اصغر میرفردی

Mobile phones are among the contemporary communication technologies that have made a significant impact on human life. It is estimated that there are more than 7 billion users of this technology worldwide. The unique features of  mobile phones have made them more influential on the social life, lifestyle, and consumer behavior of users than other communication technologies. Mobile phone technology is expanding rapidly in Iran, as in other parts of the world. The growing significance of this communication technology in Iran necessitates a thorough understanding of its social function. The purpose of this study was to provide a sociological explanation for the patterns of mobile phone usage among young people. A survey method was utilized for this research. The research sample comprised 400 young people aged 17 to 30 from Shiraz, who were selected using a multi-stage stratified sampling method. Data were collected using researcher-developed questionnaires. Face validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were used to measure the validity and reliability of the questionnaires, respectively. Frequency and percentage distributions were used to describe the data. Independent t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and regression analysis were employed using SPSS software to examine the relationships between variables. The findings showed significant differences in recreational mobile phone use based on gender, marital status, social class, and parental education. Males, singles, individuals from upper social classes, and those with highly educated parents exhibited greater recreational use. However, no significant difference was observed in recreational use based on respondents' education levels. Regarding non-recreational use, significant differences were found with respect to social class, respondents' education, and parental education. Individuals from upper social classes, those with higher education levels, and individuals with highly educated parents demonstrated greater non-recreational use. However, no significant differences were observed in non-recreational use with respect to gender or marital status. Moreover, there was no significant relationship between non-recreational use and satisfaction with mobile phones. The results of regression analysis showed that the independent variables could explain .103 of the variance in non-recreational use and .114 of the variance in recreational use variances. Based on the findings, this research concludes that the patterns of use of mobile phone technology is closely related to the individual’s lived experiences and education of individuals. Given the high usage of mobile phones by young people as a modern and industrial communication tool, and the high share of recreational use among young people, it is necessary to conduct further research focusing on the content of youth recreational use and its possible harms.

In late modernity, a huge part of the efforts and programs of institutions and activists serve the development of environmental literacy and social responsibility in order to establish human interaction with the environment. Research shows that environmental literacy is related to environmental actions and attitudes and has a great impact on people's active participation in environmental issues. The present study has also been conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of environmental social responsibility in the relationship between environmental literacy and green consumption culture. The statistical population of the research is the residents of Jahrom city over 18 years of age and the statistical sample of 424 people who were selected using the survey method and multi-stage cluster sampling. The descriptive results of the research showed that the score of green consumption culture and environmental literacy is above average and the score of environmental social responsibility is average. The results of bivariate relationships also showed that there is a positive and significant correlation between environmental literacy and environmental social responsibility with green consumption culture. The results of structural relationships also showed that the independent variables of the research were able to determine 21% of the changes in green consumption culture, among which the impact of environmental social responsibility is more than environmental literacy.

Environmental problems resulting from the destruction and manipulation of environmental resources are today one of the fundamental threats to the lives of human communities. This study aimed to investigate the environmental concerns of Shiraz University students and its relationship with national identity and social responsibility. Stern and Giddens' theory was used as the theoretical framework of the study. The Using the survey method, a structured questionnaire was used for collecting data. Cronbach alpha and construct validity via Factor analysis were used for the evaluation of the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, respectively. The statistical population was all students of the humanities faculties of Shiraz University, from them, based on Cochran formula, 386 cases were estimated as sample size and were selected by stratified sampling method. The results of the study showed that environmental concern has a positive and significant relationship with national identity and its dimensions (cultural, historical, political and territorial dimensions) at 99% confidence level. Social responsibility had a positive and significant relationship with environmental concern at 99% confidence level. The results of the multiple regression test showed that the variables of social responsibility and national identity had the greatest effect on students' environmental concern, respectively. In total, the variables entered into the multiple regression explained 64% of the changes in the dependent variable. Strengthening national identity and social responsibility will lead to strengthening the level of attention of individuals to the environment

One of the issues that has been paid attention to in countries with ethnic diversity is the level of intergroup integration. Considering the diversity of clans in Mamasani and Rostam Counties, this article investigated the relationship between national identity and clan divergence in the Mamasani and Rostam counties. Using the survey method, a structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The sample size was 450 residents of Mamasani and Rostam counties selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, respectively. A questionnaire developed by Mirfardi and Salamatiyan (1400), was used for national identity measurement, and a self-administered questionnaire was used for clan divergence measurement. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The findings showed a positive and significant relationship between national identity and its dimensions with tribal divergence. There was no significant difference between the clan divergence of women and men, and there was no significant difference between the clan divergence according to the job type. Multiple regression showed that the independent variables explain nearly 12% of the variance of the dependent variable. Strengthening national values and culture can help to improve integration at local and national levels.

Traditional communities are faced with local divergence and convergence. Considering the diversity of tribes in Mamsani and Rostam cities, this article examines the relationship between social capital and its dimensions with tribal divergence in the Mamsani and Rostam counties in 2022. Using the survey method, a structured questionnaire used for data collection. The study sample was 450 residents of Mamsani and Rostam counties that selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, respectively. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire. To measure social capital, the questionnaire of Mirfardi and Valinejad (2018) was used, and to measure tribal divergence, the researcher-made questionnaire was used. Face validity was used to measure the validity of the questionnaire and internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha method was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. The findings showed that there is a significant negative relationship between social capital and tribal divergence. The findings showed that there is a significant negative relationship between social capital and its dimensions (except normativeness) and tribal divergence. Social capital components (interpersonal trust, normativeness, social relations, social participation and institutional trust) showed different relationships with tribal divergence among the tribes living in Mamsani and Rostam cities. Given there was significant difference between the tribal divergence of women and men, and significant difference was observed between the tribal divergence according to education and people with higher education had less tribal divergence. Multivariate regression of the independent variables explained nearly 31% of the variance of the dependent variable.

A series of environmental issues, especially in metropolis, make it necessary to Consider environmental issues. This study aimed to investigate the environmental behavior of residents aged 18 and older in Shiraz and its relationship with social capital and gender. Using the survey method, a structured questionnaire used for data collection. The study sample was 1045 residents of Shiraz that selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, respectively. The results of the research showed that according to the coefficient of correlation (0.246) at the 99% significance level, there is a positive and significant relationship between the environmental behavior and social capital of the residents of Shiraz metropolis and their environmental behavior at the 99% level. Dimensions of social capital (social cohesion, normality, social trust, social participation and social interaction) also had a positive and significant relationship with environmental behavior. There was no significant relationship between interpersonal trust and social capital. Age also showed a positive and significant relationship with environmental behavior (p. value = 0.000). There was a significant difference at the level of 95% in the environmental citizenship of men and women. women had a stronger responsible environmental behavior. Developing and implementing policies that strengthen social capital to pursue collective interests such as the environment is an undeniable necessity.

About half of the world's population are women, and their attitudes toward the environment play an important role in the sustainable development of society. This study aimed to investigate gender differences in environmental attitudes. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data via the survey method. Reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha, and construct validity was assessed through Factor analysis. The statistical population comprised all students of the humanities faculties at Shiraz University, with a sample size of 400 cases estimated using the Cochran formula and selected through stratified sampling. The study integrated theories such as ecofeminism, the Theory of Planned Behavior, the Magic Bullet theory, and Parsons' theory for model development. Results indicated no significant difference in environmental attitudes between male and female students. While there was no significant relationship between environmental attitudes and the use of environmental awareness sources, there was a notable difference in environmental attitudes among male students based on marital status, with single men exhibiting stronger environmental attitudes. Additionally, a direct and significant relationship was found between social responsibility and the dependent variable. There was also a significant difference in environmental attitudes based on educational level, particularly among female MA students who showed stronger environmental attitudes. Consequently, gender differences in environmental attitudes were evident when considering various social and background factors. The results of the multivariate regression analysis highlighted that social responsibility and marital status (being single) had the most substantial impact on students' environmental attitudes, collectively explaining 48% of the variance in the dependent variable. Overall, there appears to be a trend of gender convergence and dedifferentiation in the attitudes of male and female students toward the environment.

Clans and traditional local divisions can lead to separations and social distancing within communities. In such cases, influential clan leaders may reinforce distinct local and cultural identities through rituals, genealogies, and historical narratives, which can intensify inter-clan competition. Mamasani Region, comprising Mamasani and Rostam counties in Fars Province, is home to 5 independent clans. As societies undergo political and social transformations, the relationships within Mamasani and Rostam counties can be analyzed through the lens of clan dynamics. Feelings of relative deprivation can contribute to the strengthening of ethnic and inter-ethnic divisions. Such perceptions of deprivation may reduce solidarity, cohesion, and social interaction among groups. In the multi-clan Mamasani region, it is important to investigate trends of divergence and convergence over time to inform policymaking and community management. Changes and developments in the economic, cultural, and social spheres of Mamasani and Rostam counties require a deeper understanding of the relationship between relative deprivation and clannish divergence. Given the lack of existing research on this topic, this study aimed to explore the connections between relative deprivation and the social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions of clannish divergence among the people living in the clans of Mamasani and Rostam counties.

This study employed a cross-sectional survey design. The target population was all individuals aged 20 years and above residing in Mamasani and Rostam counties, which comprised 5 distinct clans: Bekash, Javid, Domshanziari, Mahoor and Milati, and Rostam. A sample of 450 participants was selected using a random multi-stage cluster sampling approach. Data were collected through a self-administered, structured questionnaire containing closed-ended Likert scale items. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS version 26 software.

The findings revealed that the average levels of clannish divergence and perceived relative deprivation among residents of Mamasani and Rostam counties were higher than expected. There was a significant positive correlation between feelings of relative deprivation and clannish divergence, including its social, political, economic, and cultural dimensions. Interestingly, age was not significantly associated with clannish divergence. However, education level showed a significant relationship, with individuals having middle school or undergraduate education reporting the highest levels of clannish divergence and those with postgraduate or doctoral degrees reporting the lowest. Additionally, activity status was found to be a significant factor with students and workers exhibiting the highest levels of clannish divergence and the unemployed reporting the lowest. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that the independent variables explained 9.5% of the variance in the dependent variable of clannish divergence. Given the prominent role and importance of relative deprivation in the multi-clan Mamasani region, addressing this issue was crucial for promoting clannish convergence. Experts recommend evidence-based policy interventions focused on fostering distributive justice across political, social, economic, and cultural domains. Emphasizing meritocracy over particularism in the selection of managers and leaders and leveraging the natural and human capacities of different clans could be effective strategies for improving the sense of justice and social cohesion within the community of Mamasani Region.

This study explores the semantic interpretation of marriage between Iranian women and Afghan men. With Iran becoming a significant hub for Afghan migrants in recent decades, driven by geographical proximity and intensified by political unrest, economic strife, and socio-political factors in Afghanistan, this research adopts a qualitative research methodology and grounded theory approach. Targeted sampling was utilized to enlist Iranian women married to Afghan men, with data gathered through semi-structured interviews. The sample included 12 women, determined by theoretical saturation. Data analysis involved a three-step coding process, identifying 106 concepts, 35 subcategories, 10 main categories, and one core category. The main categories covered causal conditions such as patriarchy and forced marriage, contextual factors like family difficulties and poverty, and interventional aspects such as diverse response perceptions and legal barriers. The core category highlighted the theme of "unwanted selection and life." The findings reveal significant challenges in the marriages of Iranian women to Afghan men, shaped by social conditions, leading to an undesirable trajectory for these women and their families.

Migration, a significant driver of demographic change, induces deep and multifaceted transformations within population, both in the long and short term. Afghanistan, due to historical and cultural ties with its neighbors and marked by political and economic turmoil, has become a prominent source of migrants to Iran.
In host countries, intermarriage between migrants and native populations is commonplace, signifying cultural assimilation and social integration. In Iran, the influx of Afghan migrants has increased the incidence of mixed marriages, bringing challenges for Iranian women stemming from cultural differences, societal stigma, and legal intricacies. With the growing number of such unions, issues like poverty, children's educational access, and lack of support services have emerged, highlighting the complex interplay between migration, cultural adaptation, and family dynamics in Iranian society. This study aims to explore the semantic underpinnings of mixed marriages and shed light on Iranian women's perceptions of these unions within the Iranian socio-cultural milieu. 

Methods and Data:

This study adopts a qualitative research methodology and grounded theory framework, following Strauss and Corbin's systematic approach. The research focuses on Iranian women married to Afghan spouses, selecting Shiraz as the study's research field due to its long-standing acceptance of Afghan migrants, offering a suitable context for this inquiry. Participants were selected through purposive sampling and were chosen based on their readiness and willingness to participate in interviews. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 participants, lasting between 40 to 90 minutes on average, recorded with participants' consent, transcribed word-for-word, and coded to identify both main and sub-themes.
Ensuring the credibility and trustworthiness of qualitative research is crucial. Guba and Lincoln (1994) criterion of "trustworthiness" was employed to evaluate the research's quality. The researchers avoided personal bias, precluding preconceived notions during data collection and analysis phases, thus reinforcing the credibility of the findings. Moreover, expert oversight and guidance were incorporated throughout the interviewing, data analysis, and coding stages to enhance the reliability of the data and the conclusions drawn. The participants were 12 Iranian women who were married to Afghan men, living in Shiraz. They mostly had education up to pre-secondary school and were aged between 30 to 48 years. These participants provided insights into their marital lives with Afghan spouses.

Through data coding and analysis, 106 concepts, 35 subcategories, 10 main categories, and one core category were identified. The study's main categories fell into primary conditions ("paternalistic attitudes and forced marriage," "cohesion and pressure from foreign nationals"), contextual conditions ("hardships within the paternal household," "lack and scarcity of awareness," "poverty and feelings of deprivation," and "fatalism"), and interventional conditions ("perceptions of diverse responses," "administrative and legal obstacles," "lack of foresight," "financial and occupational instability for foreign nationals").
The analysis of concepts and categories in the study reveals various factors influencing the marriages and lives of Iranian women with Afghan spouses. The challenges faced by some of these women range from
oscillating between coercion and a kind of enforced choice, includes hardships within the paternal household, lack of awareness, poverty, fatalism, paternalistic attitudes leading to forced marriage, cohesion and pressure from foreign nationals, and lack of foresight. The core category emerged is "unwanted selection and life," representing a coerced choice.
While exploring the semantic essence of these concepts, one theme stands out prominently: coerced choice. This theme underscores the lack of agency Iranian women face amidst numerous adversities, pushing them to endure a life they would not ordinarily choose, under normal circumstances. Their decisions are not choosing between good and excellent, or even good and bad options; but rather are between existence and non-existence. Therefore, what seems like a choice, it is actually a quest for survival rather than a true preference.

In conclusion, the extensive migration of Afghans to Iran and the resulting marriages between some of Iranian women and Afghan men have reshaped family dynamics and introduced challenges for some Iranian families. For these women, the usual and voluntary choice in marriage has been replaced by the acceptance of undesirable conditions that it seems to be their preferred choices. This family lifestyle bears psychological, identity, and social implications for the women, their families, and children resulting from these marriages. In this regard, further research on the multiple consequences of such marriages is recommended. From both an operational and legal standpoint, it is recommended to implement effective oversight of foreign nationals' presence and their marriages, coupled with a comprehensive reform of migration regulations.

This article is extracted from the master thesis of the first author in the field of demography, completed at the Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences of Shiraz University. The authors appreciate the participants in the interviews of the research and the anonymous reviewers of the present paper for their constructive feedbacks.

Using documentary and library methods, secondary analysis, and resources in the field of historical, demographic, and developmental changes, this article has analyzed the role of development indicators in demographic changes and policy-making in the world and Iran. The main question of the article was what is the connection between demographic changes and development, and what scenario can be proposed for the population policy of a country like Iran? The findings showed that demographic indicators have changed in line with developmental changes and developed and developing countries of the world - including Iran - have different demographic indicators. Countries with high population growth have lower rates of success and human development than developed countries with lower population growth. In line with the second demographic transition, a type of cultural transition has occurred in family values and having children in less developed countries which affects the behavior of having children. Finally, population policy scenarios are presented in relation to the rate of population growth and the level of development of countries. The trend of economic, social, and demographic changes shows the necessity of a kind of contingent-comparative population policy. For a society like Iran, a stabilization scenario for a "dynamic balance" is proposed.

Human beings has had a continuous and stable interaction with his environment since long ago. This relationship has undergone many changes during different periods. After the scientific and industrial revolutions or the modern era, man believed in the development and advancement of technology as an important factor to achieve happiness and well-being, and tried to dominate and control nature.The urban environment affects human feelings, life, and work and affected by it due to the conflict of all humans with the environment, if this effect is destructive, environmental problems will arise. This study aimed to investigate the environmental citizenship of residents aged 18 and older in Shiraz and its relationship with some social and cultural factors. Using the survey method, a structured questionnaire used for data collection. The study sample was 1045 residents of Shiraz that selected using a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. The factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, respectively. The results showed that the variable of attention to national benefits and its dimensions (the territorial, the political, and the historical dimensions), rate of media consumption, and age have a positive and significant relationship at the level of 99% with the environmental citizenship variable. There is a significant difference between the environmental citizenship according gender, education level and marital status. Women, married people and Ph.D. Education had stronger environmental citizenship than other people. Totally, the independent variables explained 24 Percent of the changes in the dependent variable of environmental citizenship. Paying attention to national interests has led to an increase in people's sensitivity towards the environment and preserving its values is considered important for citizens.

Corruption is a problem that is difficult to deal with theoretically, empirically, and politically. The purpose of this research was to explain the attitude of the employees of Yasouj city offices toward the prevalence of administrative corruption. Using the survey method and Lin's table, the sample size was estimated at 400 persons, and samples were selected via systematic, classified, and multi-stage random sampling methods. The data were collected via a self-administered structured questionnaire, which its validity and reliability were evaluated by face validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, respectively. The results of the research showed that the variables of income, socio-economic status, and age have an inverse and significant relationship with the attitude towards the level of administrative corruption, but the attitude of male and female employees about the level of administrative corruption was not significantly different. There was no significant difference in the attitude towards the level of administrative corruption according to the amount of use of radio, newspaper, and satellite, but there was a significant difference according to the amount of use of television and the Internet. People who used the Internet less and also people who used TV more evaluated the prevalence of administrative corruption more. Multivariate regression analysis showed that socioeconomic status explained 18.7% of the variance of the dependent variable. The final result is that the socio-economic status and some mass media (TV and Internet use) play a role in the attitude towards the level of administrative corruption and the lower classes are more concerned about corruption in the society compared to the upper classes. The prevalence of corruption leads to its institutionalization and greater tolerance towards it in such a way that a tolerable cultural face of it is shown in the society. This result shows that the lower-class employees are more concerned about the level of corruption than the upper class. The inverse and significant relationship between income and attitude towards the level of administrative corruption also indicates that people with low income have evaluated the level of corruption in society more than people with high income. It shows that, on the one hand, women in Iranian society and even in a semi-traditional city like Yasouj pay attention to social issues on a macro level along with men and react to them, albeit subjectively. On the other hand, the concern for administrative corruption in society is beyond gender boundaries in such a way that there is no significant difference between women and men regarding the level of corruption. Although women are less involved in major administrative and social events than men, the absence of a significant difference between women's and men's attitudes about the level of corruption in society indicates a collective belief about a certain level of corruption in society.

This study aimed to investigate the environmental citizenship of residents aged 18 and older in Shiraz and its relationship with the Cultural capital. Using the survey method, a structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The study sample was 1045 residents of Shiraz who were selected using the cluster sampling method. To evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, factor analysis was used, and Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire. The results showed that the variables of cultural capital, social class, and level of education had a positive and significant relationship at the level of 99% with the environmental citizenship variable. There was a significant difference in environmental citizenship between men and women. Women, high social classes, and Individuals with Ph.D. education had stronger environmental citizenship than other people. In total, the independent variables explained 21.4% of the changes in the dependent variable variance.

Premeditated murder is carried out in accordance with scientific and technological changes as well as lifestyle with various methods and techniques, and in the future these methods and techniques will become more complex. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the functional model of premeditated murder.

The present qualitative research is a development-applied research that was conducted by content analysis method. The participating population consisted of 32 judges, experts and scientific and executive elites in the field of murder, the number of whom was selected based on the principle of theoretical saturation and using semi-structured individual and focus group interview tools, information was obtained from them and categorized in Max Kiuda software. And were coded.

According to the objectives of the research, 73 basic themes were extracted and then themes with the same meanings were merged and 5 organizing themes including disciplinary measures, detective measures, scientific-laboratory measures, technical, intelligence-criminal measures and operational measures were identified.

Considering the increasing complexities of premeditated murder, it is necessary for the law enforcement force to improve its functional measures in the field of premeditated murder by strengthening the components and indicators identified in this study.

Migration as one of the demographic and social phenomena has an important and critical role in urban studies in recent decades. The roots of migration and the consequences of migration for places of origin and destination are among the most important issues of interest to social researchers. This article deals with the impact of teachers' social trust and job satisfaction in Shiraz metropolis on their tendency to internal migration? The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between social trust (inter-personal) and job satisfaction with tendency to internal migration among teachers in Shiraz. The research method was a survey and the data collection tool was a standard made-up questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of teachers of four districts in the academic year 2018-2019 in Shiraz, where 383 cases were estimated as sample size based on Lin table and were selected by cluster random sampling method. The validity of the instrument was assessed using face validity and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results showed that respondents' tendency to emigration (20.56) was lower than the average level (24). Also, the average level of teachers' social trust (16.87) is slightly over average (15). Results showed that between social trust (inter-personal), job satisfaction variables; p-value= 0.019) R=-0.123) and life satisfaction; p-value= 0.000 R= -0.202), on the one hand, and tendency to internal migration, on the other hand, there is a significant inverse relationship. There was no significant relationship between age and tendency to internal migration. There was no difference between the tendency to emigrate between men and women. Consequently, social trust (especially interpersonal trust) and satisfaction with work and life are important factors in increasing the in their areas and less tendency to the inner migration.

The extent of environmental degradation is increasing and environmental protection requires utilizing the cultural and social capabilities of human communities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the environmental citizenship of residents aged 18 and older in Shiraz and its relationship with social capital and socio-economic variables. The method of this research was a survey and the required information has been collected using a questionnaire. The study sample is 1045 residents of Shiraz who were selected using the Cluster Sampling Method. To evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, factor analysis was used, and to determine its reliability, the internal coordination of the instrument was used by Cronbach's Alpha Method. The results show that the variables of social capital, socio-economic status, had a positive and significant relationship at the level of 99% with the environmental citizenship variable. There is a significant difference between the environmental citizenship status of the respondents according to their marital status. Married people have stronger environmental citizenship than others. In total, the independent variables explained 15.3% of the changes in the dependent variable of environmental citizenship. Environmental citizenship and social capital are synergistic. Strengthening social capital and its elements is important for strengthening environmental citizenship.

This paper examines trust in political parties and currents in the urban environment of Shiraz metropolis. The purpose of this article is to identify the level of trust in parties in the urban environment. The sample size was 383 cases that were selected by random cluster sampling. The survey method and the self-administered questionnaire were applied whose validity and reliability were evaluated by Face validity and Cornbrash’s alpha coefficient, respectively. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the level of trust in parties according to the use of domestic radios, domestic television, and magazines and newspapers. There is no significant difference between the level of trust in political parties according to the use of satellites, the internet, and abroad Persian-language radios, but there is a significant indirect relationship between the degree of trust in parties and the membership period in social networks. There is a direct and significant relationship between the awareness of parties and the dependent variable. There is no relationship between age and the dependent variable. Independent variables explained more than 23% of the dependent variable variances. Trust in political parties in metropolis areas is associated with some modern media and awareness of political parties.

In recent decades, many values and social norms in Iran have undergone changes and transformations in parallel with widespread changes around the world. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of developmental idealism beliefs on styles the spouse selection among youths. The research method is based on a survey and the data collection tool is a questionnaire. As a matter of fact, the data was collected through a survey of 608 young people in Yasuj. Findings indicate that there is a significant relationship between the variables of religiosity, developmental idealism, gender attitudes, and attitudes toward the spouse selection. The variables of materialism, cyberspace and Internet use as well as individualism did not have significant relationship with spouse selection styles. According to the final research model, the five variables that were most related to the spouse selection were in accordance with their importance i.e., religiosity, developmental idealism, age and education of the parents. Based on the final model of path analysis, the variables of age, religiosity of parents' education and gender attitudes have had a direct effect on spouse selection styles. The variables of individualism being male, cyberspace use, and attitudes toward marriage have indirectly influenced selection styles through developmental idealism.

This paper investigated the relationship between the political and media factors and trust in political fractions 18 years and older residents in Shiraz city. The sample size was 402 cases that were selected by multi-stage classified sampling. Using the survey method and the self-administered questionnaire, the validity and reliability of questionnaire were evaluated by face validity and Cornbrash’s alpha coefficient, respectively. The results showed that there is a significant difference between the level of trust in political fractions according to the use of domestic radios, domestic television, and magazines and newspapers, and political orientation. The use of domestic media and principality orientation were accompanied with more trust to political fractions. There is no significant difference between the level of trust in political fractions according to the use of satellites, the internet, and abroad Persian-language radios, but there is an indirect and direct significant relationship between the degree of trust to political fractions and the membership period in social networks and the level of awareness of the fractions, respectively. Independent variables explained 22.3% of the dependent variable variances. The overall result is that the political orientation and use of convergent and divergent media with the political system have a different effect on trust in political fractions.

The present study was conducted by examining the views of relevant experts and their exposure to child labor in Shiraz. Data were obtained through in-depth interviews and analyzed based on grounded theory. Ten axial categories and one core category were extracted from the coding process. The core category was developed under the title of "institutional passivity and sectoralism". The results of the research showed that the causal conditions such as incompatibility and institutional and managerial confusion, diversity of perspectives to the phenomenon of child labor and non-governmental organizations and indifference towards child labor has caused the emergence of this phenomenon. Intervening conditions include: negative representation and conflicting media activities, Inhibition of some domestic and international rules and laws and child labor of nationals and the problem of identification and identity. This central phenomenon is located in special conditions and contexts due to family pressure and starting the work process in childhood, child labor as an income generating industry, child labor as a source of financial support for the family and the unique opportunity for working children, and Shiraz's oppurtunities for immigrants. The type of encounter with working children in Shiraz has caused numerous consequences that can be seen Unreasonable increase of child labor of nationals, Failure to contain and control the problem of working children, lack of proper organization and social support of working children, Anonymity of working children and persuasion and encouragement of nationals to immigrate to Shiraz.

Development is a process that should principally show that the set of social system has emerged from the undesirable state of the past and moved towards a state of life that is materially and spiritually better in accordance with the various basic needs and desires of individuals and social groups within the system. The formation of development in the West and the transition from a traditional society in the context of the modern nation-state atmosphere have caused other countries to pay attention to this issue. The Western-educated intellectuals themselves compare their countries with the West and ask why they have falled behind. Iran is no exception to this rule. In Iran, some people know the way of progress in relation to the outside world and some people know the way out of backwardness inside. Izadi considered backwardness in Iran to be caused by Iranian peoples’ temperaments (Izadi, 2006). Zibakalam sought the cause of backwardness in the decline of science (Zibakalam, 2006). Alamdari considered backwardness to be caused by the Iranians themselves and their land (1999). And Reza Gholi emphasized that the cultural factor prevented the formation of creative and constructive thinking (Reza Gholi, 2010). By examining the factors of backwardness from the experts’ perspectives in this field, it can be said that each of them, has considered some factors as the obstacles to development by examining the history of the Iranian society. As mentioned, from the different thinkers’ points of view, different variables have been considered as the development barriers. The variable examined in this study was political tribalism. Tribalism has various manifestations in different areas. In the social arena, it manifests itself in one style and context and in another way in the religious arena. In the arena of livelihood and politics, it appears in various other ways. Since it was not possible to provide an analytical study without considering the existing structure and context in the society, the present study considered underdevelopment caused by tribalism reigns just in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. Despite the nation-state formation and the transition from tribal structures, the population in the province was still based on the tribal context and tribalism manifested itself in various areas to the extent that political culture was dominated by the tribal culture. This culture was reflected in electoral activities, recruitments, dismissals, and political and administrative appointments. Now, according to the issues raised, the researchers’ concern was to explore the process of political tribal mentality and underdevelopment in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province.

The present study took a qualitative approach with a systematic method. The research field was Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and the scientific and political elites of this province were considered. After the presence of the researchers in the research field and based on the data obtained from the field, in-depth interviews with the individuals were conducted. The participants included all the scientific and political elites, who lived in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, as well as in Fars and Tehran provinces. The most important parameter for selecting these people was their level of reflection and concern about each of the two variables in recent years. A total of 12 people were interviewed. In the current study, purposeful and theoretical samplings were used to select the participants and concepts. The collected data went through 3 coding steps to build the theory. To formulate the theory in the first stage, the researchers began their work with open coding, based on which axial coding was performed. In fact, the researchers identified an open coding category and focused on it as the central phenomenon. The third step was selective coding. At this stage of coding, the researchers made a model. In the selective coding stage, the categories were described in relation to each other in the form of a supply model.

The results showed that tribalism had several positive mechanisms and functions, the capacities and potentials of which had not been used properly. Accordingly, in the participants’ opinions, tribalism characteristics, such as solving ethnic problems, controlling forces, and reducing some social harms, forces for supervision, forces for public promotion, etc., had to be highlighted and magnified in the society Tribalism and tribal relations had to be planned on these axes. Tribal functions had to be highlighted in the society rather than only in the political arena. In Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, these positive functions of tribalism were not used properly. Tribalism had entered the political arena, which was the subject of conflict and challenge between tribalism and development of the society. Accordingly, in the context of tribalism and political tribalism, there was no possibility of meritocracy and social justice could not grow and expand in the society. The central phenomenon in the present study was political tribalism, which was repulsive and hindered development in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province. Based on the participants’ views and perceptions, it could be said that political tribalism acted as a force that had hindered development in the province. Therefore, there was minimal possibility of the growth and expansion of the components and indicators of development in this society. It can be concluded that achieving development in tribal and tribal-based political societies is almost impossible.

In the contemporary societies, especially in modern societies, the appearance is so important and body and face appearance one of considerable for gaining beauty and attraction, especially for women. Beauty and make up for being beauty is a phenomenon that now-a-days is very important in societies. The extension of new makeup patterns and the increasing tendency of young women and girls to use these accessories is one of the issues that is considerable to be investigated. Accordingly, this study has been investigated the reasons of female students' tendency to make-up patterns and accessories. This study is an applied one that qualitative approach and thematic analysis method was used to answer the research questions. The statistical population of this study consisted of women students of Yasouj University in the semester of 2016-2017, from which 30 sample cases were selected via purposive sampling method. Data analysis was done by categorization method. The results showed that the most important reasons for students' tendency to make-up's patterns and accessories were "gender attitude and identity", "fashionistic function of mass media", "being reference and influence of peer group", "internal concerns", and "duality of men's appearance orientation and moralism". These categorizes showed that identity, new media, advertisement industry via mass media, psychological and social interaction are main important reasons for using make up patterns and accessories among female students.

Natural environment and its troubles are prevalent. Environment conservation requires appropriate pro-environmental behaviors. Thus, this paper aimed to investigate the environmental behavior (EB) and its relationship to environmental concern, using environmental awareness Informative resources and some demographic factors such as gender and age among Iranian university students (the case of Shiraz University students). Using a survey method and a structured questionnaire, 400 students were studied in Iran. The environmental behavior scale (Mirfardi et al., 2017) and self- administered environmental concern scale were used for measuring the variables. The samples were selected via clustering sampling with the appropriated size. Face validity and factor analysis were used for the validity and Croanbach’s Alpha (environmental behavior= 0.55; environmental concern= 0.77; use of environmental awareness informative resources, 0.68) for the reliability evaluation. Findings showed that there was a direct and significant relationship between the variables of age, and environmental concern as well as the environmental awareness informative resources as independent variables and the pro-environmental behavior as the dependent variable (p. < o.oo1) Also, the environmental behavior variable showed a significant difference with the gender variable. This study showed that environmental concern, and age have important roles in the formation of environmental behavior.

Environmental degradation threatens human life. This paper uses survey method to investigate the environmental behavior of students of humanities in Shiraz University (in the academic year 2019-2019) and its relationship with national identity and its dimensions (territorial, political, historical and cultural). A total of 400 students were selected as the sample size and cluster sampling was used. Environmental behavior questionnaire used by Mirfardi et al. (2017) and the questionnaires of national Identity that used by Mirfardi and Valinezhad (2018) were used. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, construct and face validity and to evaluate its reliability, Cronbach's alpha method was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS software. The results showed that the environmental behavior variable had a direct and significant relationship with the variables of national identity and the political dimension of national identity at the level of 95% and with the historical dimension of national identity at the level of 99%. Also, environmental behavior had a significant difference at 99% level according to the educational level. Independent variables explained 10% of the dependent variable changes. The result is that national identity, and especially its historical dimension, plays an important role in responsible environmental behavior

One of the most important issues in social life, that have been busy human minds in different ways is "romantic relationships." The purpose of this study was explored the life experience of love and discover of its inner logic. For this purpose, with a phenomenological approach, 14 students (Isfahan University and Isfahan University of Technology) who had experienced "love" were interviewed in depth. Interviewschr(chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))39chr(chr('39')39chr('39'))) contents which, were analyzed with Colaizzi method, indicated that beside the identification of different forms of love, there are common themes of love among different experiences that can be categorized in eleven themes: "The support and mutual acceptance of love and beloved", "The potential of physical and mental nakedness ", "the existence of levels of initial anonymity ", "the existence or the supposition of a kind of supremacy in the beloved," "the belief in the pureeing of the beloved and the relationship", "Choice based on childhood and unconscious experiences", "The experience of distance and accepting joining difficulties," "The ability to imagine a Common future," and "identity convergence." The results show that "the Love" in terms of inner logic is involved with attachment feeling, intimacy, life cycle experiences, and common identity.