اصغر خالدان

Objectives Old age refers to years near or passed the middle age and therefore, near to the end of life cycle. Old-aged people have limited reviving capability and are more at risk of catching diseases, syndromes, and ailments. Falling is one of the most common problems in the elderly that occur due to their inability to maintain balance. This study aimed to examine the effect of aerobic exercises on static and dynamic balance in healthy elderly inactive men.
Methods & Materials This quasi-experimental research was done in older people living in a nursing home in Qazvin, Iran. The study population included 200 elderly men (65-75 years old); of them, 26 healthy, inactive men were randomly selected and assigned to the experimental (13 subjects) and control (13 subjects) groups. The experimental group participated in selected exercise programs for 8 weeks. We used personal information questionnaire to check the inclusion criteria that comprised independency in doing daily chores, lack of problems in vision or fall during the last year, and not having joints dislocation, chronic arthritis or vertigo. In the case of having these problems, the subjects were excluded from the study. Stork balance test and Timed Up and Go test were used to measure the static and dynamic balance of subjects before the initiation and after the termination of the program. The statistical analyses were done by paired and independent t-tests.
Results The results of independent t-test did not indicate any significant differences between 2 groups with regard to age, height, and weight (P>0.05). Homogeneity was observed in the 2 groups with respect to individual features affecting balance and walking. After performing the aerobic exercise program, the dynamic balance in the experimental group increased significantly (PConclusion Our results showed that regular aerobic exercise improves dynamic balance in elderly men. We also found that jogging and walking improved dynamic balance. The improvement in balance may be due to the increase in nervous compatibility (due to exercise); increase in fitness, strength, and motion domain; improvement in aerobic status, response time and mental status; improvement in neuromuscular control, including a decrease in changing movement units; and improvement in simultaneous movement units. Furthermore, there is a positive relationship between body composition and movement with balance. Therefore, regular aerobic activities are recommended as a suitable training method for improving balance.

Exercise is an integral component of physical and mental health. Attention to exercise in women, regarding their physiologic situation is essential. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a specific aerobic exercise program on fetal growth in pregnant women.Methods & Materials: In this clinical trial, 39 pregnant women in 24-32 weeks of gestation were enrolled. The participants were randomly allocated to experimental (n=18) and control (n=21) groups. Women with single pregnancies and intact amniotic membranes were included. Women who had any contraindications for exercise were excluded from the study. Exercise program included stretching and flexibility exercise and aerobic exercise (constant walking for 30-45 minuets) three days a week for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, c2, t-test, Kolmogro-smirnov and repeated measurements. P<0.05 was considered to be significant. The results showed a 1.37% increase in the newborn's weight in the intervention group; however, the difference was not statistically significant. The average of head circumference and newborn's length in the intervention group's newborns were 0.21cm and 0.09cm more than the control group's newborns, respectively. These differences were not statistically significant too (P>0.05). There were no reductions in the growth of the fetuses following the exercise activities. This kind of exercise has no adverse effect on fetal growth.

Exercise during pregnancy is interested for pregnant women, because of the positive effects on cardiovascular status, decrease of risk of obesity and low back pain, but there is worry about fetal outcomes. Since there are controversies in various studies about this effect, making a conclusion is difficult. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a planned aerobic exercise program on the pregnancy outcomes. This study was a randomized clinical performed on 44 pregnant woman with 24 to 32 weeks gestational age were divided in case (n=20) and control group (n=24). Two groups were matched for mother age, BMI, Para, gestational age and socioeconomic status. Included criteria were single pregnancy with intact fetal membrane and excluded criteria were contraindications of exercise in pregnancy. Exercise program training includes stretching and flexibility exercise for 15 minutes and then aerobic exercise includes constant walking for 5 to 15 minutes. Pregnancy outcomes were assessed included: delivery mood, cause of cesarean section, increase of mother and fetus weight and duration of pregnancy and compared in two groups. The increase of mother weight was lower in case group after two months (4.34kg VS 5kg), but the difference was not significant. The mood of delivery was not significantly different between two groups, although the rate of cesarean section and cesarean section for prolonged labor was higher in control group. There was no case of preterm or postterm delivery. No significant difference was seen between two groups about duration of pregnancy. After two months the increase of fetal weight was higher in case group (426.25gr VS 369.05gr) but showed no significant difference. Partial difference of increase in fetal weight was not significant between two groups during study. The results of this study showed that not only doing or continue the exercise has no negative effect on mother and fetus but also it has positive effect on pregnancy outcomes.

The Purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the ingestion of Nahco3 on Acid-Base balance and performance time in trained male wrestlers during intermittent running to exhaustion. Twenty healthy male wrestlers (17-27 & 60-78 Kg body weight) were participating in exercise training protocol. Subjects were assigned either supplementgroup (n=10) and placebo group (n=10). The supplement group was received Nahco3 in form one capsule (0.065 gr/Kg body weight) while the placebo group was received the same amount of bran rice one hour before the test. Subjects were performed a test on a motor driver treadmill at speeds, 8, 12 and 14 Km/ h and incline 10% grade. Eachphase was consisted of 2 minutes of running which followed by 30 sactive resting period at speeds 4 Km/h (in phase 1), 8 Km/h (phase 2) and in the last phase (phase 3). Subjects ran until to exhaustion. Blood sample was taken before and immediately after the test. Plasma lactate, Ph, Pco2, Po2 and Hco3 were measured. A paired andunpaired t-test were used for data analyzing and significant level was considered at P􀂔 0/05. The results showed that a change in blood gase was not significant. However a decrease in plasma lactate and an increase in running time to exhaustion were observed. It seems that NaHco3 supplementation before the exercise increase running time toexhaustion via reducing the appearance of lactate into blood.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of creatine supplementation on some of performance and structural parameters in young wrestlers. For this purpose ninteen young wrestlers with mean weight 67/87±7/935 kg and age 22/75±3/72years were randomly assigned in a double-blind method to either creatine (CT, n=10) or placebo (PL, n=9) treatment group. The CT group ingested 5g of creatine four times a day for five days. The PL. group followed the same supplementation schedule except  they were given glucose as a placebo. Dependent variables included weight, fat free mass (FFM) and performance parameters that contain maximum isometrice strength (MIS) by dynamometer and peak power(PP), mean power(MP) and total work were measured by five 30 seconds arm wingate test with 30 seconds recovery interval between sets. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS/13.5. The effect of exercise protocol was tested using paired t test and independent t tests for comparisons data. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Results of the independent "t"-test indicated that the creatine supplementation had no significant change for both CT and PL groups between pre- and post-test in total performance parameters. As well as mean difference body weight and FFM had no significant between CT and PL groups. Whereas body weight in CT group increased abought 0/3 Kg ,it decreased in PL group. This study suggests that short-term creatine supplementation did not significantly change performance and structural parameters during the repeated bouts of maximal exercise in young wrestlers.

Application of philosophy to both education and physical education can be studied from a number of points view. This research is concerned with a view that takes philosophy as a mindedness. In this view, the philosopher exhibits characteristics in his rout in life which are conceived as the characteristics of philosophical mindedness and ultimately his philosophical thinking leads to philosophical practice. The philosophical mindedness characteristics which were studied in this research are: 1)liberality, 2)self-confidence, 3)deep understanding, 4)vast view, 5)humbleness, 6)ambition, 7)personality unity, 8)curiosity, 9)supporting human values. Both education and physical education have pedagogical and educational which jointly effect on the cognitive, emotional, psychological and kinetic aspects of the individual's personality. So, as the most important physical educational objectives in schools, in order to take important steps based on the physical educational ideals and goals, they should possess characteristics of philosophical mindedness. In this respect one might say that the most important reasons in the success or failure of instructors might be this very case. Therefore the general objective of this research was to study the amount of philosophical mindedness of secondary school physical educators and studying its difference and relationship with a number of their personal characteristics. To perform the research, 55 teachers were selected at simple random from to be taken as sample group. And then, through a researcher-developed questionnaire, the amount of their testable philosophical mindedness was tested. Furthermore for statistical analysis of the results, the soft ware computer (spss) based on the research hypotheses were used.