امید یونسی

Cities are considered as the main factors that create sustainability in the world. Societies need to manage any type of economic, social and natural investment with the aim of improving the quality of human life, one of which is monetary policies and policies, which if implemented correctly, we will see growth and prosperity. Was. The purpose of this research is to evaluate monetary policies in the country during the period of 1357-1398 using the system dynamics model. The data used in this model are time series. The data used in this model are time series. It is necessary to check the characteristics of the variables in terms of reliability before estimation; For this purpose, Likert test and vensim system have been used. The results of the research indicate the lack of attention to the variable of open market operations, which by using more of this tool causes liquidity management and intervention in the money market and has a significant effect in reducing the inflation rate index. With the independence of the central bank to apply monetary policies, the target groups will also benefit from it. The documents and evidences during the period of time indicate that the mentioned model in the country's economy cannot be rejected, and it is taken as a whole that the monetary authorities and the Money and Credit Council have followed stabilization policies.

This paper examines the liquidity management decisions based on the country's monetary instruments. First, the success rate of monetary instruments performance was examined and then in line with the studies and literature discussed, the decisions made in the past ten years; beside, type of implementation of this policy based on multi-criteria decision making model SWARA and group decision making model in policy making have been discussed. In next Step, based on the monetary policy indicators that are derived from the research, the effects of monetary instruments are measured. This study is qualitative in terms of research data and Survey data are collected through 60 questionnaires and interviews. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed based on the views and opinions of the professors in this field. Reliability of results was also confirmed and the results showed that the amount of decisions in executing liquidity management was different and in order to increase the impact of liquidity management on the country's economy and society's welfare, monetary instruments and its priority must be scrutinized.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ionic leakage, proline concentration, malondialdehyde concentration and antioxidant enzymes activity in aerial parts and root of coriander plan t in response to mycorrhizal inoculation under salinity stress in greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tehran University.The experiment was a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of three levels of salinity including control (without stress), 60 and 120 millimolar sodium chloride salt and two levels of mycorrhizal inoculation (inoculation and inoculation of Glomus mosseae mycorrhiza). The evaluated traits included ion leakage, malondialdehyde concentration, proline concentration and antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and guaiac peroxidase. The results show that increasing salinity effects on physiological traits were evaluated. So, with increasing salinity stress, ion leakage, malondialdehyde concentration, proline concentration increased significantly. This increase was higher in the roots, indicating higher sensitivity of this roots to salt stress. Application of mycorrhizal treatment reduced the concentration of malondialdehyde and ion leakage in stress conditions. Also, the amount of proline in mycorrhizal plants was lower than non-mycorrhizal. Salinity stress increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The activity of all three enzymes evaluated was higher in the root than the shoot. The activity of the enzyme catalase was significantly higher than the other two enzymes. The application of mycorrhizal treatment has an important role in promoting the growth and activity of coriander antioxidant enzymes, especially under severe stress conditions. However, mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal giants did not differ significantly in terms of the enzyme guaiac peroxidase.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the amount of hydrogen peroxide, proline, malondialdehyde and antioxidant enzymes activity of two medicinal plants. Coriander and dill plants were subjected to salinity stress in greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran. The experiment was a factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of three levels of salt stress including control (no stress), 60 and 120 millimolar sodium chloride salt, and two medicinal plants (coriander and dill). The evaluated traits included the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, proline and antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and guaiac peroxidase. The results show that salinity stress increases the amount of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and proline. With increasing salinity stress, their concentration increased significantly in both medicinal plants. The increase in the roots and dill plants was higher, indicating higher sensitivity of this plant to salinity stress. Also, salinity stress increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The activity of all three enzymes evaluated in the root was higher than the shoots. In the dill plant, the activity of the catalase enzyme was much higher than the coriander. However, the two evaluated plants did not differ significantly in terms of the level of activity of the superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzymes.

This study investigated the influence of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) on essential oil yield and composition of Different Parts of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) affected by three different levels of salt stress. The experiment was arranged as a factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Experimental treatments including: three levels of salinity stress (0 (control), 60 and 120 µm), two levels of inoculation (inoculation and non inoculation) and Three organs of the plant (leaves, flowering shoots  and mature seeds). The essential oil contents were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Salinity had significant effects on the essential oil percentage and yield of leaves, flowering shoots  and mature seeds. The percentage and yield of essential oil contents of seeds  and flowering shoots were much higher than those of leaves under all salinity treatments. Essential oil percentages of seeds and flowering shoots were considerably higher, when plants were subjected to moderate stress. The results pointed out that there was not a significant interaction between non mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal inoculation on essential oil percentage. However,The plants inoculated with AMF had significantly greater essential oil yield than the control plants at all salinity levels. The main oil constituents in organs were α –phellandrene, carvone, Linonene,  α – thujene, dillether  and dihydrocarvone. Salinity had significant effects on these components.Although, α – thujene percentage decreased in salt stress conditions. The Flowering shoots had greater α –phellandrene and carvone than the seeds, while Linonene of seeds was more than flowering shoots and leaves.The AMF induced a higher increase in these components  in response to salinity. AMF colonization notably increased α –phellandrene and carvone in  flowering shoots. The linonene percentge was higher in seeds of  mycorrhizal   than  nonmycorrhizal plants under salt stress conditions.

This study investigated the influence of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) on biochemical traits and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GUPX) in shoots of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) affected by three different levels of salt stress. The experiment was arranged as a factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Experimental treatments including: three levels of salinity stress (0 (control), 60 and 120 µm) and two levels of inoculation (inoculation and non inoculation). Salinity decreased fenugreek growth, regardless of the mycorrhizal treatment and the salt stress level. The plants inoculated with AMF had significantly greater shoot biomass than the control plants at all salinity levels. However, the results pointed out that salinity had inhibitory effects on mycorrhizal infection. The highest mycorrhizal infection was observed in the control plants. According to the results,The  salt stressed plants had significantly greater essential oil percent than the control plants. AMF colonization notably increased essential oil percent at all salinity levels. The proline content was higher in salt-stressedthan non-stressed fenugreek, but there was no significant difference in proline content between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants under salt stress conditions.Increasing salinity stress raised significantly the antioxidant enzyme activities, including those of total SOD, GUPX and CAT, of fenugreek compared to their respective non-stressed controls. The AMF induced a higher increase in these antioxidant enzymes in response to severe salinity. Inoculation with AMF could serve as a useful tool for alleviating salinity stress in salt-sensitive plants. However, there was not significant interaction between salt and mycorrhizal inoculation on GUPX in shoots.

This study investigated the influence of inoculation with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) on growth and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GUPX) in shoots and roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) affected by three different levels of salt stress. The experiment was arranged as a factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Experimental treatments including: three levels of salinity stress (0 (control), 60 and 120 µm) and two levels of inoculation (inoculation and non inoculation). Salinity decreased wheat growth, regardless of the mycorrhizal treatment and the salt stress level. The plants inoculated with AMF had significantly greater shoot biomass than the control plants at all salinity levels. However, the results pointed out that salinity had inhibitory effects on mycorrhizal infection. The highest mycorrhizal infection was observed in the control plants. Increasing salinity stress raised significantly the antioxidant enzyme activities, including those of total SOD, GUPX and CAT, of wheat compared to their respective non-stressed controls. The AMF induced a higher increase in these antioxidant enzymes in response to severe salinity. Inoculation with AMF could serve as a useful tool for alleviating salinity stress in salt-sensitive plants. However, Analysis of variance indicated that there was not significant interaction between salt and mycorrhizal inoculation on SOD and CAT of roots. Also, there was not significant interaction between salt and mycorrhizal inoculation on GUPX in both shoots and roots.

In order to study the effects of growth promoting bacteria (GPR) and mycorrhizal fungi on seedling emergence, establishment and growth of two ecotypes alfalfa under salinity stress condition, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse of college of agriculture and natural resources, University of Tehran in summer 2011. The experiment was arranged as a factorial with three replications. Experimental treatments including: three levels of salinity stress (0 (S0)and 120 (S 2) µm), two levels of alfalfa cultivars (Bami and Yazdi) and eleven levels of Bio-treatments. The bio-treatments were four growth promoting rhizobacteria (Azetobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas and Sinorhizobium meliloti) along with mycorrhizain single form, four different double integrated forms of Sinorhizobium meliloti with other bio- treatments as well as a quintuplet form of all bio- treatments. The results indicated that applying salt stress significantly decreased seedling emergence, establishment and alfalfa biomass. The descending trend in control treatment was more than that of treated seeds. Appling bacterial priming especially pseudomonas priming and compiled treatments played an important role in moderating the negative effects of salinity on measured traits. With respect to the results of this study, it seems that plant growth promoting bacteria and mycorrhiza by an improvement in water and nutrient absorption, improve plant growth in salinity stress condition.

In order to study the effects of seed-bacterial priming (inoculation) on germination and early growth of alfalfa under salinity stress conditions, an experiment was conducted at seed research laboratory and Greenhouse of College of Agriculture, University of Tehran in Karaj (Iran) in 2011. The experiment was arranged as a factorial in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Experimental treatments including: three levels of salinity stress (zero (S0), 60 (S1) and 120 (S2) mmol), two levels of alfalfa cultivars (‘Bami’ and ‘Yazdi’) and 16 levels of bacterial priming (Azetobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas and Rhizobium meliloti in single and different double, triple and quadratic integrated forms). The results indicated that applying salinity stress significantly decreased germination and early seedling growth. This descending trend in control (no inoculation) treatment was more than that of treated seeds. Application of bacterial priming especially Pseudomonas priming and integrated treatments played an important role in moderating the negative effects of salinity on measured traits. According to the results of this study, it seems that plant growth promoting bacteria, by producing and releasing phytohormones such as auxin, gibberellins and cytokinin along with decreasing ethylene level, improve plant growth under salinity stress condition.

In order to evaluate the effects of different intensities of drought stress on allelopathic potential of grain sorghum (Kimia) two field and lab experiments were conducted at research farm and laboratory of College of Crop and Animal Science, University of Tehran. Experiment was conducted with a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with three replications. Experimental factors including: drought stress (1: control, 2: vegetative and reproductive stages, 3: flowering, 4: dough stage), different concentrations of aqueous extracts (0 (control), 5%,10%,25%,40%) and organs of plant (seed, shoot). The effects of all treatments and their interactions on studied traits were significant. Sever drought stress at vegetative and reproductive stages had significant effects on allelopathic potential. The lowest measured traits showed in this treatment. By an increase in extract concentration to 40%, germination percentage, germination rate, radicle and plumule length reduced significantly. There was no significant difference between extract of shoot and seed in low concentration. The extracted materials from shoots had more inhibitory effect than that of seeds, especially when higher concentrations of solution were applied in bioassay germination test. The result showed that the plants which were exposed to drought stress from vegetative stage synthesized more inhibitors in their tissues

In order to evaluation the allelopathic effects of cool season crops stubble on seedling emergence and early growth of sorghum، soybean and corn، an experiment was conducted in seed library research and greenhouse of College of Agriculture، University of Tehran in 2006. The experiment consisted of cool season crops as main plots، four stubble concentrations (5/3، 7/93، 10/55 and 0 (control) g/kg) and three crops (sorghum، soybean and corn) which were factorially assigned to the main plots. The experiment was arranged as a split plot factorial in a completely randomized block design with three replications. All traits (seedling emergence rate، plant height، shoot dry weight، root dry weight and shoot/root ratio) were affected by experimental treatments. By an increase in stubble concentration to 20 g/pot germination، percent of the studied crops significantly reduced. Germination of soybean was the most susceptible trait to allelopathic mater. Rye had the highest allelopathic effects on plant height of the studied crops. Root dry weight of soybean was significantly affected compared with that of corn and sorghum. The increase of stubble concentration led to the highest shoot/root ratio in soybean.

Although water deficiency has been seriously taken up as a subject in reducing crop production in arid and semi–arid areas, nevertheless little information has been published regarding its effects on seed quality. To evaluate the effects of irrigation regimes (full irrigation (control), irrigation until flowering stage, irrigation until doughing stage and irrigation until eight-leaf stage) on grain yield, yield components and some germination attributes in grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. CV. Kimia), experiments were conducted at research farm and laboratory of Agricultural College, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran in 2005. The experiments were arranged with a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications in farm and laboratory, respectively. The results idicated that irrigation levels had significant effects on grain yield and yield components (p<0.01). Control plants had more grain yield and yield components than the other irrigation levels due to the longer growth season and better use of environmental conditions. Withholding irrigation at eight-leaf stage decreased grain yield and its components. Nevertheless, qualitative attributes i.e. germination percentage, germination rate and seed vigor index were not significantly affected by irrigation levels. Thus, it doesnt seem that water deficiency would have a direct effect on metabolic activity of seed and consequently on seed quality. However, the foregoing treatments exhibited negative effects on seed yield.

To study the root allelopathic effects of cool season crops on germination and early growth of three crops (sorghum, corn, and soybean), an experiment was conducted in seed research laboratory and greenhouse of College of Agriculture, University of Tehran. The experiment consisted of four cool season crops (wheat, barley, rye and pea) and control as the main plots, three spring-crops (corn, soybean and sorghum) as sub-plots and three sowing times (sowing immediately after physiological maturity, 2 and 4 weeks past physiological maturity) as sub-sub plots. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot in a completely randomized design of three replications. All traits (seedling emergence percent, seedling emergence rate, as well as plant height and biomass weight) were affected by experimental treatments. Rye had the highest allelopathy effect on the evaluated crops. Soybean had the greatest susceptibility to root allelopathism as compared with corn and sorghum. Delay in sowing time decreased the root allelopathic effects in a way that 4 weeks of delay in sowing time exerted a significant influence on growth traits. Mean germination percent and mean germination rate of the evaluated crops increased with a 4 weeks delay in sowing time. Also, an increased trend of biomass weight was observed with delay in sowing time.