significant Difference test, the most significant level of effect was after three months post-discharge.

The discharge plan as a method of providing ongoing care increases the level of self-efficacy of patients. Therefore, it is recommended that the discharge plan be used as an effective way to provide patients who underwent cardiac valve replacement with ongoing care.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of politics in the productive economy after the 1979 revolution. The method in this research is based on qualitative and historical methods. In this research, the approach is to the subject of political economy. Studies have shown that the acceptance of productive capital in various sectors, as well as the emergence of ideas in the path of creating added value in society in various forms, the conversion of stagnant capital into productive capital by planning in the form of very faint plans or bills , Which became the basis for the formation of specific objectives of this research. The impact of internal and external factors, reduced presence in the world free market and the lack of a real free market in the country and the lack of strong laws protecting private property, lack of civil society oversight of power behavior, strengthening the formation of Iranian business capital due to lack of suitable arena Productive capitalist competition has been seen in research.

The geographic extent of Iran has caused the country's policy and administration structure to always be criticized for why the elites, especially the non-centered elites, are not effective; however, the structure has always been criticized, the elites' circulation is more political than professional, but in this area there are always two categories Environmental factors and organizational factors are mentioned that in the first category political, economic, geographical, social, cultural, legal and bureaucratic dominant of society are a part of environmental factors that should be considered in designing structures; therefore, at macro level and National, elite and specialists of each country, the most important and in exchange The country's smallest existing capital is considered, and the national wealth of any society is intellectually and operationally. The main question is how geopolitical pathology of the Iranian elite can make this decision in the public policy perspective. Can corrective solutions be presented and implemented? It seems that the elites, especially in other parts of Iran, who are less accessible to the center, have neither a single monopolistic role in their intellectual domains nor are they subordinate to the conditions of the environment without the exercise of power, but with their own domain, they have the power to, along with other The factors provide effective solutions to the development of public policy (decision-making, decision-making, policy-making, and operational phase) to be realized.

Anxiety is the most common issue in the candidates of surgical heart valve replacement. The length of hospital stay in these patients is economically and organizationally important as a predictor of their recovery from acute physical conditions. The present study aimed to assess the effects of a designed discharge plan on anxiety and length of hospital stay in patients undergoing heart valve replacement.

This clinical trial was conducted on 65 candidates of heart valve replacement in Chamran Hospital in Isfahan, Iran, who were randomly divided into the intervention and control groups. In the intervention group, the designed discharge plan was implemented and continued one month after discharge via phone follow-up. Length of hospital stay and anxiety were analyzed before the intervention and one and three months after discharge in both groups in SPSS.

ANOVA indicated that the mean anxiety in the study groups was significantly different at different times (P<0.001), while three months after discharge, mean anxiety was significantly lower in the intervention group compared to the control group. Independent t-test showed no significant difference in the mean hospital stay between the groups (P>0.05).

The designed discharge plan reduced anxiety in the patients, while its effect on the length of hospital stay requires further investigation. Therefore, it is recommended that the discharge program be used as an effective approach to maintaining care in patients undergoing heart valve replacement.

Tragedies are often associated with the death of the hero or other unpleasant ends. The evolution of the earliest examples of ancient Greek tragedy to Shakespeare ̓s great tragedies and the modern tragedy ̓s of today, clarify the importance of death in the tragedy. So if we want to consider the nature of death and being in Shakespeare ̓s tragedies, one of the best options possible, is to looking at this issue through the prism of Martin Heidegger’s ontological philosophy. Heidegger make his way to the being of an existence through death. In this paper, based on library resources and analytical methods, the issue of death in every four of Shakespeare tragedies (Othello, Macbeth, Hamlet, King Lear) was evaluated based on the ideas of Heidegger about death and being. This study will include an overview and four distinct part of analyze and a conclusion. In the analysis of the tragedies, we find out that among the heroes of Shakespeare ̓s tragedies, King Lear is the only title with existential death who experience the original being and death. Hamlet, who is the most suitable case to have an originary being, because of one possibility that he can understand himself following it, cannot experience an existential Death, and live authentically. Othello considering how he is drowned into the Other ̓s (Dasman) will, cannot even try to be an authentic existence. Macbeth being as a Dasein, is different from Othello, because Macbeth eventually understand how deep he sank into the Others ocean of dictatorship.

The Islamic-Iranian model of progress by taking advantage of the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran and being able to understand and analyze the realities of society and to understand national and indigenous values, seeks to respond to the material and spiritual needs of society. This model has epistemological, ontological and anthropological foundations that are rooted in the revelation and doctrinal teachings of Islam. Therefore, its content is based on monotheism and resurrection and the indivisibility of the world and the hereafter. The process of political progress in the Islamic-Iranian paradigm is based on divine and Islamic divine education and the historical, indigenous, and cultural conditions of our country, which are realized in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Numerous models have been presented for the modernization and development of our country, most of which have encountered obstacles due to their non-indigenous nature and lack of attention to the historical, cultural and religious conditions of Iran. The purpose of the present study is to emphasize the necessity and importance of political development in the context of the Islamic-Iranian model of progress and to outline the principles and how it can be achieved. This study, by explaining the underlying indicators of political development, seeks to find out how the will of the community is realized. The strategies used to analyze the data in the present study are based on qualitative and descriptive-analytical methods. The results of this study show that the indicators of political progress in this model are in accordance with the shari'a and by commitment to justice in the community policymaking area; the desired political development is achieved.

The Islamic Republic of Iran, as a free and independent country, has always been influential in regional and international developments due to its geopolitical and geo-strategic position. The issuance of resistance thinking and the struggle against colonialism, imperialism, tyranny, and scientific and technological advances, as well as the constitutional movement, the nationalization of the oil industry and the Islamic Revolution of 1977 In the domestic level and the eight-year resistance in the imposed war, the management of the nuclear crisis and the role has been played in Iraq and Syria at the regional and international levels are typical and historical examples of Iran's role. Also, in the process of emergence, development and itself consolidation, has become a unique factor in the revival, sustainability and development of Islamic awakening and in the present situation has become the center of organizing Islamic convergence in the West Asia. Therefore, this article addresses the role of Iran's regional power based on the opportunities and threats through descriptive-analytical method.