اصغر مشبکی اصفهانی

A B S T R A C T
Tourism development has different social, economic, and cultural results. In the meantime, one of the important topics of the growing trend in tourism destinations is the increase of tourists and their stay, along with efforts to provide suitable environmental and human conditions. Therefore, the desire of tourists to stay longer is considered an important indicator in evaluating the ability of tourist destinations to properly exploit the benefits of tourism. In this research, an attempt was made to analyze and investigate the factors affecting the stay of tourists in the city of Tehran. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population of this research is tourists entering Tehran. In order to determine the sample size, due to the lack of statistical population, Cochran's formula for the unlimited population was used and the sample size was estimated at 384 people. The validity of the research tool was calculated using the confirmatory factor analysis model, and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. Data analysis was done using SPSS and LISREL software with descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. The findings showed that the quality of services has a significant effect on the permanence of tourists in Tehran. The path coefficient obtained is equal to 0.41, and travel motivation has a significant effect on tourists staying in Tehran. The obtained path coefficient value is equal to 0.47. Another result of this research is that the characteristics of the trip have a significant effect on the permanence of tourists in Tehran, and the value of the route coefficient obtained is equal to 0.38.
Extended Abstract
Like many cities in Iran, Tehran has potential capacities and numerous natural, historical, and cultural attractions, and tourism development can be very helpful. However, it will be possible to achieve the benefits of tourism when the appropriate platform, i.e., social infrastructure and civil institutions related to it, is provided. Studies show that the metropolis of Tehran is among the cities that have continuously increased the number of domestic tourists. Nevertheless, the average stay of tourists has decreased, so according to the statistics, the average stay of tourists in this city has decreased from 6 days in the 80s to less than 3 days in recent years. The decrease in the number of tourists in Tehran means that this city does not reap many benefits despite spending a major part of the city's budget on providing services. By understanding the above, the main question of this research is as follows:-What are the effective factors in keeping customers (tourists) in tourism destinations?
 
The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. Library and field methods were used to collect data. The statistical population of this research includes domestic tourists who have chosen Tehran as their tourist destination in order to spend their free time. Cochran's formula was used to determine the sample size for the unlimited population, which was estimated to be 384 people. The sampling method was simple random sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect field data. SPSS and LISREL software were used to analyze the research data.
 
Concerning the first hypothesis of the research, which states that service quality has a significant effect on tourists staying in Tehran, the path coefficient (0.41) has been estimated. Also, the value of the obtained T statistic is equal to 3.35 and is more than 1.96. Therefore, this path coefficient is
 
 
significant, and the hypothesis of the research is confirmed. it can be said that the quality of services has a significant effect on the permanence of tourists in Tehran. In explaining the results of this hypothesis, it can be said that tourism services are considered one of the main elements in the development of the urban tourism industry. Thus, paying attention, planning, and allocating the necessary budget in this field is an inevitable necessity in relation to the second hypothesis of the research, which states that the motivation to travel has a significant effect on the permanence of tourists in Tehran. The path coefficient (0.47) is estimated. The value of the obtained T statistic is equal to the obtained 3.55 and more than 1.96. So, this route coefficient is significant, and the hypothesis of the research is confirmed; it can be said that travel motivation has a significant effect on the permanence of tourists in Tehran. In explaining the results of this hypothesis, it can be said that Crompton related the motivation to travel to the driving factors to the need for travel and argues that these factors lead to the pulling factors that are related to the choice of destination. Many researchers agree on the issue that there is a connection between the main motivations or the reasons for the driving factors and the permanence of the destination. They have also noticed in their studies that the average permanence time is longer at the destination on trips to visit family and acquaintances. This result is generally obtained due to the lack of accommodation costs, which allows people to stay in the destination and prolong it with a similar budget and cost. In connection with the third hypothesis of the research, travel characteristics have a significant effect on the permanence of tourists in Tehran; the path coefficient (0.38) has been estimated, and the value of the obtained T statistic is equal to the obtained 9.95 and is greater than 1.96. Therefore, this route coefficient is significant, confirming the research hypothesis; it can be said that the trip's characteristics significantly affect the permanence of tourists in Tehran. In explaining the results of this hypothesis, it can be stated that Wu and Carson (2008) found in their studies that international travel has a positive relationship with the permanence of tourists compared to national travel. The type of accommodation has a direct effect on the length of stay of tourists, so accommodation in the homes of friends and acquaintances or free accommodation increases the length of stay of tourists while staying in hotels decreases the length of stay. Due to economic limitations, the durability also decreases with the increase in the size of the travel group.
 
The results of this research showed that service quality has a positive effect on tourist' retention; according to the value of the obtained path coefficient, which is equal to 0.41, based on the value of the obtained path coefficient, the impact of service quality on tourists' persistence is evaluated as average. Also, this variable can explain 16.8 percent of the dependent variable's variance, i.e., tourists' persistence. Among the other results obtained in this research was that travel motivation has a significant effect on tourist' retention. Also, according to the value of the path coefficient obtained, the travel motivation variable is able to explain 22% of the variance of the tourist retention variable.
 
Funding
There is no funding support.
 
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
 
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
 
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Recently there are remarkable interests about business ecosystems in businesses and academic environments and increasing. Regarding special characteristics of business ecosystems, it is expected that management concepts including strategy and strategizing are different in business ecosystems and they have special specifications and require special considerations. In this research and using related articles published in this area, we review previous researches and extract related concepts and themes about strategazing in business ecosystems and realation between them and to design an integrated model for strategizing in business ecosystem’s life cycle.

To identify related themes about strategizing in business ecosystems, we use Metasynthesis and Sandelowski and Barroso method in this research that the mothod includes seven steps. Published articles in this area between 1993 to 2021 and in top scientific databases are reviewed by the research group. These databases include Science Direct, Emerald, Scopus and EBSCO. In addition and regarding the importance of some journals, the resarch group considered articles of four pioneer journals by Berry-picking and Journal Runs and Hand Searching method to be sure that all influential articles are reviewed. These four pioneer journals include Harvard Business Review, MIT Sloan Management Review, California Management Review and Strategic Management Journal. We reviewed related articles and screened articles three times and at the end, 107 articles selected and studied in this research. We extracted required information from these selected articles and then categorized and synthesized them to extract concepts and themes.

Using Metasynthesis results, 10 themes about strategizing in business ecosystems are identified including Ecosystem Creation Motivators, Ecosystem Drivers, Ecosystem Goal, Ecosystem Boundary, Strategic Positions in Ecosystem, Strategic Roles in Ecosystem, Critical Health Factors of Ecosystem, Ecosystem Challenges, Ecosystem Dynamism, and Strategizing in Ecosystem that every theme has its sub-themes and concepts. These themes are related together and can make an integrated model to describe how different factors influence strategizing in business ecosystems and how designers and managers of an ecosystem can nurture an acosystem by deliberately strategic initiatives.

In the end and using identified themes and regarding the relationships between them, an integrated model for strategizing in business ecosystems’ life cycle are designed by the researchers. In this model and based on the research question, strategizing has a dynamic charactristics and is a continuous attempt during whole life cycle of business ecosystem and plays as a core of the model. There are several motivators that encourage different ecosystem players to participate in the ecosystem. While these motivators exist, the ecosystem evolve and otherwise will collapse. On the other hand, customer value proposition is the core goal that whole ecosystem moves toward that goal and strategizing is a leading engine that pushes the ecosystem toward this goal. In addition to strategizing, there are some soft and hard drivers that provide dynamism for ecosystem. After creating ecosystem, different participants play various roles in the ecosystem that based on their responsibiliy, they are assigned to special positions and these positions determine the strategic role of every participant in the ecosysetm. Participants influence the strategizing in the ecosystem by these strategic roles. Also, strategic positions maybe change by ecosystem dynamism and then they are dynamic. By prticipation of players in the ecosystem, the boundary of ecosystem will be detremined that include players in different strategic positions. According to the model, this boundary is dynamic and based on the different factor, the boundary can change during ecosystem’s life cycle. Survival and competitiveness of an ecosystem deponds on its health. During evolution of the ecosystem, different factors emerge that based on these factors we can evaluate healthiness of ecosystem that we call them Critical Health Factors. These factors play a very important role in decision about ecosystem strategies. Ecosystem challenges are other factors that influence strategizing in ecosystem that these challenges related to charactristics of ecosystems and these challenges must be considered for any strategic initiatives. But ecosystem dynamism is the crucial issue in ecosystem strategizing that accomplish by ecosystem’s life cycle. Comprehensive understanding of this dynamism is so important for strategizing in an ecosystem. Also, dynamism variables are the most important issue about ecosystem dynamism. These variables make dynamism in the ecosystem or they will be affacted by ecosystem dynamism. These dynamism variables influence on strategizing in ecosystem and also will be affacted by new strategies and changes. In addition to strategic roles, strategic challenges and dynamism variables, there are another factors that impact on strategizing that we call them as Effective Factors on Strategizing. These factors have mutual relationship with strategizing and they have dynamism charactristics. In addition, Strategic Approach is another factor that can influence strategizing in ecosystem. Every strategic approach has its own requirements and can make different effect on strategizing in ecosystem. These strategic approaches are related to strategic positions and ecosystem dynamism. Regarding complexity of strategizing in ecosystems, it is necessary to consider all these themes together simultaneously and also their relationship. This comprehensive understanding leads to a best decision during strategy develpoment and execution and this designed model is the most comprehensive known model for strategizing in business ecosystems.

Organic agriculture is known as an insight and system of production of agricultural products that emphasizes the production of healthy products. In this regard, the current research has been conducted with the aim of presenting an innovative marketing model of organic products with a future research approach. From the point of view of the goal, this study is a fundamental research that was conducted with the qualitative research method and based on deductive-inductive reasoning. The statistical population of this research was theoretical experts (professors of marketing management) and experimental experts (managers of knowledge-based companies in the agricultural sector). Sampling was done in a non-probability and purposeful way. The data collection tool was interview. To analyze the expert interviews, the prospective research method was used and the relevant indicators were identified and finally the final model of the research was presented. Research data analysis was done with TI Atlas software. Based on the results of the research, economic drivers, laws, politics, subsidies, construction and rental, environmental and health as influential variables, location drivers, social, personnel, innovative productions as independent variables, cultural drivers, special services, competitors , exchange rate and inflation and planning services as linked variables and influential drivers of export, strategy, physical services, direct advertising, skill training, job satisfaction and young customers as influential variables

IntroductionOrganizations in some cases, such as Complex Products and Systems (COPS) do not have access to resources or the possibility and how to use them.Complex Products and Systems are such products and systems that strongly require strong engineering knowledge and high costs with a project organizational structure and customized based on technology networks, structures and engineering and infrastructure services. In other words, organizations active in the Complex Products and Systems industry need to be present in collaborative networks in order to meet their complex technological needs and because they must be equipped with a combination of complementary skills and expertise. Given the importance of networking in the Complex Products and Systems industry due to its basic features and the good literature that has been formed in this field of research in recent years, therefore, it is possible to use a review research to identify studied areas. future trends, and other areas of interest.Methodology The main purpose of this research is a systematic review and classification of the studied subjects, observable trends in studies, descriptive statistics of previous studies. The present study is a systematic review and citation research in which the steps of systematic review study of Denyer and Tranfield (2009) have been used. At first, after identifying the relevant keywords and confirming the experts, the search command was formed as TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“complex product systems” OR “complex products and systems” OR “complex capital goods” OR “complex Product-Service System”) and (“Collaborat*” OR “Network*” OR “cooperat*”)), and in the next step, the search command was executed and modified in the Scopus database, which finally produced 109 outputs.Results and Discussion The period of studied articles was from 1995 to 2021, published in 38 sources, the annual growth rate of articles from 2017 to 2021 has quadrupled, "Research Policy" journal is the first rank in this field by publishing 5 articles. Tae Yang Park published the most articles in the field and is in first rank and Hanyang University is with the highest number of organizational affiliations in this field, China with 12 scientific products is of the top country in the list of scientific products in this field. However, articles originating in the United Kingdom with 133 citations have the most citations to articles.Complex systems industries have denser and more complex network connections, which makes it difficult for transformative innovations. Therefore, equipping with communication capabilities can facilitate coordination to face this challenge [44]. Meanwhile, in line with Schumpeter's theory of creative destruction, radical innovations can completely erase the value of outdated technologies and competences and thus lead to the exit of the industry for backward companies. Recent research indicates that innovation flows from the business level to the network level. Innovation in the network is the result of the appropriate flow and its sharing between network members. One of the methods of knowledge transfer and circulation can occur in the form of complementary assets. For example, two companies, one of which has capabilities in raw material production and the other in its processing, can facilitate the flow of knowledge by properly transferring knowledge and participating in this process. Another type of innovation and knowledge flow can occur in the form of innovative division of labor. This is a kind of recombination of network members' knowledge with problems and solutions. As a result of creating such a recombination, the member companies of the network will find the ability to make what they could not make and provide alone. Of course, the importance of explicit and implicit knowledge should not be overlooked. Therefore, tacit knowledge, which is much lower in transmission power and rarely takes a written form, can be easily transferred in face-to-face and direct relationships in networks. That is, the greater the share of tacit knowledge, the more difficult it will be to transfer. Therefore, being in the network can promise more innovation for their members due to the access and variety of knowledge available in the networks. Conclusion After studying the theoretical foundations and holding meetings to present the articles, the five main topics discussed in the reviewed articles were identified, and the results of the answers to the articles were presented. The first theme is about the main factors of network stability in the complex systems industry, which include: the quality of the relationship between network actors, the degree of movement towards goals and achieving them in a flexible and cooperative atmosphere, the realization of a goal that each member has joined the network with the same motivation. Establishing two-way communication in a network, cooperation, solving the problem of resource dependence, appropriate actions in the field of strategic management, the presence of managers with basic skills in network management and the use of various tools to create a common understanding between members. Adaptability in the network in complex systems industries: participation and presence in networks and the formation of some interdependencies in networks, lead to changes in the business model of companies, which these changes occur due to adaptation to the network.The five main themes are identified as follows:How does network stability happen in the Complex Products and Systems industry?What are the dynamics of network adaptability in Complex Products and Systems industry?How is network management in Complex Products and Systems industry?How to create value in networks in Complex Products and Systems industry?How does innovation in the Complex Products and Systems industry occur?Due to the limitations of the research and access to the most original articles, because part of the validity of the research comes from the validity of the search and its articles, so from these outputs only articles and review studies and in English selected and the output was 68 articles. This number of articles was re-examined by two researchers and separately. The final output of the study was 47 original articles that were entered into Bibliometrics software to provide the most referenced resources, journals, universities, individuals and collaboration networks. And other related items to be identified.

The characteristics of today's businesses have led managers to pay attention to their business from ecosystem point of view and this attention is increasing. Considering businesses from the business ecosystem point of view will lead to significant differences in comparison to considering a specific business and will transform analyses and actions from the individual level to the collective level. However, the prerequisite for any analysis or action in the field of ecosystems is to identify the characteristics of ecosystems. In order to specify the characteristics of business ecosystems and using Metasynthesis, published articles in four databases and specifically four reputable journals are reviewed and after evaluating and screening the articles, 54 articles are selected and carefully studied and the information obtained are combined and interpreted. According to the Metasynthesis results, the characteristics of ecosystems can be classified into five main characteristics including Structural Characteristics, Interactive Characteristics, Evolutionary Characteristics, Social Characteristics and Governance Characteristics that every characteristic includes sub-characteristics and concepts and all together make the framework of business ecosystems’ characteristics. These characteristics affect all dimensions of an ecosystem and comprehensive knowledge about them is a valuable guide for any research or action in ecosystems.

Over the last two decades, significant research has been conducted on the role that a strategic approach to purchasing can play in organizations. Despite conducting significant research to identify and develop the dimensions of the issue using theoretical and operational approaches, and in some cases, a pathological point of view to identify and address existing gaps, it appears that a holistic and integrated perspective is necessary for addressing the issue of purchasing strategies. Therefore, the current research focuses on describing studies on purchasing strategies. Its purpose is to provide a comprehensive overview of this subject.

In line with the research's purpose, the systematic review methods were evaluated in the first step, and out of the 14 review methods, the scoping review method was chosen. Next, a six-step methodological framework has been introduced and applied to guide the scoping review. These steps include the following. 1) Identifying and defining the research question, 2) Identifying the relevant researches, 3) Selecting studies related to the research question,4) Showing data in tables,5) Sorting, summarizing and reporting findings,6) optional consulting with the stakeholders about the findings.In summary, a scoping review approach was used to examine five credible scientific databases: Scopus, Ebsco, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and Emerald. This examination resulted in the extraction of 4697 articles. After three stages of screening, including: 1) evaluating the publication date, title, keywords, and abstract, 2) checking for non-repetitiveness of articles, and 3) conducting an in-depth evaluation of their content, 82 articles were selected for detailed review. The screening framework used was PRISMA, which holds high credibility in the literature of review research.

Based on the results obtained, the publication of articles in this field has been increasing since the beginning of the 21st century. The investigation revealed that empirical methods were used in more than 50% of the articles, while conceptual methods were used in about 16%, and interpretive methods in 11%. Europe, Asia, and America account for 37%, 20%, and 17% of the frequency of empirical articles, respectively. A significant portion of the reviewed articles (49%) have been conducted across various industries, irrespective of a specific sector, with industrial equipment ranking next. In terms of content, the types of purchasing strategies, the impact of purchasing strategies on the organization's performance, and purchasing portfolio models have all gained significant attention. Researchers have examined the factors influencing purchasing strategies and the importance of aligning purchasing strategies with other organizational strategies.

Conducting research using a scoping review approach has advantages over non-systematic review studies, as it ensures greater accuracy and credibility, reducing the likelihood of deviating from the primary research goal. The reason for this is a lack of attention to the research subject and questions, and reliance on improper and sometimes unreliable databases and sources. In this topic, some studies conducted using a systematic review method have attempted to enhance the subject of purchasing strategy by drawing from other concepts and topics. The current research aims to identify the areas explored in the field of organizational purchasing strategies to either advance existing studies or fill gaps in the research.Reviewing and analyzing various types of research conducted since 1994 revealed a significant increase in the number of studies focusing on purchasing strategies and related concepts such as purchasing management, supply management, and supply strategies since the early 21st century. A descriptive and content analysis of these studies was conducted, highlighting the key accomplishments in terms of content.{revised} Despite the equivalent use of "purchase" and "supply" in many types of research and reports, there is a difference between these two concepts.The strategy formation and selection are influenced by internal and environmental factors that impact purchasing strategies (as antecedents).Depending on various internal and environmental conditions, organizations can adopt a wide range of actions and strategies in the field of purchasing. Usually, organizations create strategies by classifying the items they need and implementing methods that may not even be mentioned in the existing literature.In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring the connection between purchasing strategies and various factors such as purchasing portfolio models, organizational performance, alignment with other strategies across different organizational levels, product life cycle, and supplier relationship management. This issue has been addressed and developed in the scoping review of this research.5. We highlight the gaps concerning the importance of creating diverse, distinct, and adaptable purchasing strategy models. Additionally, there is a need to focus more on conducting industry-level studies in this area that are applicable across various industries.

Sustainability has become one of the main parts of business strategy. Companies want to use economic techniques and strategies for sustainability to both create economic value and at the same time reduce negative environmental impacts and address social issues. On the other hand, in order to connect to global markets and succeed in them, they have to be present in cross-border networks and it is necessary to take advantage of the opportunity after creating and modifying their (sustainable) business model in accordance with the operating network. This research is a systematic review research in which after extracting related keywords from the research literature, by forming a research search command and entering it into the Scopus database to provide the most referenced articles, authors, organizational affiliations, Magazines, etc. were used in Bibliometrics software. The seven main axes and the results of the answers given by the reviewed articles to these axes are presented. These axes are: how sustainability occurs in the business model, business networks and business model sustainability, the formation of business networks in the sustainable business model, value creation in networks in the sustainable business model Challenges of the presence of a sustainable business model in networks, effective factors in the success and failure of a sustainable business model in networks, the process of innovation in networks in a sustainable business model. The purpose of this article is to systematically review the research background in order to provide the above-mentioned analyzes in order to categorize the subjects studied, study trends, descriptive statistics of previous studies, and suggestions for managers and future research.

Minority in a joint-stock company means capitalists whose total vote is insignificant compared to other capitalists (majority vote) and are not able to exert significant influence on the company's management. Minority capitalists have different ratios, each of which can be considered. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of multiple control layers and chains on the behavior of the urban trader and the economic performance of companies. This research is descriptive-correlative in nature and method and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population in this research consists of companies admitted to the Tehran Stock Exchange between 2015 and 2019. The selection of the sample was done by screening method (elimination) and Eviews software was used to check the resulting data panel model. The results indicate that multiple control layers have a significant reducing effect on the economic performance of companies, and multiple control chains have an increasing effect on the economic performance of companies.

The current research was carried out in order to design a mixed model of marketing organic products with a value-oriented approach. The research method was conducted qualitatively and based on the foundational data theory. The statistical population will be managers of companies producing organic products and experienced experts. The number of samples is selected in a targeted manner and to the extent of theoretical saturation or sufficiency from the mentioned statistical population. 10 people were investigated as a statistical sample. The result of these interviews was a set of primary themes that were collected during the process of open coding and categories were extracted from them. The results obtained from the experts' opinions are the marketing model of organic products with a value-oriented approach. In the section of causal conditions, concepts such as human resources management policy, information, innovation, responsibility are very important. In the context of consumers' cultural and moral attitude, consumers' trust in the organicity of the product, consumers' awareness, social responsibility are key concepts. The components of appropriate transportation and gaining trust were the most important strategies identified in this research. The components of improving consumer attitude, spreading the culture of using green products, reducing environmental risks, preserving resources, self-reliance, feeling needed in the consumer, improving competitive advantage over non-organic products were among the most important outcomes identified in this research. The results of this research can be used by companies active in marketing these products to promote and develop organic products.

The present study aims to explain the behavioral pattern of utility service consumers toward engagement in online brand communities. Many companies seek to attract and communicate more with customers; therefore, they try to strengthen their relationships with customers by creating online brand communities and customer engagement. Utility companies are affected by this trend in recent years while, compared to hedging companies, they face more challenges in this area. In the extant literature, few studies have investigated the types of behavioral responses of utilitarian service consumers in online brand communities. Therefore, this study seeks to develop a behavioral model for utility service consumers to ensure their engagement. It divides the consumers based on their behavioral differences and by examining each category of them separately in an independent phase.
 
The required data for this study were collected through purposive sampling, dealing with two groups of consumers with different behavioral responses to engagement in online brand communities. The study continued through conducting semi-structured interviews and using the content analysis method. In its first phase, participants were consumers of one of the three Internet service providers in Iran (namely Shuttle, Hi Web, and Mobinnet) who had to connect with the online brand communities but did not desire to engage. Data were collected from 12 consumers. In the second phase of the study, participants were consumers from one of the same three Internet service providers (i.e., Shuttle, Hi Web, and Mobinnet) that had connected and engaged in the online brand communities of one of the mentioned companies. Data were collected from 10 of these individuals. Next, the data obtained from the two phases were coded by the thematic analysis approach. Eventually, the final model of consumer engagement in online brand communities was extracted.
 
Dimensions and components of consumer engagement in online brand communities include brand-related factors (i.e., brand position in the consumer's mind and brand satisfaction), individual factors (i.e., possibility of presenting the ideal self, consumer attitude towards people with a high level of engagement, perceived usefulness of the engagement, consumer involvement with the product, consumer motivation from the occurrence of engagement and consumer openness), social factors (i.e., quality of community members' interactions with each other and content source), and factors related to the online brand community (i.e., the extent to which consumer expectations from communities are met, community commitment to interactions with consumer and the attractiveness of the content).
 
The research results underlined the role of the mentioned components in consumers of utilitarian service toward engagement in online brand communities. The dimensions and components identified were expressed in a final figure. The six components of brand position in the consumer's mind, brand satisfaction, consumer involvement with the product, perceived usefulness, community commitment to interactions with consumers, and attractiveness of the content were repeated in the findings of two phases, highlighting the relative importance of these factors compared to other factors. Therefore, brand managers should pay special attention to these components. These findings help managers better understand consumers’ behavior and design or refine their communication strategies accordingly.

The present research is seeking to identify the antecedents of value co-creation in startups in a shares economy environment. The research method is considered applied in terms of the purpose and in respect of the data collection with a content analysis approach. To this end, in the qualitative section, data have been gathered through a survey of the research literature and conduct of profound interviews. The statistical population constituted the experts and executive managers of startups in the contents of a shared economy. The sampling was processed with a snowball method, continued up to level of theoretical saturation and then the collected data were analyzed by a thematic content approach out of which 8 basic themes, 32 secondary themes and 3 open codes were identified. The findings indicate that the antecedents of value co-creation in startups in a shared economy environment include: the consumer's ethical perceptions, brand strength, relationship-based marketing, expected value, customer's experience, sustainability, contribution to the growth and development of businesses as well as infrastructures. The reliability of the qualitative data analysis was calculated through the Cohen Kappa coefficient which was 0.843. the quantitative section was handled through the structural equations modelling and the hypotheses were tested by using the PLS3 Software whereby all the 8 assumed hypotheses were confirmed. The reliability of the questionnaire was calculated through the Alpha Cronbach Coefficient and Combined Reliability ((CR)) while the validity was obtained through the confirmatory factor analysis, factor loads and the average variance extracted (AVE). Finally, some recommendations were made for enhancement of the upcoming research activities and practical approaches

Today,‌sustainable innovation has become-one-of the requirements of-the-world,‌so that most managers and production-activists-who are concerned about the environment,‌use this type of innovation in order to be sustainable in a turbulent and turbulent economic environment,‌as well as to adapt to it.‌Due to its unique characteristics,‌fractal innovation is closely related to the concepts of sustainability(social and ecological) because this view of innovation seeks to minimize resources(raw materials,‌production resources,‌energy, water,‌waste-and-financial resources).The purpose of this study is to provide a model that can be used to consider the dynamics of innovation and business sustainability factors.‌Also,‌the present study is quantitative and-exploratory.‌In this-study,‌the-components of the fractal innovation model of sustainability were classified using Heidegger method and their originality was measured using the Iranian matrix method.‌In addition,‌in order to prioritize the components over the indicators,-the rapid impact assessment matrix method was used, then the four-level focal model was used to present the model.‌The statistical population of this research is science and technology parks active in the field of innovation in Iran,‌ten of which were selected as a sample(expert)‌and with the help of interviews and distribution of questionnaires,‌the data obtained with the help of Excel software were analyzed.As a result,30components of the fractal sustainable innovation were founded,‌the most important components included components of circular economy,‌large scale change,‌external capability,‌resource efficiency,‌stakeholder co-creation,‌competitive evaluation,‌economical innovation is the most important and prioritized.

The present study seeks to diagnose complications and analyze Ayandeh Bank's customer relationship management system using a three-pronged model. Research

The present study can be discussed in terms of philosophical foundations in the paradigm of positivism, it is an applied research-survey. The statistical population of the present study consists of the employees of Ayandeh Bank (western branches of the country). The sample size was determined using IBM SPSS Sample power software version three, equal to 110 people. The data analysis method was performed using one-sample t-tests and first-order confirmatory factor analysis with SPSS and AMOS statistical software.

According to the sample t-test, the health variable of customer relationship management system and its components (structural damage, behavioral damage, contextual or environmental damage) are at the desired level and below average. Discussion and

According to the research findings, the health variable of customer relationship management system is lower than average. Also, structural damages, behavioral damages, background or environmental damages in the branches of Ayandeh Bank in the west of the country are desirable and below average, indicating that Ayandeh Bank is safe from structural damages, behavioral damages, abnormal background or environmental damages. The confirmatory factor model of this study showed that the highest to lowest importance in explaining the health of the customer relationship management system in the branches of Ayandeh Bank in the west of the country are: 1. Structural injuries 2. Behavioral injuries 3. Underlying or environmental injuries.

The purpose of this study is to design a model for succession breeding management in the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The research method is a descriptive survey. The statistical population of this study is 257 managers and general managers of the central bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Due to the limited size of the population, the census method was exerted. Therefore, the researcher sent a questionnaire to the entire statistical population (257 people) to add ‌ to the richness of the research while comprehensively reviewing the project. A questionnaire was used to collect research data.

The research findings showed that the succession breeding model includes management commitment, focus on critical jobs, career management, evaluation of succession breeding planning, evaluation of future talents of individuals, and implementation of a succession breeding system.  In total, 46% of the variance of success of the succession breeding system, 39% of the variance of evaluation of succession breeding programs, and 25% of the variance of future talents assessment were explained by the research model.

Using the succession breeding model can improve the necessary skills for good management in talented people.

Jihadi culture has a positive effect on the organization's outputs, such as productivity and job satisfaction, and it can integrate the daily activities of employees to achieve the formulated goals. This study investigates the effect of jihadi culture on improving job performance concerning the mediating role of organizational justice and social capital.

This research method is a descriptive-correlational survey, and 180 people from the statistical population (employees of large and medium companies in Aran and Bidgol industrial town) have been studied by stratified sampling method. For this purpose, to measure the research variables, the researcher-made scale of jihadi culture, Social Capital Scale of Sakhaei (2020), Organizational Justice Scale of Morhead and Newhoff (1993), and Job Performance Scale of Patterson (1970) have been exerted.

The results show that the model of the effect of jihadi culture on job performance mediated by organizational justice and social capital has been significant and statistically significant. In other words, jihadi culture has a significant and direct effect on job performance (β = 52.5, t = 70.8, p = 0.001), and the set of direct and indirect effects of this index on job performance is equal to 0.88. At the same time, organizational justice with a coefficient of 0.41 and social capital with a coefficient of 0.43 have affected job performance.

As jihadi culture develops in industrial companies, the level of social justice and social capital among their employees are improved and leading to improved job performance.

The present article with a comprehensive approach and qualitative research method based on the theory of Strauss and Corbin (1990) presents the model of customer loyalty of the Social Security Organization. The theory led to the identification of causal, contextual, intervening and evaluation dimensions in the analysis of customer behavior based on the presentation of the model of customer loyalty of social security organization. The results showed that the effective causal factors on Customer loyalty include: service strategy, identifying needs and expectations, personal and behavioral characteristics of employees, selecting people based on merit, customers' inner desires, familiarity and mastery of personnel with the rules and regulations of the organization, brand identity, commitment and customer satisfaction. Strategic factors affecting customer loyalty include marketing and advertising tools, implementation of strategic plans, accountability and management tools. Implications for customer loyalty include developing long-term customer relationships, reducing costs, anticipating and planning, long-term success and risk reduction.

Travel and tourism are the most important sectors of the global economy that can lead to income generation and employment. Therefore, in this research, which is of descriptive-correlation type and was conducted as a survey, the study of the relationship between luxury values and customers' attitudes towards the intention to buy has been applied in a practical way. The statistical population of the present study includes tourists who ate in the spring and summer of 2020 in luxury restaurants in Gilan province, which was used to sample the available method, and its data was collected using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling in PLS software environment. The results show that the significant relationship between luxury values and customer attitude and purchase intention was confirmed and also the relationship between customer attitude and purchase intention with the mediating role of food image is significant.

In recent years, problem-solving through crowdsourcing is one of the approaches that has been considered by many business organizations. The results of the studies show that crowdsourcing is one of the ways to succeed in economics in the present era. it is considered in the development of new products, as an operational innovation to improve the quality of the products and to expand the development process; However, increasing complexity at the organizational level has added to the problem of decision-making and less attention has been paid to crowdsourcing.The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize (classify) the components of crowdsourcing in business organizations with Considering fractal rules in times of complexity. The present study is field, quantitative, cross-sectional and exploratory research.The statistical population of this study is managers and employees of active businesses in the field of crowdsourcing in Iran, which were selected 5 people as a sample with the help of judging sampling.Data Gathering Tools close Questionnaire of spectral type; It has a range of ranking responses, which in order to prioritize the components against the indicators of the evaluation matrix methods (including the Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix and the Iranian matrix) were used with the help of Excel software. The results of this study show that among the types of aggregation components according to the rules of fractals, in order to control and consider complexity in commercial organizations, should be paid special attention to the components of "collective use, voluntary population participation, use of information technology" as the most important components of business organization.

Nowadays, branding is a popular and powerful tool which cause distinction amid similar places in the competitive tourism market. Among the places, Islands create unique experiences for tourists due to their mainland. Kish Island needs branding to compete with other tourist islands of Southwest Asia to use its special potential to become the top tourist destination.This research aim to proposing a model of branding based on brand attachment for Kish Island.Since very few studies have been done on the branding of tourist islands, grounded theory (Systematic GTM)with the approach of Strauss and Corbin used for theorizing and identifying dimensions of the model.Theoretical sampling was used through deep semi-structured interview of experts in the field of tourism, marketing and brand. After extracting the initial concepts, open, axial and selective coding of the concepts were performed by Maxqda 18 software.The outcome of the research model indicated that the process of branding was affected by the casual condition which named as strategic brand management. Thus, place-oriented marketing, economic and place brand action strategies lead to desirable result such as place attachment, place value, cultural-economical development of Kish Island. The process was strengthened by contextual conditions such as environmental-legal factors and cultural- social factors as well as encountering with branding challenges.

This study identifies affecting determinants in the marketing of Iranian crude oil. The research methodology is qualitative and quantitative simultaneously. The statistical sample includes experts, senior and executive managers, marketing directors, and the Information Systems Department of the National Iranian Oil Company. Data is collected through qualitative interviews and quantitative questionnaires. Using CVR and CVI coefficients, the data is validated. The reliability of the questionnaire is examined by Cronbachchr('39')s Alpha where the obtained scores are higher than 0.7. The Grounded Theory is employed for qualitative analysis, descriptive statistics i.e. mean and variance for quantitative analysis, and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation and path analysis) to test the hypotheses. Under the countrychr('39')s current petroleum industry condition, "marketing" is regarded as equal to "sales" and marketing-related departments are mainly involved with contracting and selling petroleum i.e. post-marketing stages. Managers in marketing and selling believe that due to the special characteristics of the petroleum market, such as limited supply and well-known customers, there is no need for marketing Iranian crude oil. However, due to the oil marketchr('39')s unprecedented implications and the increasing competition of the worldchr('39')s oil defectors under sanctions, research to find new markets, keeping current customers, and reaching better agreements is essential.

One of the main topics in the discussion of strategic planning is the implementation of the strategy and its execution, especially in hierarchical organizations. Accordingly, the main question of the research is what is the optimal pattern of implementation and execution of strategy in hierarchical organizations of the army? This research is of exploratory-descriptive type and is applied-developmental in terms of purpose. The data collection method of this research includes library studies, interviews with experts and a questionnaire. The present study was conducted by a mixed method (in both qualitative and quantitative sections), so that using library studies and content analysis of the literature, as well as interviews with 23 experts, the final model of implementation and execution of the strategy is presented.  Also, in the quantitative part, in order to test the model, according to the statistical population, which was estimated to be about 120 people, based on Cochranchr('39')s formula, the number of samples was calculated equal to 92 people and a researcher-made questionnaire was sent to them. Of these, 83 questionnaires were collected and structural equations were modeled and tested. The good fit criterion for the overall model fit is calculated to be 0.73, which indicates the strong fit of the model.

The purpose of this study is to find mechanisms for adopting and implementing diversification strategies in Iranian multi-business companies in the form of content, context and process models. The owners of multi-business companies will be able to adopt an appropriate strategy in dealing with the future investment opportunities based on these mechanisms. They can also properly manage the organization and reduce the risk of value degradation through recognizing and examining various causal, underlying, and intervening conditions of this strategy. Therefore, the main question is that “what is the nature of the diversification strategy mechanisms in Iranian multi-business companies”.  

This research is an exploratory research in terms of purpose and has been conducted based on descriptive and survey appraoch. The data were collected through a qualitative method and in-depth interviews with senior managers. They were then analyzed using the systematic grounded theory method. The statistical population includes the managers and senior experts in the field of strategy in Iranian multi-business companies who participated in the diversification process and decisions in their organizations. Theoretical saturation was obtained uisng integrated purposeful and snowball sampling after 25 in-depth interviews. In this study, the interviews were conducted with the managers from Golrang Industrial Group, Golestan Industrial Group, Kourosh Investment Group, Ariana Industrial Group, Padideh Paydar Holding, Middle East Investment Group, and Rahmani Industrial Group. The data were collected from March 2017 to March 2019.  

The results of the data analysis indicates that the causal conditions of individual incentive (the concepts such as seeking power, maximum role-playing in the success of the company, fulfilling social responsibility - especially the first generation, as well as gaining prestige and social prestige); organizational incentive (the concepts of growth of human resource development, division and balance of power in the organization, the organizations’ intellectual assets such as brand, and the organizations’ knowledge assets); economic incentive (the concepts of limited size and growth of the existing industries, achieving development prospects, financial and cost convergences, wide range and the possibility of taking advantage of opportunities in other industries, exploiting macro-opportunities and the transformation of political-economic threats into opportunities, political-economic constraints for the initial business, non-outflow of liquidity, and exploitation of special opportunities); reduction of risks (the concepts of diversifying the flow of profitability, avoiding the threats and confrontations with powerful institutions, bankruptcy, covering business fluctuations, avoiding threats to the immediate environment); as well as intervening conditions can shape the degree of stability of the macro environment, the facilitating institutions, the status of supporting laws and policies, and the environment which is prone to special opportunities, business diversification in the context of maturity in the organizational life cycle, organizational resources, capabilities of the organization, senior managers’ strategic skills and thinking as well as the organizational strategic orientations. This phenomenon is implemented through option-making, option-selecting, defining entry strategy, holding, institutionalization, and systematization. It can also lead to positive consequences such as higher financial performance, reduction of risks, strength, growth and development and etc.  

Completing the value chain including front and back integrations and entering into other core value chain businesses, is regarded as a major part of the organizations’ diversification activities. The diversification is successful in immediate businesses because the company is relatively familiar with their business principles and models. The transformation of intra-company services such as business services and advertising into independent businesses due to competency and vacancy indicates endogenous growth and diversity. These factors, along with supporting other companies and heterogeneous diversification, can form diversification strategy. For the successful implementation of the diversification strategy, it is necessary to pay comprehensive attention to the 27 important categories and the related concepts, and to use them properly with full awareness.

In the present day, marketing is one of the most central principles for the triumph of various companies. Due to the increasing diversity of commercial companies and competition in the field of services, marketing concerns have become one of their most significant concerns. Given the growth of technology in the present age, smart marketing is a matter to be considered in this area. In such an environment, management must evaluate risk and act intelligently in all decisions. The present research is accomplished via a descriptive and analytical method with a quantitative and qualitative approach. Research findings indicate that accurate, up-to-date and transparent information reduces the risk of incorrect decision making; hence, this has become one of the significant reasons for the need for marketing research and smart marketing promotion in any organization. In this research, an attempt has been made to introduce a smart marketing model in the development of handicraft investment companies in the country (case study of the sustainable development of Sina Industry). The results of data analysis obtained with fuzzy Delphi technique shows that the important dimensions of the intelligent marketing model were identified in 3 phases (input, analysis and output) of 13 general components and 42 indicators. Finally, according to the analysis, the final model of intelligent marketing in the investment company is designed in three phases. In the meantime, investing in the field of handicrafts will be fruitful due to consuming its own issues and concerns and this is achieved if smart marketing is applied.

1. Recognizing the status of smart marketing in the field of competition in the handicraft industry.
2. Becoming acquainted with the opportunities and threats in the handicraft market.

Research questions:

1. What is the role of smart marketing model in handicraft investment companies?
2. What are their dimensions, components and associations?

The joining of consumers to online brand community provides the brand managers with potential opportunities offered upon extensive interactions and establishing strong emotional relations between the firms and customers. A review of the studies performed so far show that the research on the importance of the joining of consumers to Online Brand Community, as a first step toward having them engaged with the brand, is by far inadequate. Therefore, the aim of the present work is to fill in this research the gap and identify the factors hindering the virtual relationship between the firms and their customers. The required data was collected via a qualitative approach based on thematic analysis, purposive sampling, and interviews with 12 consumers of three internet service providers (Shatel, HiWeb, and Sabanet). The data was then, coded and analyzed, and the network of the extracted themes was developed. The main themes identified in this research included negative consumer’s attitude toward the social networks, the product type, preference of the company’s interests over the customer’s interests, lack of the customer’s awareness of the presence of the company on social networks, less than enough involvement of the consumer with the product, the consumer’s dissatisfaction with the brand, provision of alternative services, inappropriate image of the Online Brand Community, devaluation of the other members’ information, and failure to offer attractive financial incentives.

A review of the literature on resistance economics worldwide shows the comprehensiveness and long history of this economic concept, because countries always tend to protect themselves against internal and external fluctuations. They have always tried to organize their movement structure in this way by providing theoretical frameworks. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of survey. The purpose of this study was to investigate and explain the resistance economy in the post-Burjam period with an approach to jihadi management. The statistical population of the study was political science students in Tehran that 100 people were selected as a sample based on Morgan table and questionnaires were randomly distributed among them. The validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts and the reliability of the questionnaire questions was calculated by Cronbach's alpha test of 0.80. In this research, SPSS software has been used for data analysis. The results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that the distribution of data was normal, so to test the research hypotheses, Student's t-test was used. The results showed that the resistance economy in the post-Burjam period with a 95% confidence level has a role in strengthening jihadi management.