افشین کرمی

Efforts to contain epidemics and find a long-term solution through vaccines have collided with a range of political issues related to health systems, politics, human rights, governance, mobility and borders. Therefore, the emergence of epidemics has provided an opportunity for political geography to follow the geopolitical foundations of health and health systems with a more serious look. Epidemic management is a spatial issue for two reasons: First, disease treatment is always a socio-spatial issue because the authorities either seek to impose quarantine measures or limit disease carriers. Second, the disease is revealed by a set of actors and human and non-human forces that deal with space and place. Therefore, diseases have become part of the geopolitical realm because they reveal the desirability, feasibility, and durability of national, regional, and global governance structures. The concept of quarantine as a type of activity that leads to the division and limitation of geographical space can be one of the most controversial topics in geopolitics. But until now, due to the predominance of the humanist perspective in border studies, it has not been able to attract the attention of researchers in the field of geopolitics. This research is written with the aim of investigating the challenges and geopolitical consequences of border quarantine during epidemics and with a descriptive-analytical method. This study specifically focuses on the corona virus epidemic and the geopolitical and border consequences of quarantine during this epidemic. But at the same time, he is not oblivious to other epidemics and their possible effects and mentions them repeatedly. The results show that the mainstream of border and geopolitical studies should also include insights related to the effects of borders on the distinct challenges that non-human beings may create at the borders.

Unsustainable development and imbalance between water supply and demand and its exacerbation in climate change conditions are among the important issues in the country's water resources management. In this regard, the need to pay attention to the development of a program compatible with climate change in the water and agriculture sector, considering various environmental, social and economic dimensions, seems inevitable. Considering the wide range of potential effects of climate change and at the same time their inherent uncertainty, the adaptation plan should be developed in a way that has maximum flexibility and side effects. For this reason, the issue of claimatization of governance should be included in many programs and documents of the country and in the discourse of different governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran, regardless of their political orientations, because the nature of the impact and effects from the point of view of social and environmental issues, the side of climatization of governance has received little attention from different governments, and today it seems necessary to pay attention to this issue. Based on this, the present study investigates the opportunities and challenges of the climatization of governance in the discourse of different governments of the Islamic Republic of Iran with a descriptive-analytical method. Based on the findings of the research, in the section of the climatization challenges of governance in the Islamic Republic of Iran, it was found that the economic challenges have been assigned the highest rank. In the next order, placed political-security challenges, which is ranked second with a score of 0.812. The third rank of challenges is assigned to environmental challenges with a score of 0.730, and the lowest rank is assigned to social challenges with a score of 0.415.

Background and Theoretical Foundations: 

The sea is an important place where borders and border arrangements are multiplying, and it is a place where countries' maritime surveillance policies and strategies can be examined. The goal of national governments in maritime interception is to make their maritime territories impervious to undesirable elements and at the same time remain permeable to desirable groups and individuals as well as certain goods and services. The immigration policies of destination countries play an important role in the expansion of migration routes and smuggling operations. At the same time as the authorities make offshore arrangements, people smuggling operations also change their tricks and routes. All over the world, the intensification of border measures leads to the complexity of smuggling networks, and they are likely to take measures that increase the risk and cost of migrants' journeys. Interception at sea provides the possibility of spatial and geographical stretching of borders and has made maritime borders mobile. Migrants who are detained at sea are basically arrested for a crime they have not yet committed because they have not yet crossed the borders of their destination country. Countries of origin, destination and transit have each adopted different maritime strategies to contain and block the sea routes of illegal immigrants and it is important to identify and analyze these strategies.

This research is descriptive-analytical in nature. Part of the information of this research has been prepared and analyzed through documents and libraries, and in the other part, it has been tried as much as possible from the information and data available on the websites of the International Organization for Migration, EU border guard and other databases related to migrants and maritime transit should be used.  In this article, three types of spatial strategies in the field of maritime border arrangements in three separate regions are examined. In all three discussed regions, the destination countries take measures based on the concept of externalization. These measures are carried out with the aim of preventing immigrants from entering the sovereign territory and preventing access to a range of legal rights, social services and economic facilities.

The argument of this research is that the new geographies of executive measures have gained a special place and a set of spatial tracking strategies has cast a shadow over all territories where executive measures are applied. This research tries to identify these types of patterns in areas where national governments have invested heavily in maritime surveillance. To trace these patterns, the United States' maritime interception strategies and arrangements in the Caribbean and Atlantic Oceans, Australia's actions in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and the operations of EU member states in the Mediterranean have been used as examples

The investigation of the maritime interception strategy shows that the national governments exercise their sovereignty with a geographically flexible method and while encroaching on the territory of others, they push their borders to the offshore side. As a result, the peripheral areas of the dominant powers' sovereignty are both ambiguous and flexible. The borders of powerful destination countries are less permeable and according to maritime interception strategies, they have expanded towards the sovereign territory of other countries. On the contrary, the borders of less powerful countries of origin and transit have become more permeable and are increasingly out of the control of their sovereignty.

Ethical principle trainingcan lead to changes in nurses’ behavioral patterns, including anger control. Given the high workload of nurses, more emphasis should be put on virtual and remote approaches to ethical training. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of virtual training of professional ethics on anger control among operating room nurses working in the teaching hospital of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences.

The present study was a Quasi-experimental study with single-group before-after design conducted in 2019 on 35 operating room personnel who were selected by convenience sampling. Demographic information and standard anger control questionnaires were used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16, with descriptive statistics such as percentage, mean, and frequency, and inferential tests including Independent TTest, ANOVA and Pearson correlation test at a significance level less than 0.05.

Ethical Considerations: 

Written informed consent was obtained from the participants. They were also assured of data confidentiality and their right to withdraw during the research.

Based on the results the mean age of the participants was 30.77±8.17 years. Results showed a significant difference between the mean score of anger control after the intervention (49.54±7.97) and before the intervention stage (104.43±21.37, p <0.001). No significant relationship was reported between anger control and the variables of age (P=0.62), service history (P=0.92) and number of working hours (P=0.74). Also, the mean of anger control was not significantly different according to gender (P=0.12).

The research findings showed that virtual training on professional ethics can enhance anger control. It is recommended that managers and authorities provide virtual courses on professional ethics so that operating room staff can improve interpersonal relations and anger control by increasing their awareness of professional ethics principles.

In recent years, biometric technologies have been preferred over other methods due to their advantages in the automatic identification of people. At the same time, the use of biometrics also raises concerns about privacy. In fact, it can be said that biometric technologies have become a new arm and tool of the states in the field of governance. While this new tool can improve the state's security, it has also brought concerns. Currently, the most worrisome area where biometric technologies are growing rapidly is the border of countries. One of the most basic and obvious functions of the modern state is to protect the physical borders of the country and prevent the entry of unauthorized citizens and undesirable elements. These citizens and undesirable elements can be illegal immigrants, terrorists, and people with infectious diseases or smuggled goods. By developing biometric tools, states are expanding their governance tools to better control and monitor their citizens and surrounding borders. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of nature, and in terms of the method of collecting data and documentary information, it is a survey, in which the opinions of 84 experts were used in the survey section. The results of the research show that biometric technologies have an effect on the quality of government governance from four security, political, communication and legal perspectives, among which the security component of governance is much more prominent.

The right of possession is not an absolute one today and the lawmaker has the power to limit the possession right according to several reasons. It is a general thought in the public regulations of the civil law that the possession is a legal absolute right. Accordingly, and due to different tools, the limitation is fulfilled by the lawmaker and this right is completely ignored. The rules of cultural heritage are of the tools to make the limitation and to devest possession. The main question of this article is that what are features cultural-historical properties possession in Iran and what are the position of intellectual and material property right of the of the historical-cultural owner of the properties? It seems that there could be limitations in some situations to some cultural heritage properties. The mentioned laws could weaken the private ownership in some cases. Additionally, the private ownership is respected in Islam and according to the first verdicts the ownership of cultural-historical properties are authentic its ignorance is assumed wrong. The today law are not upgraded and its fulfilment is ignored in order not to be against the religious and legal frameworks.

In order to understand the feasibility and economic viability of Iranian gas export projects, the neighboring exporters and their policies and strategies need to be taken into account. These are Russia, Iran, Qatar, Turkmenistan, Saudi Arabia and the United States. While Iran understands its own tremendous resource potential and sees itself as a major emerging natural gas power, While Iran understands its own tremendous resource potential and sees itself as a major emerging natural gas power its market integration could be hampered by vested interests from incumbent market suppliers and their main political,While Iran understands its own tremendous resource potential and sees itself as a major emerging natural gas power economic and geopolitical stakeholders. Assuming that Iran overcomes its various internal problems and could realize its vast natural gas potential without limitations and constraints, it still faces competition from other suppliers. Iran’s main competitors in the regional gas market would be Russia, Qatar, Turkmenistan and the US.

Wall construction is a common phenomenon in human societies and cannot be considered unprecedented. When a wall is built, it contains a message at every scale and every level. The message of separating "us" from "them", "self" from "other", "desirable" from "undesirable", the message of creating boundaries and fencing of belongings and assets. The countries of the world are strengthening their international borders to an unprecedented extent. These walls are artifacts of the new age in international relations and a new concept of the idea of borders. This article considers the wall a global phenomenon; A phenomenon that is spreading and developing in the globalized world, mainly due to the feeling of insecurity of the State. Along with the walled discourse, new security requirements are emerging across States' geographical borders. These requirements can change States' relations with their neighbors and the way they treat immigrants and citizens of other countries. The question of the present study is whether the discourse of border walling and fencing can lead to increased security? And what challenges the discourse of fencing and Walling will pose to States, institutions, and immigrants. In this research, an attempt is made to deal with different dimensions of the discourse of walling and fencing and its political-geographical consequences are analyzed.

The establishment of the safavid dynasty in Iran, in the form of Davazdah Emami Shia state, is one of the longest and most fascinating chapters on the Islam and Iran history. Because the follower of this religion continued to the struggle for nine centuries until was declared Shia as official religion of Iran. Since the Safavid dynasty is a turning point in the history of Iran, many phenomena of political geography evaluated in Iran. So, in this study have been tried to investigate how religious identity affected objectivity of Iran’s geographical boundaries and also investigate interaction of the political boundaries with religious identity. This paper seeks to explore and answer to questions like these that what had different political boundaries of Iran before the Sfavid with the boundaries of the Safavid dynasty? What religious identity has made substantive changes in political-geographical boundaries of Iran that many of Iranian history researchers know this period of Iran’s history as began the political-geographical integrity of Iran? The results show that it is in this period that for the first time a cultural-political factor called religious identity has been able to separate the borders and peripheral areas of Iran from non-Iranians and more or less guarantee their existence until the formation of a modern state in Iran.

Due to increased cancer chemotherapy resistance, the use of natural compounds in cancer treatment has been considered in recent years. Inula-Oculus-Christi, is one of the high importance plants in the field of traditional medicine. It has been shown that extract of this plant has cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells.

Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of Gaillardin and apoptosis induced by this extract on acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells.

Gaillardin from Inula-Oculus-Christi plant was extracted by Traditional Medicine Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The cytotoxic effect of Gaillardin on the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Nalm-6) and PBMC (as a normal cell line) was investigated at different doses for 24 and 48 hours. In this study, Trypan blue, MTT assay and DAPI staining were used. In addition, Annexin V/PI staining was utilized for confirming apoptosis.

The results of Trypan blue and MTT assay demonstrated the induction of apoptosis and reduction in proliferation of Nalm-6 cells treated by Gaillardin, showing a time and dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001). However, low sensitivity to the different concentrations of Gaillardin was observed in PBMCs. DAPI staining and Flow cytometry analysis confirmed a significantly high percentage of apoptotic cells compared with control groups (P < 0.001).

According to the results, Gaillardin demonstrated cytotoxic effects on Nalm-6 cells, but

Cancer is a multi-faceted diseases caused cell proliferation in an out of control manner due to accumulation of defects and mutation in their DNA and with an impendence to invade or spread to parts of the body. During last decades new compounds with natural roots have emerged as a new paradigm for effective anti-cancer treatment.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of ergolide a sesquiterpene lactone with multi-functional history to induce apoptosis.

Ergolide from Inula-Oculus-Christi a sesquiterpene lactone from Asteraceae plant was extracted by Traditional Medicine Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The cytotoxic effects of Ergolide on the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (MOLT4) and PBMC (normal cell line) were investigated at different doses for 48 hours. In this study, MTT assay and acridine orange staining were used. Also, annexin V-PI assays was utilized for further evaluation. In addition the gene expression level of BAX and BCL2 were analyzed by q-RealTime-PCR (quantitive RT-PCR).

The results of MTT assay demonstrated the induction of apoptosis and reduction in proliferation of MOLT4 cells treated by ergolide. (P < 0.001). Interestingly Ergolide could be less toxic in normal cells (PBMCs). AO staining and Flow cytometry analysis confirmed a significantly high percentage of autophagic and apoptotic cells compared with control groups respectively (P < 0.05).

According to the results, ergolide demonstrated cytotoxic effects on MOLT-4, but further studies are needed to confirm its effectiveness as a complementary agent in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Salinity is the most important factor limiting growth and yield of crops in many area of the world. In order to study the effects of nano-TiO2 (0, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/L) and sodium nitroprusside (0 and 100 μM) on seed germination and antioxidant content of barley (var. Afzal) under salinity stress (0, 50 and 100 mM Sodium chloride) a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications was conducted. Salinity stress declined the germination indices such as, germination percentage, germination rate, radicle length, plumule length, vigor index, mean germination time, relative water content and increased the membrane electrolyte leakage. In the presence of nano-TiO2, most of germination indices improved and the content of CAT, APX and especially SOD enzymes increased. Use of Sodium nitroprusside diminished the adverse effects of salinity stress and decreased the membrane electrolyte leakage. Also the interaction effect of sodium nitroprusside and nano-TiO2 was significant on the most studied traits. Nano-TiO2 (500 mg/L) with SNP improved SOD, APX and CAT enzyme contents by about 28, 16.8 and 17.9 % under 100 Mm salinity stress. According to the results, it seems that sodium nitroprusside diminished the adverse effects of salinity stress and impressed the nano-TiO2 performance on barley germination indices and antioxidant enzymes content.

Patriotism is an old concept that is rooted in a sense of belonging to a place. Every person has a sense of belonging to a place wherein born or lived for a long time. However, nationalism is a political and modern concept. Many scholars believe that the root of nationalism is in 18th century. Formation of this concept is dependent on the modern concept of ”nation”. Due to the spread of nationalistic and patriotic trends among the various social groups, especially the academic communities, this article follows the measurement of these trends among the students of University of Tehran and compares this among male and female students. The required data and information collected with two methods i.e. field method and library method. Data obtained from the questionnaires have been analyzed with the SPSS software. Results of analyses show that nationalism and patriotism trend is more common among female students.

Geopolitical factors have been the most important element affecting political relations between countries. In the period after the Cold War, the geo-economic factors have earned a special role among the geopolitical elements. In recent years, the main factor defining energy security in the Caspian basin is the competition between Europe and the United States on the one hand, and Russia on the other. Russia is the largest conventional gas reserve holder in the world and one of the most important suppliers to the European market. With Iran being the second largest conventional gas reserve holder and given its strategic geographical position as an intermediary between European and Asian markets, there is naturally a potential for a great rivalry between Russia and Iran for market shares in these regions. However, Russia already has an extensive pipeline infrastructure in place and is an established supplier to European and Asian countries. Iran, on the other hand, (due to its isolation and internal hurdles) currently only supplies Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and soon Pakistan with small volumes of natural gas. Russia also seeks to diversify its export markets to enhance demand security. This article seeks to investigate and explain Iran and Russia’s competition in the field of geo-economics with an emphasis on the gas market. The present study suggests that Russia, while trying to keep Iran in the orbit of its strategic allies, also tries to keep away its most dangerous potential rival in geo-economics from European gas market.

The Nomads has active role in political affairs and safeguarding the country’s borders over the past three thousand years. Tribal communities during to its proximity to rural and urban societies have been variety of peaceful and violent interactions. The leader of Nomadic society has an important role in the overthrow and formation of premodern governments. As far as some researchers considered it as one of the obstacles to the formation of the modern state and society in Iran. Prior to the formation of regular army, principally Iran’s militaries construction was supplied mainly by Nomads. Since the Nomad was constantly armed groups, despite adherence acceptance from king and center were counted as important factor of breakdown of the political power. In this study, we used the descriptive-analytical approach and based on the use of historical resources intended to answer to this question that Nomadic lifestyle and Nomadism how and in what form is affected Iran’s military structure? How much of the Iran’s nomadic structure of army an obstacle to the transition to a modern army? Our basic assumption is that from the Safavid period until the early of Pahlavi, Iran’s military structure was heavily influenced by tribal element and states of our study due to Nomadic structure of society have no choice except use of these elements in their army structure.

Water Conflicts can occur when a water source, have a range of more than one country, and countries disagree on how to use it. The Middle East is a region that is facing with the water crisis. One of the most important areas of potential crisis is the Tigris and Euphrates basin that unlike other basins is facing with excess water and discordance on the fair division. Nowadays, Turkey with the implementation of plans and projects and construction of numerous dams have reduce quantity of Euphrates water to Syria and Iraq and caused they sought protest against this projects. The two countries are willing to make a deal and a fair share and called this rivers as the international river, While Turkey called them as territorial rivers. Syria and Iraq in the current situation not be able to cope with Turkey. Among the Turkey’s projects in Euphrates is Manavgat and GAP projects and also Peace Pipeline. This article examines the hydropolitical of the Tigris and Euphrates basin and investigate potential and actual hydropolitical challenges between the countries in the basin. The method used in this article is descriptive-analytical. It seems that according to the current situation, development of water projects by Turkey is one of the main obstacles in the way of achieving hydropolitical consensus in this basin. Given the current relations between Syrian and Turkey during recent unrests in Syria, we should also wait for intensification of conflicts over the water basin.

Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) is originated from North West Africa and Mediterranean area, is a medicinal plant used for several purposes. It is an annual herb or short-lived perennial from the Asteraceae family with yellow or orange flowers. The Marigold has been used as a traditional medicine and food dye, but is currently used as an anti-inflammatory and wound healer. It is grown for drug, obtained from the flowers. The flowers blossom during summer three or more times per year. The essential oil of yellow or orange petals of Calendula officinalis L. is one of the important yield components which is used for food and medicine. Moreover, the seed has an oil content of 5-20 %. Seed oil could be used as a binder in paints, coating and cosmetics.
Growth, development and production of medicinal plants, as well as other plants are affected by genetic and agronomic factors. Planting date and plant density are two most important factors that can affect yield and yield components. Planting date affects the quantity and quality of secondary metabolites of medicinal plants. The optimum sowing date and plant density can improve the light and temperature absorption and other factors during the growing season. The positive effects of optimal planting date and plant density has been described by a number of researchers. The Plant population is dependent on the plant characters, growth period, time and method of cultivation. Also, the suitable sowing date has advantages for maximum production. Early sowing in the spring causes weakly establishment of plant and late planting date shortens growth period and simultaneous flowering period due to high temperature in summer. In this study, the effects of plant density and planting date on physiological indices, quantity and quality of two varieties of spare and compact marigold has been evaluated.
In order to determine the effects of planting date and plant density on physiological indices, quantity and quality traits of two varieties of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.), a split-factorial experiment with three replications was carried out in agricultural research station in Arak (latitude: 34o 5' N; longitude: 29o 42' E; 1757 m altitude) in 2010 the growing season. Soil was silty-loamy with pH of 7.5 and EC of 0.8 Ds ms-1. The experimental factors included two planting dates (22 April and 2 May), four planting densities (26, 32, 41 and 57 plants/m2) and two varieties (sparse and compact petal). Thinning was performed 20 days after cultivation. Irrigation was carried out in 7 days intervals. For determination of growth indices, ten plants from each plot cut from crown and dried for 48 h in oven at 70°C and then weighted. The plant height, number of flowers per plant, leaf chlorophyll, leaf area index, total dry matter, seed yield, 1000 seed weight, essential oil and grain oil were measured. The extraction of the essential oil of the flower was performed using the Clevenger apparatus by steam distillation (1). Extraction of grain, oil was accomplished according to the soxhelet standard method. The data were analyzed using the statistical analysis system (SAS 9.1) and means were compared using Duncan test at P ≤ 0.05 probability.
Results showed that, planting date and plant density had significant effects on physiological indices, plant height, and number of flowers per plant, 1000 grain weight, chlorophyll index, oil percent and essential oil percentage of marigold. Late planting and decreasing plant density, reduced leaf area index (LAI), total dry weight (TDW) and crop growth rate (CGR) indices. The compact petal variety showed the highest growth indices compared with spare petal plants. On the other hand, early planting, high plant density and compact petal variety increased the growth and development of plants. The first planting date had higher leaf area index compared to second sowing date. It seems that first sowing date made adequate leaf area indices for light and radiation absorption for photosynthesis. Number of 57 plants per square meter in the first and second planting dates improved plant height by 25.1 % and 34.4 %, compared to 26 plants per square meter, respectively. It is noticeable that delay in planting date reduced the mention plant traits. The second planting date (2 May) with 57 plants per square meter in comparison to the first planting date (22 April) decreased chlorophyll index by 18.4%. The compact petal variation showed the highest number of flower and oil percent in comparison with sparse petal variety. The compact petal variety in the number of 57, 41, 32 and 26 plants densities increased essential oil percentage by 9.8, 6.8, 3.5 and 9.1 % compared to sparse petal, respectively. Martin and Deo (32) showed that the highest flower yield in Calendula officinalis L. was observed in 40 plants/m2 density and April 15 sowing date.
The present study showed that the best result for different traits with the exception of number of flower per plant achieved in the first sowing date (22 April) with a compact petal variety and 57 plants per square meter. Therefore, this treatment is suitable for marigold cropping in Arak situation and areas with similar climate and weather.

In order to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid on yield and yield components of bean genotypes under water deficit stress، an experiment was carried out as a factorial split plot design with three replications in research farm Bu Ali-Sina University (Hamadan، Iran) during 2009. Stress levels: consist of vegetative water stress، reproduction water stress and without water stress (control) and three bean genotypes (‘Akhtar’، ‘D81083’ and ‘KS31169’) allocated in the main plots and three concentrations of salicylic acid 0، 0. 5 and 1 mM to the sub-plots. Based on results the treatments had significant effects on plant height، number of branches، pod number per plant، seeds per pod، 100 seed weight، biological yield، grain yield and harvest index. Vegetative and reproductive drought stresses reduced grain yield but foliar application of Salicylic acid improved the growth and yield of bean. Utilizing salicylic acid in vegetative and reproductive stages improved the grain yield 17. 2 and 16. 8 percent، respectively. Such this result observed for biological yield too. Totally this research showed that between the genotypes of experiment، the ‘D81083’ and ‘Akhtar’ genotypes had higher grain yield and harvest index compared to ‘KS31169’. Foliar application of salicylic acid not only improved the growth and yield in no-stress condition but also for adjusting the drought stress especially at vegetative stress is recommended

In order to study the effects of deficit irrigation and application of biofertilizers on the growing characteristics and water use efficiency (WUE) of Borago officinalis L. a field experiment was conducted in Kermanshah, Iran, in 2011. The experiment was carried out as split plot design with 3 replications. Deficit irrigation was the main factor with four levels, deficit irrigation in vegetative stage, reproductive­ stage, vegetative + reproductive stages and without deficit irrigation (control), which was applied by interrupting irrigation in the specific stages. Fertilizers incloded three levels, 100% chemical fertilizer, 50% of chemical fertilizer + biofertilizers, 25% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizers. Results indicated that treatments had significant effects on total dry weight, seed, oil percentage, harvest index and water use efficiency. Deficit irrigation on vegetative and reproductive level in comparison with full irrigation decreased 10% and 39% WUE of total dry weight and 13% and 21% WUE for grain. Among the fertilizer treatments, application of 50% of chemical fertilizer + Nitroxin and Biophosphate biofertilizers improved the mentioned criteria in the deficit irrigation condition. And the highest value of seed yield (108/1 kg/ha) was achieved by using 50% of chemical fertilizer + biofertilizers in no deficit irrigation. This treatment (50% + biofertilizers) in no deficit irrigation condition enhanced 26% total dry weight in comparison with utilizing 100% chemical fertilizers.

In order to determine the effect of planting date and plant density on Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) varieties، a split-factorial experiment with three replications was carried out at Agricultural Station of Arak in 2007 growing season. The experimental factors included two planting dates (22 April and 2 May)، four planting densities (26، 32، 41 and 57 plant per square meter) and two varieties (Sparse and Compact petal). Results indicated that the treatments had significant effects on dry flower yield، petal dry weight، seed yield، biological yield، seed harvest index، oil percentages and Calendic acid percentages. Early planting، high density and compact petal variety enhanced the mentioned traits except harvest index. The highest harvest index was achieved in 26 plants per square meter by compact petal variety and second planting date. The late planting date decreased the Marigold yield components. Seed planting in 2 May compared with 22 April decreased 18. 22 % of flower dry weight. The compact petal variety had higher yield compared to sparse petal variety. Compact petal variety improved the biological yield and seed yield 9% and 10% respectively، in comparison with sparse petal variety. Based on three way interaction of treatments results، the highest percentages of oil (17%) and Calendic acid (51%) achieved by 2 April planting date in 57 plants per square meter density with compact petal variety.

Persian Gulf is one of the unique geographical regions with outstanding characteristics in the world. It has always been recognized as an attractive place by governments in such a way that it has been exposed to competitions and combats regularly. This area includes countries that are members of Persian Gulf Cooperation Council as well as Iran and Iraq. The relationships of Iran and southern countries of Persian Gulf have been scrutinized from different aspects. The aim of this article is to consider the relationships between these countries and Islamic Republic of Iran in a constructivism theory framework. According to constructivism theory, the reality of system is not only predetermined but also has made a genesis in mutual communication of players and then indexes and the characteristics of this social stage appears within the relations. The players perform based on their own constructs, ideas and imaginations in the reciprocal communications and, in the long run, they create the reality based on a combined imagination. To investigate this issue, with regards to the special style of this approach in relation to the ontology uses to recognize and analysis of phenomena, we have chosen a particular approach in the methodology and therefore we will use a hermeneutic-approval method.

In order to study the effects of application of Nitroxin and Biophosphate on the nutrient use efficiency and harvest index of (Borago officinalis L.) under water deficit stress, a split plot field experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in Kermanshah, Iran, in 2011. Water deficit stress was the main factor with four levels, in vegetative stage, reproductive stage, vegetative + reproductive stages and without water deficit (control), which was applied by interrupting irrigation in the specific stages. Fertilizers consisted of three levels, 100% chemical fertilizer, 50% of chemical fertilizer + biofertilizers (Nitroxin and Biophosphate), 25% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizers as sub factor. Results indicated that treatments had significant effects on Biological yield, economic yield, reproductive effort and use efficiency of Nitrogen and Phosphate. Water deficit stress decreased the mentioned criteria. It reduced 45.1% harvest index of florescence in reproductive stage and 23.4% in vegetative stage. In the fertilizer treatments the highest amount of yield in difference levels of water deficit were achieved in 50% of chemical fertilizer + biofertilizers and the highest florescence yield 534.3 g/m2) and grain yield (19.9 g/m2) were obtained in mentioned treatment in non-stress situation. The 50% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizers Treatment had higher use efficiency of nitrogen and phosphate in the water deficit stress and control in comparison with 100 % chemical fertilizers.

In order to study the effects of integrative applications of chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers on grain yield and oil of Borago officinalis under water deficit stress, a field experiment was conducted at Kermanshah, Iran, in 2011. Experiment was arranged as split plot under a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Water deficit stress with four levels was applied as the main factor by interrupting irrigation once in vegetative stage, reproductive¬ stage, vegetative + reproductive stages and without stress (normal irrigation). Fertilizers with three levels including, 100% chemical fertilizer, 50% of chemical fertilizer + biofertilizers, 25% of chemical fertilizer + biofertilizers were allocated to subplots. Biofertilizers included Nitroxin and Biophosphate. Results indicated that the interaction effects of treatments had significant effects on most of the plant criteria. Integrative applications of chemical fertilizers and biofertilizers under water deficit had significant effects on the maximum of leaf area index, total dry weight, the number of buds in plant, grain yield, and oil yield. The highest value of the 1000 grain yield, number of buds in plant, grain yield, oil yield, LAImax and TDWmax were related to normal irrigations and the lowest value (except oil percentages) was achieved in vegetative + reproductive stages. The highest oil yield (50.09 kg/ha) was achieved in normal irrigation. Using 50% of chemical fertilizer + biofertilizers in vegetative stage and reproductive¬ stage increased grain yield by 13% and 1.5%, respectively, in compare to use of 100% chemical fertilizer. It seems that integrative application of 50% chemical fertilizer + biofertilizers could be a useful strategy to improve the yield and the tolerance of Borago officinalis in water deficit stress situation.