الهام دهقانی

Welfare is one of the main men needs which economist and policy makers can tack appropriate planning and policies with true cognition from the effect of government policies on welfare. Generally, it is argued that the goal of monetary policies is making economic stability and remaining the stationary of prices. When money volume increases the level of expectation prices will increase and due to rising expectation inflation and reducing both producers and consumers welfare. Therefore, according to the negative effects of uncertainty conditions in economy on welfare of consumers and producers, assessing the effects of monetary policies on exchange rate in uncertainty conditions and its effect on welfare has undeniable importance for prevent from hazardous economic effects which carried out in this research. For this purpose, the effects of shocks due to monetary policies scenarios through increase in liquidity volume and decrease in required reserve rate (2%, 5% and 10%) on foreign exchange rate (Rial/US$) and total welfare was studied.

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

In the theoretical literature, two channels have been proposed for the effect of the exchange rate on the economy of a country; one is from a micro perspective (influence on economic agents, i.e. consumers, firms, investors, and the government) and the other is at the macro level. Many researchers have argued that households and firms are negatively affected by exchange rate fluctuations through direct and indirect channels. The direct influence of the exchange rate fluctuation is through the change in the price of imported consumer goods and as a result the change in the consumer price index, and its indirect effect is through the national monetary value and as a result the change in the price of intermediate goods and imported inputs, which leads to increase the cost of production. It is obvious that the uncertainty caused by exchange rate fluctuations has a negative effect on investment decisions, and the unreliability of economic conditions increases the severity of this effect. The direct influence channel is based on the assumption that people don’t desire with the fluctuation of the exchange rate, because it causes fluctuations in their consumption, employment and welfare. Its indirect effect is that firms try to cover future risks caused by exchange rate fluctuations by setting higher prices as a risk premium. Therefore, the price of goods and services increases. It is likely that the demand will be lower and the producers will hire fewer workers and as a result the economic welfare will decrease. This point of view is very common in the literature, and most economists do not consider this conclusion unreasonable that exchange rate fluctuations are costly for economic welfare.

In order to meet the research goals the required data was gathered from Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Parliament Research Center of Iran in the year 2011 and input-output table of central bank of Iran (CBI) in the year 2016. On the other hand, many researches about the effects of monetary policies on economic variables have been carried out by using static computable general equilibrium and in most advanced case with dynamic computable general equilibrium models. But dynamic computable general equilibrium models divided in two categories: interim and recursive. The interim models are based on optimum growth theorem which assumed that economic agents have the ability of complete prediction while this doesn't correct many economic circumstances, especially in developing countries. Hence many economic experts believe that recursive models are more trustable. Therefore, in this research, in order to achieve the results from gathered data the recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (RDCGE) model and impulse response functions (IRF) through making shocks on monetary police indexes include of: increase in liquidity volume (2%, 5% and 10%) and decrease in required reserve rate (2%, 5% and 10%) were applied. In addition, for data analyzing the Matlab software were applied.

Results indicated that shocks of increase in liquidity volume equal to 2%, 5% and 10%, maximally will increase the exchange rate equal to 0.97%, 1.98% and 3.08%, respectively. Also, shocks of decrease in legal reserve rate equal to 2%, 5% and 10%, maximally will increase the exchange rate equal to 0.84%, 0.90% and 1.14%, respectively. Because shocks of increase in liquidity volume and decrease in required reserve rate due to increase in money volume, causes to reduce in value of national money in comparison with foreign exchanges and therefore the Rial value of US$ will increase in domestic. In addition, results showed that shocks of increase in liquidity volume equal to 2%, 5% and 10%, maximally will decrease the total welfare equal to 1.19%, 2.47% and 3.53%, respectively. Also, shocks of decrease in required reserve rate equal to 2%, 5% and 10%, maximally will decrease the total welfare equal to 0.73%, 1.64% and 2.81%, respectively. Because shocks of increase in liquidity volume and decrease in required reserve rate due to increase in money volume, causes to reduce in value and power purchase of national money and consequently increase in inflation rate and decrease in total welfare.

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

It is concluded that the studies indexes of monetary policies (increase in liquidity volume and decrease in required reserve rate) will increase the foreign exchange rate (Rial/US$) and decrease the total welfare. Indeed, between studied shocks, shock of increase in liquidity volume has more effect on exchange rate and total welfare in comparison with shock of decrease in required reserve rate. Therefore in condition of uncertainty in exchange rate which economic agents transfer their assets to parallel markets especially foreign exchange market and cause to further increase in foreign exchange rate and consequently increase in inflation rate and decrease in total welfare, it is recommended that central bank take a restrictive monetary policy such as increase in bank interest rate because this policy while increase in investment cost, can almost prevent from speculative activities and transferring assets to exchange rate market and exacerbate the exchange rate fluctuations and finally decrease in total welfare.

Monetary policies serve to create economic stability and maintain price stability. It is one of the central bank's powers to implement monetary policies. In other words, the central bank has the necessary freedom of action to use its policy tools in operational goals in order to influence its intermediate goals, i.e. the growth of the volume of money and liquidity in order to achieve its ultimate goals, i.e. economic growth and price stabilization. Considering the negative effects of uncertain conditions on the country's economic situation due to the uncertain future of the country's economy, evaluating the effects of monetary policies on the exchange rate in uncertain conditions and the value added of economic sectors (industry, agriculture and services) is of undeniable importance. This can prevent harmful effects addressed in this research.

In order to meet the research goals, the required data were gathered from Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Parliament Research Center of Iran and the input-output table of the central bank of Iran (CBI). Also, dynamic computable general equilibrium models were divided into interim and recursive categories. The interim models are based on the optimum growth theorem which assumes that economic agents have the ability of complete prediction, while this is not correct in many economic circumstances, especially in developing countries. Hence, many economic experts believe that recursive models are more trustable. This research is conducted based on the recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (RDCGE) model and impulse response functions (IRF) through making shocks on monetary policy indexes including the increase in liquidity volume (2%, 5% and 10%). In addition, the data are analyzed with the Matlab software.

The results showed that the shock caused by a 5% increase in liquidity increases the exchange rate by 0.29% in the first period, 0.66% in the second period, 0.97% in the third period, and then it is neutralized. The shock caused by a 10% increase in liquidity increases the exchange rate by 1.06% in the first period, 1.46% in the second period, 1.98% in the third period, and then it is neutralized. The shock caused by the 20% growth of liquidity increases the exchange rate by 1.17% in the first period, 2.21% in the second period, 3.08% in the third period, and then it gets neutralized. In general, it can be concluded that the shocks of the increase in the liquidity, due to the increase in the total volume of money, leads to a decrease in the value of the national currency versus foreign currencies. The price of the US dollar thus increases inside the country.The shock caused by a 5% increase in the liquidity reduces the value added of the industry and mining sector by 2.65% in the first period, by 3.19% in the second period, and then it gets neutralized. The shock caused by the 10% growth of liquidity reduces the value added of the industry and mining sector by 3.03% in the first period, by 4.00% in the second period, and then it is neutralized. The shock caused by the 20% growth of the volume of liquidity reduces the value added of the industry and mining sector by 4.33% in the first period, by 5.04% in the second period and then is neutralized. In general, it can be concluded that the shocks of the increase in the liquidity lead to an increase in the inflation rate and production costs and, finally, it reduces the value added of the industry-mining sector.The shock caused by a 5% increase in the volume of liquidity reduces the value added of the service sector by 1.97% in the first period, by 2.24% in the second period, and then it gets neutralized. The shock caused by the 10% growth of liquidity reduces the value added of the service sector by 2.63% in the first period, by 3.05% in the second period, and then it is neutralized. The shock caused by the 20% growth of liquidity reduces the value added of the service sector by 3.81% in the first period, by 4.01% in the second period, and then it is neutralized. In general, it can be concluded that the shocks of increasing the liquidity lead to an increase in the inflation rate and the cost of services and, finally, it reduces the value added of the service sector.The shock caused by a 5% increase in the liquidity reduces the value added of the agricultural sector by 1.16% in the first period, by 2.09% in the second period, and then it is neutralized. The shock caused by a 10% increase in the liquidity reduces thevalue added of the agricultural sector by 2.03% in the first period, by 2.89% in the second period, and then it becomes neutral. The shock caused by the 20% growth in the liquidity reduces the value added of the agricultural sector by 2.67% in the first period, by 3.19% in the second period, and then it is neutralized. In general, it can be concluded that the shocks of increasing the liquidity lead to an increase in the inflation rate and the production costs of the agricultural sector and, finally, it reduces the value added of the agricultural sector.

Conclusion and Policy Implications:

 It can be concluded that, among the examined economic sectors, the shock caused by the increase in volume of liquidity has a more negative effect on the value added of the industry, mining, services and agriculture sectors, respectively. Considering the positive effect of exchange rate fluctuations and uncertainty on increase in liquidity and, as a result, the reduction of the value added of economic sectors, it is suggested to policy makers to avoid the decisions that cause disturbances and fluctuations in the currency market. Finally, the central bank should pay attention to the impact coefficient of each shock on the value added of each economic sector and apply economic decisions considering these effects and the target sector considered as the leading sector.

In recent decades, we have witnessed multinational performances around the world. Actors who come together with from different various nationalities, cultures, languages and with different techniques and to perform pieces. The question is how can acting can be in such performances, and with the hypothesis of this research being is that multinational performances affect the acting method and are different from conventional and psychological acting. To answer the question and prove the hypothesis, reference is made to the role of multinational actors in the Invisible Cities project, directed by Pino Di Buduo, which was performed at the Fajr Festival of Iran (2018) and the Potlach Group Festival in Italy (2018). In this regard, a structured interview was conducted with the multinational actors-performers participating in these two countries. and They were asked about the production process of such performances, and their effects on the performers during the rehearsals, during the performances and over the following years. Therefore, The performer’s exposure to four main categories: text, director, partner and spectator were examined. The result showed that in the process of multinational performances, the actor becomes the performer. Therefore, the performer must be more creative, more flexible and dominant, have higher physical and mental abilities, and in this regard, needs training and education.

Although there is a belief in the interaction of context and architecture, recognizing, defining, and managing this issue faces fundamental challenges that reveal the need for a deeper understanding of the concept of contextual and architectural interaction. Context features, regardless of the subject, have a direct impact on the nature of an architectural work. These characteristics are related to the spatial and temporal position of the project and its cultural and social conditions and can be examined in the form of natural, geographical, historical and cultural factors of the project. Although there is a belief in the interaction of context and architecture, understanding, defining and managing this issue faces fundamental challenges, and this indicates the need for a deeper understanding of the concept of textual and architectural interaction. This article describes the developments that have taken place in the contemporary era on the concept of home in the city of Shiraz due to the developments in the past. The house, which in Iranian culture once had a concept beyond the body, found new rules in modern times. Laws that, with a closer look, result from changes in the underlying factors and changes in both dimensions of the home and the way residents live. In this structure, to better understand these changes, after addressing the concept of context and the underlying factors influencing the concept of home, a qualitative method is examined through content analysis and as a case study with a combined strategy. This research is an empirical search that examines a contemporary phenomenon in the context of real life, especially when the boundary between the phenomenon and its context is not entirely clear. In this study, by examining the two types of house typology, common in the first Pahlavi period and the adaptation of house characteristics to the principles of contextualism, it can be said that the changes in the form, spatial structure and decoration of Shiraz houses In the middle fabric of the city, despite the fact that it has changed the form of the building, but in many cases such as harmony in material and color of materials, height and volume proportions, symmetry and spatial geometry, relationship with nature, multiple openings, centralism, the existence of porches, the emphasis on the simplicity of form, physically follow the principles of interconnection with the context.

The relationship between architecture and its context is a relationship played by a mutual influence. The lack of a local theoretical framework for recognizing the concept of interaction between context and architecture has caused architecture and urban planning to become more and more detached from the context, and the effects of this lack of proper interaction between context and architecture can be seen in today's Iranian cities. Although there is a belief in the interaction of context and architecture, recognizing, defining, and managing this issue faces fundamental challenges that reveal the need for a deeper understanding of the concept of contextual and architectural interaction. The concept of context has always been complicated by the need to define and study it in the vernacular context of urban architecture. One of the methods that examines the body of space from the aspect of functional desirability and physical-spatial structure is the space syntax technique. This approach, which examines more than anything the structure of the spatial arrangement, introduces the efficiency of a micro-space based on the physical structure of the architectural plan in a spatial configuration system. In this study, the spatial structure of five middle fabric houses in Shiraz was examined in Deptmap software. Concepts such as legibility and spatial communication, which are considered to be the factors of physical contextualization, can be examined through the method of space syntax, so it is possible to analyze the characteristics related to the physical context in the desired houses. In other words, the study of spatial studies considers the readability of an architectural plan to be the result of its spatial organization, and ultimately the placement of spaces in a configured spatial set. In summary, the aim of this study is to provide a conceptual analysis of the physical-spatial structure of Shiraz middle fabric houses in interaction with the context using spacesyntax method. The research findings indicate the role of spatial configuration in restoring the effects of the principles related to context in residential culture in terms of physical foundations.

the children at the age of preschool learn the skills which lead to the improvement of their self-esteem and empathy. Therefore the objective of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of training child-oriented mindfulness on the self-esteem and empathy of the preschool children.

the research method of the present study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest design with control group and 45-day follow-up stage. The statistical population included all preschool children in the city of Isfahan in academic year 2018-19. The sample size was 30 children who got the scores lower than the average in the questionnaires of self-esteem and empathy and were selected through purposeful sampling method and they were randomly accommodated into experimental (15 children) and control (15 children) in the control groups. The experimental group received sixty-minute sessions of training child-oriented mindfulness once a week during two-and-a-half months. The control group has not received any psychological intervention during the study. After the intervention course the children in both groups took the posttest. The follow-up stage was administered after 45 days. The applied questionnaires were the questionnaire of self-esteem (Azizi Moghaddam, 2008) and the questionnaire of empathy (Auyeung et.al. 2009). The data analysis was conducted through descriptive statistics and repeated measurement ANOVA.

the results showed that training child-oriented mindfulness therapy significantly influenced the self-esteem and empathy f preschool children (p<0.001) as this training was able to increase preschool children’s self-esteem and empathy.

according to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that therapy through mindfulness method can be used as an efficient therapy to improve preschool children’s self-esteem and empathy employing techniques such as thoughts, emotions and deliberate behavior.

Aims and Postoperative sore throat (POST) is an undesirable complaint after orotracheal intubation. Magnesium is a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist thought to be involved in the modulation of pain. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of preoperative administration of intravenous magnesium on POST.
Methods and Materials:Seventy two patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy surgery were randomly allocated into two groups. They either received saline (control) or 40 mg/kg magnesium intravenously after intubation in 30 minutes. Patients were assessed for incidence of POST and postoperative cough at recovery room postoperatively.
Findings: The incidence of POST during recovery state was higher in the control group than the magnesium group (P=0.04). The highest incidence of post operative cough occurred in the control group in recovery room after surgery (P=0.03). The highest stability of hemodynamics was seen in the magnesium group.
The administration of intravenous magnesium in 30 minute preoperatively after intubation is effective to reduce both incidence of POST and postoperative cough in the postoperative period in recovery.

Spiritual health is one of the valuable religious resources of humans, which helps promote mental health. In addition, the role of happiness in mental health and life satisfaction is considered significant. This study aimed to examine the correlation between spiritual health and happiness in staff of Semnan University of Medical Sciences, in 2015.

This descriptive-analytic study was performed in the staff of Semnan University of Medical Sciences, who were chosen through stratified random sampling and the table of random numbers. Data collection was conducted using Paloutzian and Ellison standard questionnaire of spiritual health and Oxford Happiness Questionnaire revised by Argil. To analyze the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used in SPSS 21.

In total, 149 administrative employees of Semnan University of Medical Sciences completed the questionnaire. The mean score of spiritual well-being was 77±0.53 and the mean happiness score was 58.75±0.56. The mean score of spiritual well-being in males and females showed significant differences (P=0.01), and females had a higher spiritual health. Spiritual health of the personnel and their happiness had a significant direct correlation (r=0.45, P=0.001).

The mutual influence of spiritual well-being and happiness on overall health is a debatable topic in health issues. The importance of spiritual health and its effect on happiness as variables affecting the general health status of employees is approved. Thus, planning in the field of spiritual health and happiness can promote job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and productivity.

Nowadays, the tendency towards cosmetic surgery especially rhinoplasty is increasing in our society. Prediction of patients’ satisfaction after surgery depends on psychological characteristics of the patients. The purpose of this study was to compare emotional intelligence, body image and quality of life between the patients seeking rhinoplasty (before surgery) and control group. Matherial and The method of this study was based on ex post facto. The study sample was selected from two non-governmental plastic surgery clinics in Arak City during a six-month period (from October 2010 to April 2011). 80 patients seeking rhinoplasty were selected by simple sampling method and compared to 80 people who were accompanying these patients. These groups were matched in relation to age, sex and marital status. Each group consisted of 40 men and 40 women. Also variables of this study were measured by use of Shiring emotional intelligence Questionnaire, quality of life (sf-36) questionnaire and Multidimensional Body–Image Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). Data analysis was performed by t-test for the two independent groups. The results showed that the scores of social skills and appearance evaluation were significantly lower and score of appearance investment was significantly higher in the patients seeking rhinoplasty in comparison to the control group. This study showed that patients seeking rhinoplasty had inadequate social skills, low score for appearance evaluation and high appearance investment.

The most important teaching skill is the teacher’s effective communication with the student. Relationship between teacher and student in the classroom is of the human complex relationships in which multiple factors are involved. The aim of this study was to consider the effective factors on communication between teacher and student from the point of view of medical students of basic medical science courses. This cross-sectional study was done among the students of basic medical sciences of Semnan University of Medical Sciences in 2012-2013 academic year and based on census method all 147 students were entered the study. To collect data، a researcher-made questionnaire was used، containing 24 questions in five main levels of “openness”، “empathy”، “supportiveness”، “positive attitude” and “equality” and the two sub-levels of “similarity and contrast” and “educational environment”. The collected data were entered to SPSS 16 software and were analyzed by the independent T and ANOVA tests. “To keep dignity and respect for the student by teacher” (3. 60±0. 83)، “paying equal attention to all students by the teacher” (3. 40±0. 97) and accepting criticism by the teacher (3. 38±0. 95) were the most effective and “Teacher’s fellowship of religious principles (1. 97±1. 41)، teacher’s sex (2. 03±1. 50) and teacher’s age (2. 19±1. 39) were the least effective factors on communication between teacher and student from the point of view of medical students of basic medical science courses. The most effective factors on communication between teacher and students are “to keep dignity and respect for the student”، “paying equal attention to all students” and “accepting criticism and flexibility”.